Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Handicapped”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

On the general concepts of action and ability. A philosophical introduction to the theory of handicaps.

The main task of this paper is to contribute to the theory of disabilities and handicaps, in particular their characterization and classification. It presents an analysis of the conditions for the successful performance of actions. By this procedure a list of reasons for failure of action, i.e., for disability and handicap, is obtained. This list can be used for a detailed classification of disabilities and handicaps. Some theories in modern philosophical action theory serve as platforms for the analysis.

Behavior↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence of hepatitis B infection in long-stay mentally handicapped adults.

The objective was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in long-stay institutionalized mentally handicapped adults and to develop a vaccination programme for them. The study was carried out in 1994. The subjects were 171 mentally handicapped adults aged 37-76 (median age 56) with a median hospital stay of 30 years (range 6-47). Markers for infection were determined using ELISA. Seronegative patients were vaccinated using the standard schedule, and the titre of antiHBs reached was determined later. The prevalence of seropositive subjects was 81.3%. Seropositive subjects had a longer hospital stay (median stay of 32 years, range: 15-47) than seronegative ones (median stay of 15 years, range: 6-33). A total of 43.3% of the vaccinated subjects developed antiHBs antibodies (GMT: 135 IU/l). The high prevalence of HBV exposure is probably a legacy of a past era which is reflected in patients with prolonged institutionalisation in a closed regime. The need for immediate vaccination of mentally handicapped subjects is of the utmost importance, as it has been shown that the response to the vaccine worsens with age.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

[Mental health disorders among handicapped children and youth].

Data on the prevalence of mental health disorders among children and youth with hearing disorders, blindness, physical handicaps or intellectual disabilities are reviewed. Problems in parent-child relations and issues in the development of social competence and social participation are discussed as risk factors for emotional social maladjustment. The differentiation between developmental problems resulting from the handicap and mental health problems is a challenging task in practice. Some conclusions for psychopathological assessment of handicapped children and youth are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A new policy initiative. Infants and toddlers with handicapping conditions.

Past legislation related to children and families has been used to improve services to specific target groups of children and families in need (i.e., poor, handicapped, etc.) Current legislation, notably Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, and Public Law 99-457 (Part H), Services for Infants and Toddlers with Handicapping Conditions, also includes elements of mandated reform of certain professional practices (i.e., inclusion of parents in planning and requirements for multidisciplinary cooperation). Such a mandate has the effect of putting into practice changes that many professionals have said were needed but were unable to achieve, but it also makes the implementation of these policies more difficult.

Child Welfare↗
PubMed1979

Avoidance of the handicapped: an attributional ambiguity analysis.

We demonstrated a general strategy for detecting motives that people wish to conceal. The strategy consists of having people choose between two alternatives, one of which happens to satisfy the motive. By counterbalancing which one does so, it is possible to distill the motive by examining the pattern of choices that people make. The motive used in the demonstration is the desire we believe most people have to avoid the physically handicapped. Because they do not wish to reveal this desire, we predicted that they would be more likely to act on it if they could appear to choose on some other basis. In two studies we found that people avoided the handicapped more often if the decision to do so was also a decision between two movies and avoidance of the handicapped could masquerade as a movie preference.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1986

The role of uncertain self-esteem in self-handicapping.

In this article, the hypothesis that some individuals confronted with an intellectual evaluation use a lack of preparation as a "self-handicapping" strategy (Jones & Berglas, 1978) was studied. Sex and both level and certainty of self-esteem were examined in regard to the self-handicapping strategy of lack of effort. Subjects were 54 men and 54 women, certain and uncertain, high and low self-esteem college students, who believed that the experiment was designed to update local norms for a nonverbal test of intellectual ability. After subjects' level of state anxiety was assessed, they were instructed in the benefits of practicing for the evaluation. Subsequently, subjects' state anxiety and preparatory efforts (the primary dependent variables) were measured. Subjects' practice, self-protective attributions, and related affect supported a self-handicapping interpretation for uncertain males but not for uncertain females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Clinical and functional evaluation of a gaze controlled system for the severely handicapped.

This preliminary study evaluates the suitability of a gaze controlled communication system for severely handicapped patients. The system drives a computer by movements of the patient's pupils. The capacity to communicate by producing text on a screen was assessed in 30 patients, 22 traumatic tetraplegics and 8 patients whose handicaps were due to other causes. The rate at which they learned to use the system, and the speed of their word processing were measured. Those tetraplegics who had used other communication systems found the gaze controlled system tiring, and its lack of other peripherals limiting. But its true application seems to be as the sole available interface for the most severely handicapped who can neither move nor speak. Peripherals and improved calibration systems are presently being developed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1979

The Hearing Handicap Scale as a measure of hearing aid benefit.

Use of the Hearing Handicap Scale as a measure of hearing aid benefit was investigated. New hearing aid users with bilateral, sensorineural hearing losses ranging from 5 dB HL to 55 dB HL served as subjects. Changes in speech reception threshold, word identification, and Hearing Handicap Scale were derived by comparing data obtained prior to hearing aid use with that obtained following four weeks of hearing aid use. Results showed a significant improvement for all three measurements and indicated that improvement in word identification presented at conversational level was more related to self-reported hearing aid benefit than was improvement in speech reception threshold. Also, word identification ratings obtained with the stimuli presented at conversation speech level produced a significant correlation with Hearing Handicap Scale scores.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Description and measurement of handicap caused by vision impairment.

To develop an instrument to describe and quantify handicap caused by vision impairment an item pool was derived from focus groups and from a review of vision-related quality-of-life questionnaires. Only items related to handicap were included and grouped into five subscales. The 76-item 'Impact of Vision Impairment' was administered to 95 people who were vision impaired. Content validity was established by consultation with professionals and with people with impaired vision. Forty-six items remained after the elimination of those found to be irrelevant and others with inter-item correlation coefficients of > or = 0.7. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed an association between visual acuity and type and degree of handicap on subscales, except emotional reaction to vision loss, which is related to cause of vision impairment. The instrument is responsive to the level of vision loss and discriminates the different performances of people with different causes of vision loss.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Return to productive activity after traumatic brain injury: relationship with measures of disability, handicap, and community integration.

OBJECTIVES: To identify which factors are associated with successful return to productive activity (RTPA) 1 year after hospitalization with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to examine the relations between successful RTPA and other measures of impairment, disability, handicap, and integration into the community. DESIGN: Prospective study with 1-year follow-up. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred five respondents from a cohort of 378 adults hospitalized with TBI admitted between September 1997 and May 1998. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Return to productive work 1 year after injury; Disability Rating Scale (DRS); and Community Integration Scale (CIQ). RESULTS: Of the 105 participants, 72% achieved RTPA. Logistic regression showed an association between RPTA and the following factors: premorbid educational level, premorbid psychiatric history, violent mechanism of injury, discharge status after acute hospitalization, prior alcohol and drug use, and injury severity. Handicap and community integration at 1-year postinjury, as measured by subscales of the DRS and the CIQ, were also associated with RTPA. CONCLUSION: Premorbid and injury-related variables and measures of handicap and community integration were associated with RTPA at 1 year. To understand and effectively support vocational pursuits in the TBI population, future studies are needed to define further causality and origin of these relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Intelligence structure and personality in various types of physical handicap in childhood and adolescence.

Intelligence structure and personality were assessed in a sample of 104 physically disabled children of normal intelligence (IQ is greater than or equal to 85). Findings were compared to those of healthy controls matched by age, sex, rank order and number of siblings and socioeconomic status. Physically handicapped children had lower scores in all subtests of a multi-factorial intelligence test. Furthermore five different subgroups of physically disabled children could be discriminated along one factor marked by different variables of visual perception. Personality of the total group of handicapped children was different when compared to normal controls. This specific personality pattern may be labeled: lack of emotional integration into social environment without conflict. Various subgroups of physically handicapped children differed only little as far as personality is concerned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Attitude of medical students toward the handicapped].

In their daily professional work physicians are increasingly faced with persons who live with chronic diseases or handicaps. Beyond profound medical knowledge, an understanding of psychosocial factors and a positive attitude are essential for providing optimal treatment. In order to teach the medical students of Leipzig University how to balance these factors they are required to visit self-help groups and institutions for disabled persons as part of the course "Social Medicine". 250 medical students of the 9th semester filled out a questionnaire designed to assess their attitudes toward handicapped persons as well as their motivation for choosing the medical profession. The questionnaire was given twice, once before their visitations and once following. 28 students of special supportive education served as a control group. While the attitudes of the medical students were very similar to those of the standard population, the attitudes of the supportive education students were significantly more positive. A comparison of the results of the questionnaires before and after the visitations showed that the attitudes of the medical students remained essentially the same without any obvious changes due to their experiences during the visitations. This evidence suggests that there needs to be more emphasis in Social Medicine and medical education in general placed on the problems specific to handicapped people.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Handicapped patients and leisure sports--a chance for social integration].

Organizing leisure time in an active way with lots of experiences is getting more and more important in western society. Accordingly, sports activities and travelling as well as their combination, holiday sports activities, are in great demand. A general idea of the literature in that field with regard to the possibilities and difficulties of handicapped persons is that holiday sports activities are considered apt to offer outstanding prerequisites for handicapped and nonhandicapped people getting closer to each other. Starting out on this basis, this survey is mainly dedicated to the following questions: What is the situation for handicapped persons in holiday sports activities? Is holiday sporting in a position to meet the expectations of social integration, and to what extent? A questionnaire about these items was answered by wheelchair users, making it clear, on the one hand, that there are hardly any offers for disabled people to take part in holiday sporting activities. On the other hand, the survey confirms that holiday sports activities are well suited to answer major demands of the integration issue, i.e., communication and interaction as well as other factors conducive to social integration. Subsequently, the author formulates the request that access to and participation in holiday sporting activities be made easier for disabled people so that greater use can be made of these special opportunities for social integration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Social costs of visual handicap and blindness. Rehabilitation resources for blind patients].

UNLABELLED: The number of blind and partially sighted persons in Germany is growing. Increasing social cost and human suffering are related. Measures to counteract this development (e.g. prevention, rehabilitation) are needed. This work gives an overview of the social cost of visual impairment; rehabilitation efforts and needs for eye diseases are considered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from several sources have been analysed in regard to social cost of blindness and rehabilitation efforts for eye diseases: e.g. from the Bavarian and Federal statistical agencies (number of blind and partially sighted), form the German veterans administrations (number of early retired) etc. The results relate to the former Federal Republic of Germany before unification; data from the five new states are not yet available. RESULTS: 1. social cost: The funds needed for blindness compensation payments increased steadily; new figures from Bavaria indicate that in Germany a total of 1,000,000 DM is needed. As a trend the yearly rise over the last 10 years was 6% in Bavaria. Indirect social cost ist caused by early retirement of blind or visually handicapped people; yearly 1% (2000 cases) of all early retirement is due to eye diseases. 2. rehabilitation efforts: For the annual incidence of blind and partially sighted--an estimated 17,000 blind and 50,000 partially sighted--only 12,000 rehabilitation measures are provided in Germany. For the age group over 65 years (which makes up to 60% of all visually impaired) only 800 rehabilitation measures are being completed yearly. In the ophthalmology sector the provision of low vision aids to visually handicapped people is incomplete. A maximum of 60% of all practising ophthalmologists in Bavaria provide this service. On the basis of own data (and from the medical service of medical assistance insurances) it is obvious that 20-50% of the prescribed low vision aids do not fit the requirements of the visually handicapped. In general too high a magnification is prescribed. CONCLUSIONS: More visual rehabilitation services are needed to cope with the growing demand, especially for low vision aids. A prerequisit for a higher coverage with low vision aids is a better reimbursement of the prescribing ophthalmologist by medical assistance insurances.

Blindness↗
PubMed1991

[Development of impaired vision in mentally handicapped children].

The aim of the following study was 1) to show the incidence of ophthalmic disorders in severely visually and mentally handicapped children retrospectively 2) to follow up the change in visual acuity over at least 2 years prospectively 3) to look at the effect of therapeutic concepts. 270 children of the "Blindeninstituts-stiftung Würzburg" were followed up between 1960 and 1987. ad 1) Optic atrophy was the leading cause of visual impairment (24%) followed by cataract and retinopathy of prematurity (both found in 17%), malformations of the anterior segment (12%), cortical amblyopia (8%) and refractive error (6%). Strabismus was an additional finding in 38% of the children often associated with nystagmus. Convergent and divergent strabismus had the same incidence. ad 2) Visual acuity improved in 30% of cases of cortical amblyopia, in 40% of refractive errors and in 30% of optic atrophy. In cases of cataract there was a slight improvement in 20%. In 24% of aphakia a secondary glaucoma was observed. In cases of malformations of the anterior segment and ROP the visual acuity remained stable on a low level. The cases of ROP were advanced and had not received any surgical treatment. A deterioration in vision as often seen after surgical intervention was observed in 20% of ROP. In respect of the high incidence of refractive errors and orthoptic problems in multiple handicapped children they should be seen as early as possible by an ophthalmologist. Detection of a congenital cataract soon after birth as well as complications of other disorders should help to prevent blindness. The remaining visual perception is especially important for the handicapped child to communicate and move about.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Effect of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic experiences on self-esteem of handicapped and nonhandicapped students.

Compared are the effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning experiences on the self-esteem and perceived personal acceptance by the teacher of nonhandicapped and severely handicapped students in a mainstream setting. Thirty students (18 nonhandicapped and 12 trainable retarded) were randomly assigned to conditions stratified on the basis of handicap and sex. They participated in a bowling class which met for one hour per week for eight weeks. The results indicate that those in the cooperative condition had higher self-esteem and perceived more personal acceptance from the teacher than did the students in the competitive and individualistic conditions. Handicapped students reported higher self-esteem than nonhandicapped students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Symptoms, disability and handicap in unilateral peripheral vestibular disorders. Effects of early presentation and initiation of balance exercises.

The aim of this study was to obtain a profile of disability and handicap in patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular disorders presenting to a specialist tertiary care unit. Two validated questionnaires were sent to patients who had a unilateral peripheral vestibular disorder as defined by strict criteria. Some patients still suffered moderate handicap and disability 5 years after the initial symptoms related to a unilateral vestibular disorder, although the duration of symptoms (onset to questionnaire completion) did not correlate with severity of disability and handicap, as judged by questionnaire scores. However, patients presenting to the unit within 6 months of onset of vertigo commenced balance exercises significantly earlier and had significantly lower disability scores than patients presenting later. A high proportion of non-compliance with, and delay in initiation of, vestibular rehabilitation exercises was noted in the total patient sample, while compliance with, and early initiation of, Cooksey Cawthorne exercises were significantly correlated with low disability and questionnaire scores. These findings suggest that early referral to a specialist balance unit for patients with persistent dizziness is associated with better outcome.

Adolescent↗