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PubMed2001

Analysis by Transposon Display of the behavior of the dTph1 element family during ontogeny and inbreeding of Petunia hybrida.

Transposon Display is a high-resolution method that was used here to visualize simultaneously individual members of the dTph1 transposable element family of Petunia hybrida. The method provides a tool for accurate analyses of copy numbers and insertion frequencies, and a means to study the behavior of a family of elements as a whole. Somatic insertion events can be identified and insertion events in a cell of the L2 apical lineage can be distinguished unequivocally from those in a cell outside this lineage. In sublines of the high-copy-number line W137, an average insertion rate equivalent to transposition of 10% of the total number of element copies in each generation was measured, copy number increases of over 20% in four generations were recorded, and element position turnover was analyzed. Insertion events are detected essentially randomly both in time and space. The general applicability of the technique for the analysis of the transpositional behavior of element systems is discussed.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed1991

On the robustness of regular systems of inbreeding.

Half-sib, first cousin, half nth cousin, and nth cousin mating systems are robust in that small deviations from the mating structure will not significantly alter the levels of genetic identity or effect qualitative distinctions between the models. Substitution of nearest kin in matings may either increase or decrease the level of homozygosity depending on the mating structure; the effect of a single error in the mating structure is not an accurate indicator of the equilibrium resulting from recurrent errors. Models of mixed half nth cousin or nth cousin mating show that the relative frequency of the lowest order inbred mating essentially determines the level of homozygosity. Any positive relative frequency of more distant matings will reduce the probability of identity by descent under half-sib or first cousin mating to less than 1.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

On the theory of partially inbreeding finite populations. IV. The effective population size for polyploids reproducing by partial selfing.

Consider a population of size N in which there is reproduction by selfing with probability beta and by random mating with probability 1-beta. In each cell of any individual, homologous chromosomes appear 2n times, with n among them having been contributed by each parent. Wright [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 24:372 (1938)] showed that if beta = 0, there is no double reduction in gamete formation, and a Poisson offspring distribution, the probability of nonidentity by descent of two random copies of a gene in an individual of generation t + 1 is approximately 1-1/2nN times as large as it is in generation t if N is large. This result will be generalized to populations with any beta > or = 0 and any offspring distribution. If n = 2 or 3, a result will be obtained that also holds for any probability of double reduction.

Inbreeding↗
PubMed1999

On the theory of partially inbreeding finite populations. VI. The survival probability of a two-locus allele combination when there is partial selfing.

Consider a large population with two loci that may be linked, with one having alleles A and a and the second alleles B and b. Let there be initially one individual with genotype AB/ab in a population otherwise consisting of ab/ab individuals. We assume that AB/ab, Ab/aB, AB/aB, AB/Ab and AB/AB individuals have higher probabilities of survival to adulthood than individuals with genotype ab/ab. The probability that AB ultimately survives, if there is a positive probability of selfing, is calculated. To simplify calculations, it is assumed that the number of offspring produced by any individual follows a Poisson distribution and that genotypes of separate offspring are independent. If recombination is possible, we conclude that a population with a high probability of selfing is more likely to accumulate epistatically favorable genes than one reproducing largely by random mating. This advantage of selfing becomes more pronounced as the strength of selection in favor of AB increases.

Alleles↗