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PubMed1980

Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during amitriptyline treatment.

Four cases of hypnagogic or hypnopompic visual hallucinations in patients during amitriptyline treatment are reported. The hallucinations were clearly delineated, projected to the outer objective space and were for a short time experienced as real. The patients rapidly realized the unreality of the "sights", probably because they regained the full criticism and coherent thinking of an unpsychotic awake individual. There may be a relation between the effects of amitriptyline in brain, the changed pattern of sleep and the clinical recovery. Patients should be informed about the benign character of this type of hallucinatory phenomena so that treatment is not terminated at an undue time.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

A comparative cross-cultural study of the frequencies of hallucination in schizophrenia.

The frequencies of auditory, visual and olfactory hallucinations as defined by Wing et al. were studied in schizophrenic patients of various groups treated in the same hospital. The diagnosis of schizophrenia was made by the use of the Syndrome Check List. It was found that there were some cultural differences in the frequencies of hallucinations, these being higher in the African, West Indian and Asian culture groups than in the English and other groups. The possible clinical significance of these variations are discussed.

Africa↗
PubMed1993

Hallucinations on withdrawal of isoflurane used as sedation.

Hallucinations on withdrawal of midazolam have been noted in intensive care patients. Isoflurane is increasingly used as an alternative drug for sedation. We report a seven-year-old child with 15% burns who, on withdrawal of isoflurane, suffered hallucinations, a generalized seizure and disorientation. The adverse symptoms occurred within hours of stopping the isoflurane and lasted for five days.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Reality discrimination, reality monitoring and disposition towards hallucination.

This investigation tested the hypotheses that individuals disposed towards hallucination are deficient in the meta-cognitive skills of reality discrimination and reality monitoring, and that there is a strong correlation between the measures of these skills. Normal subjects scoring high or low on a scale measuring predisposition towards hallucination were tested on an auditory signal detection task. High scorers on the scale were found to differ from low scorers on a measure of perceptual bias but not on a measure of sensitivity. The same groups of subjects were tested on a reality monitoring measure in which they were required to monitor two different types of word: words they were required to listen to, and words they were required to listen to on some trials and imagine on others. On a surprise frequency test it was found that high scorers did not differ from low scorers on their ability to accurately count the memories of words they had heard. It was also found that both high scorers and low scorers overestimated the number of times they had heard words when they had also been required to imagine these words on tests; however, high scorers made this error to a significantly greater extent. A strong correlation was found between reality discrimination and reality monitoring measures for high scorers, but no correlation was found for low scorers.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Acting on command hallucinations: a cognitive approach.

This study explores factors influencing compliance with command hallucinations. The most widely acknowledged factor is the content of the command. Three categories of command content were found to be discrete in terms of compliance: "innocuous' commands, "severe' commands and commands to self-harm. This study takes a cognitive approach and highlights the importance of the beliefs individuals hold about their voices. Beliefs appear to be important in determining whether or not individuals comply with commands and the affect generated. A belief that the voice is benevolent was associated with compliance with both innocuous and severe commands. In addition, participants who believed they retained subjective control over their voices were less likely to comply with all types of command. Furthermore, qualitative evidence suggested that several other beliefs may influence compliance with command hallucinations such as beliefs about the effects of transgression, beliefs about the power and authority of the commander, beliefs about the social acceptability of the action (which may be closely correlated or synonymous with severity) and its effectiveness in achieving a valued goal. Further research is necessary to investigate the importance of these beliefs and their interrelationships more fully.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1981

A questionnaire study of hostility in persistent auditory hallucinators.

Twenty-six psychotic patients selected for persistent auditory hallucinations were tested on the HDHQ Questionnaire. Their total hostility scores were found to be significantly higher than those of the mixed schizophrenic normative sample, suggesting a link between aggressive tendencies and auditory hallucinations. The total sample was further subdivided on the basis of duration, location and quality of voices, and subgroup comparisons undertaken. These suggested that location and quality of voices were independent of each other and differentially linked with other measures. Several hypothesis for further investigation were generated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The effects of varying auditory input on schizophrenic hallucinations: a replication.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of auditory stimulation on reports of auditory hallucinations at the time of the experiment. The results showed that self-reports by seven schizophrenic patients of auditory hallucinations were reduced by different types of auditory stimulation, particularly by listening to pop music. Requiring the subject to read a passage aloud also reduced the levels reported. This study was a replication of one by Margo, Hemsley & Slade (1981) who reported similar findings.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Postural hallucinations? An unusual presentation of anaemia.

The case of a 14 year old girl is reported, referred to Child Psychiatry with tearfulness and possible auditory hallucinations. Closer questioning revealed a history of low energy, sleeping excessively without refreshment, exertional dyspnoea, and poor growth. Psychologically, there was no evidence of low mood or negative cognitions despite the inexplicable tearfulness. Detailed enquiry revealed the "hallucinations" to be "whooshing" noises in her ears precipitated by standing. She was found to have a haemoglobin level of 55 g/l, attributed to a combination of poor diet and menorrhagia.Periodic, anaemic, cerebral hypoxia could be proposed to be the root of most, if not all, of the symptoms, illustrating the importance of marrying physical and psychological history taking with suitable investigations for an eminently treatable condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Television-induced formed visual hallucinations and cerebral diplopia.

A 65-year-old man with ischaemic encephalomalacia following surgery for an aortic arch aneurysm experienced episodes of stereotyped formed visual hallucinations uniquely provoked by television viewing. In addition he noted vertical diplopia of cerebral origin. These symptoms are discussed in the light of what is known about visual hallucinations, television-induced epilepsy, and cerebral polyopia.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Visual hallucinations with written words in a case of left parietotemporal lesion.

A 15 year old ambidextrous patient presented with left temporoparietal lesions after head trauma. Seizures associated with visual hallucinations of written words arose six months later. Electroencephalography showed spike and wave complexes with phase opposition over the left parietal area. On MRI a post-traumatic porencephalic lesion was seen in area 7 and the superior part of area 39 of Brodmann; on T2 sequences, it was surrounded by a hyperecho predominating in the inferior part of the parietal lobe and extending in the posteroexternal temporal cortex. This first description of hallucinations of written words raises the possibility of the presence, in the temporoparietal cortex, of specific representations ("lexicon") of corresponding information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Elementary visual hallucinations in migraine and epilepsy.

A comparison of the elementary visual hallucinations of 50 patients with migraine and 20 patients with occipital epileptic seizures showed that epileptic seizures are predominantly multi-coloured with circular or spherical patterns as opposed to the predominantly black and white linear patterns of migraine. This simple clinical symptom of the elementary visual hallucinations may be helpful in distinguishing between classic or basilar migraine and visual partial epileptic seizures, particularly in children. Claims that epileptic seizures are triggered or caused by migraine may be artificial, reflecting problems in the differential diagnosis between the two diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Hallucinations and signs of parkinsonism help distinguish patients with dementia and cortical Lewy bodies from patients with Alzheimer's disease at presentation: a clinicopathological study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare, in a retrospective clinicopathological study, the presentation features of patients with dementia and cortical Lewy bodies (Lewy body dementia) with those of patients with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: From a population of 426 cases from the dementia brain bank, 39 cases of Lewy body dementia and 61 cases of Alzheimer's disease with presentation details were identified. RESULTS: The Lewy body dementia group had significantly more frequent hallucinations (23% v 3%, P = 0.006) and signs of parkinsonism (41% v 5%, P < 0.0001) than the Alzheimer's disease group. The Lewy body dementia group also had a greater proportion of men (62% v 34%, P = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Hallucinations and signs of parkinsonism help distinguish Lewy body dementia from Alzheimer's disease at presentation. These indicators may not be very sensitive, because they were reported for less than half of the patients with Lewy body dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Elementary visual hallucinations, blindness, and headache in idiopathic occipital epilepsy: differentiation from migraine.

This is a qualitative and chronological analysis of ictal and postictal symptoms, frequency of seizures, family history, response to treatment, and prognosis in nine patients with idiopathic occipital epilepsy and visual seizures. Ictal elementary visual hallucinations are stereotyped for each patient, usually lasting for seconds. They consist of mainly multiple, bright coloured, small circular spots, circles, or balls. Mostly, they appear in a temporal hemifield often moving contralaterally or in the centre where they may be flashing. They may multiply and increase in size in the course of the seizure and may progress to other non-visual occipital seizure symptoms and more rarely to extra-occipital manifestations and convulsions. Blindness occurs usually from the beginning and postictal headache, often indistinguishable from migraine, is common. It is concluded that elementary visual hallucinations in occipital seizures are entirely different from visual aura of migraine when individual elements of colour, shape, size, location, movement, speed of development, duration, and progress are synthesised together. Postictal headache does not show preference for those with a family history of migraine. Most of the patients are misdiagnosed as having migraine with aura, basilar migraine, acephalgic migraine, or migralepsy simply because physicians are not properly informed of differential diagnostic criteria. As a result, treatment may be delayed for years. Response to carbamazepine is excellent and seizures may remit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Visual hallucinations in the elderly associated with the use of levodopa.

Visual hallucinations are a well recognized unwanted effect of treatment with levodopa. Although many individual cases have been reported, there has only been one review previously published about this finding, and this did not discriminate age groups. We present five cases and briefly review the literature. It is important to enquire specifically about visual hallucinations in patients on levodopa therapy at follow up, as this otherwise potentially reversible side effect may be overlooked.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Formed hallucination in the hemianopic field.

We present a case in which formed hallucinations were the sole presenting feature of an occipital infarct. The hallucinations occurred in the resulting hemianopic field. The localizing value of such phenomena is discussed.

Cerebral Infarction↗
PubMed2005

Hallucinations, cognitive decline, and death in Alzheimer's disease.

The relation of psychotic symptoms to cognitive decline and mortality in Alzheimer's disease (AD) was examined during a mean of 2.2 years in 478 persons selected from clinical settings. Psychotic symptoms were ascertained at baseline and cognition was assessed semiannually with nine tests from which a global measure was formed. In analyses that controlled for age, sex, race, and education, hallucinations (29.6%), especially visual ones, were associated with more rapid global cognitive decline and increased mortality, even after controlling for baseline level of cognition and use of antipsychotic medication, and the association with mortality increased with higher level of education. Delusions and misperceptions were not strongly related to cognitive decline or mortality. The results suggest that hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease, particularly visual ones, are associated with more rapid progression.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Scopolamine and the sensory conditioning of hallucinations.

By means of a sensory conditioning procedure, auditory 'hallucinations' were produced in a set of subjects by pairing a light and a tone. The effect of two doses of scopolamine on the occurrence of these hallucinations was investigated, and the results showed that they were more likely to occur after scopolamine than when subjects had received a placebo. This change was attributed to the impairment of information processing induced by scopolamine.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1987

Musical hallucinations, depression and old age.

The association between musical hallucinations, depression and acquired hearing loss is described in two elderly patients. Following the presentation of this underdiagnosed clinical phenomenon we propose that musical hallucinations should be addressed as a final outcome of several factors including both mental and physical components. This conceptual framework enhances our understanding and treatment of such phenomena.

Aged↗