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PubMed1974

City-wide screening for urinary abnormalities in schoolboys.

Screening for urinary tract infection was carried out in 27,722 schoolboys aged 5 to 14 using Uricult to perform urine cultures and Hema-combistix to detect hematuria, proteinuria and glycosuria. Cultures of 10(5) colonies per ml or more on two occasions were found in 40 cases (0.14%), but no case was confirmed by the family physician using standard culture techniques.Proteinuria was found in 136 cases (0.49%) and confirmed in 47 (37%) of the 126 children who were seen by their family physician. In this group 8.8% had evidence of pyelonephritic scarring on intravenous pyelograms without a positive urine culture.Hematuria was found in 19 children and confirmed in 10 (59%) of the 17 children who were seen by their family physician. No abnormalities were detected on intravenous pyelography in any case.Glycosuria was found in 12 cases and confirmed in five. Three of these children had renal glycosuria and two had previously undetected diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Natural history of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in the dog.

The natural history of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity is not well described. This study investigated in the dog renal functional and electrolyte abnormalities during and for 20 days following a 10-day course of low-dose gentamicin (7 mg/kg/day), high-dose gentamicin (30 mg/kg/day), and netilmicin (30 mg/kg/day). Renal histology was examined at the end of the study. Renal functional abnormalities occurred only in animals receiving high-dose gentamicin. A fall in maximal urinary osmolality (1579 +/- 347 mOsm/kg/H2O to 450 +/- 118, p less than 0.05) was followed by renal glycosuria and a fall in GFR (66.9 +/- 11.9 ml/min to 21.3 +/- 8.6, p less than 0.05). These three functional indices had recovered by day 30 in the survivors. Plasma potassium fell in animals receiving high-dose gentamicin (3.8 +/- 0.02 mEq/L to 3.3 +/- 0.4, p less than 0.05) and reached the lowest values (2.7 and 2.9 mEq/L) just prior to death in two animals dying in uremia. Netilmicin also caused a significant fall in plasma potassium (4.3 +/- 0.1 mEq/L to 3.9 +/- 0.1, p less than 0.05). Hypocalcemia (10.0 +/- 1.3 mg/dl to 7.8 +/- 1.4, p less than 0.05) but not hypomagnesemia developed following high-dose gentamicin. Peak serum aminoglycoside levels after high-dose gentamicin and netilmicin were comparable, but trough levels rose only in high-dose gentamicin animals and paralleled the fall in GFR. Light microscopy of the kidney 3 weeks after high-dose gentamicin demonstrated no proximal tubular necrosis but extensive focal tubulointerstitial nephritis, especially in the juxtamedullary cortex. Similar but less extensive derangements were noted in animals receiving low-dose gentamicin, despite the absence of functional abnormalities. Minor histological abnormalities were noted in animals receiving netilmicin. To summarize: 1) major renal functional and electrolyte abnormalities developed only following high-dose gentamicin and included impaired urinary concentration, glycosuria, reduced GFR, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia (except for a fall in plasma potassium, similar doses of netilmicin were not nephrotoxic); (2) tubulointerstitial nephritis, particularly in the juxtamedullary cortex, occurred with low-dose gentamicin as well as high-dose gentamicin and may be a factor in delayed or incomplete recovery from gentamicin nephrotoxicity; (3) in this model, netilmicin at comparable doses was substantially less nephrotoxic than gentamicin; (4) renal postassium wasting may be a heretofore unrecognized consequence of aminoglycoside administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Appearance of different diabetic symptoms after streptozocin administration: a comparison study.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the time required to develop each of the following diabetic symptoms after the streptozocin administration (60 mg/kg, iv) in rats: hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and body weight reduction. The data showed that hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, polyuria and polydipsia were significantly increased in 24 hours after the streptozocin administration; however, there was a delay of 3 days before a significant reduction of body weight was detected, and the food intake was not significantly increased until 7 days after the streptozocin administration.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Intravenous dexamethasone for extubation of newborn infants.

BACKGROUND: Endotracheal tubes are foreign bodies that may injure the upper airway causing laryngeal edema. This in turn may result in failure of extubation in preterm infants. Corticosteroids have been used prophylactically to reduce upper airway obstruction and facilitate extubation. OBJECTIVES: In newborn infants having their endotracheal tube removed following a period of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), what are the effects of intravenous corticosteroids on the incidence of endotracheal reintubation, stridor, atelectasis and adverse side effects? SEARCH STRATEGY: Searches were made of the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, Medline (MeSH search terms "dexamethasone", "extubat*" and "exp infant, newborn"), previous reviews including cross references, abstracts of conferences and symposia proceedings, expert informants, journal handsearching mainly in the English language and expert informant searches in the Japanese language by Prof. Y. Ogawa. SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials were included which used random or quasi-random patient allocation, and which compared intravenous steroids given immediately prior to a planned extubation with placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted independently by the two authors and analysed in Revman for all trials. Prespecified subgroup analyses were performed to examine differences in response between infants at high risk for upper airway edema and those receiving routine prophylaxis prior to extubation. MAIN RESULTS: Administration of dexamethasone prior to extubation significantly reduced the need for reintubation of the trachea. This result applies to both the high risk group and to the total population of infants enrolled. However, the incidence of extubation failure was zero in the trial that attempted to exclude infants at high risk of airway edema. The side effects of higher blood sugar levels and glycosuria were found in the 2 trials where these were sought. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Implications for practice Dexamethasone reduces the need for endotracheal reintubation of neonates after a period of IPPV. In view of the lack of effect in low risk infants and the documented and potential side effects, it appears reasonable to restrict its use to infants at increased risk for airway edema and obstruction, such as those who have received repeated or prolonged intubations. Implications for research Issues of dosage and applicability to the extremely low birthweight population could be addressed in future trials. Longer term outcomes such as chronic lung disease, duration of assisted ventilation and length of hospital stay should also be examined.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1994

Pyrazinoylguanidine downregulates the glucose fatty-acid cycle in hypertensive, hyperinsulinemic diabetic patients.

Eight hypertensive patients with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were administered the experimental drug pyrazinoylguanidine (PZG) either alone or in combination with calcium-channel or beta-blockers. This treatment appeared to "downregulate" the glucose fatty acid cycle and reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressures and mean body weight. Patients served as their own controls in this dose-escalation study, which included placebo treatment (baseline) 3 weeks, 300 mg PZG for 3 weeks and 600 mg for 3 weeks. PZG reduced increased serum concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, and triglycerides (TG). TG concentrations correlated inversely with serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations. The beta-blockers used by several patients increased their FFA, glucose, insulin and TG concentrations, as well as blunting their response to PZG. The calcium-channel blockers exerted these effects to a much lesser extent. PZG reduced or abolished glycosuria, related to PZG's capacity to decrease hyperglycemia. Withdrawal of PZG restored glycosuria, as blood sugar increased. PZG was well tolerated. No patient reported any adverse effect or missed a weekly clinic visit (12 weeks). PZG deserves further study as supplementary and/or replacement therapy in NIDDM patients who are hypertensive and hyperlipidemic.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Hypoglycaemic activity of Retama raetam in rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the underlying mechanism of the hypoglycaemic activity of an aqueous extract perfusion of Retama raetam (RR) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The aqueous extract was administered intravenously and the blood glucose changes were determined within 4 h after starting the treatment. Plasma insulin concentrations and glycosuria were determined. The aqueous RR extract at a dose of 10 mg[sol ]kg[sol ]h produced a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in normal rats (p < 0.001) and an even more marked decrease in diabetic rats (p < 0.001). This hypoglycaemic effect might be due to an extra-pancreatic action of the aqueous extract of RR, since the basal plasma insulin concentrations were unchanged after RR treatment. A potent increase of glycosuria was observed both in normal and diabetic rats (p < 0.001). It is concluded that an aqueous extract perfusion of RR caused a potent inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption. This renal effect is at least one mechanism to explain the observed hypoglycaemic activity of this plant in normal and diabetic rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A retrospective study on the relation between renal dysfunction and cadmium concentration in rice in individual hamlets in the Jinzu River basin, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

Using as an index of exposure the Cd concentration in rice and as an index of health effect the urinary abnormality rate (proteinuria, glycosuria, and proteinuria with glycosuria) in the most systematic and extensive health screening examination conducted in 1967 and 1968 in the Jinzu River basin, Japan (a total of 13,183 subjects), we investigated whether a dose-response relationship exists between the two indices. For subjects that lived in the same hamlet since birth, with low Cd concentrations in rice it was confirmed that renal dysfunction does not develop unless the length of residence is prolonged, whereas with high Cd concentrations in rice renal dysfunction develops even when the length of residence is short. For subjects that lived in the same hamlet for over 30 years and that were aged over 50 years, the urinary abnormality rate in individual hamlets showed significant increases with increases in the mean Cd concentration in rice, demonstrating that a dose-response relationship existed. The allowable values of Cd concentration in rice were estimated to be in the range of 0.05-0.20 ppm, representing values lower than the 0.4 ppm provisionally adopted by the Japanese government.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Normal insulin sensitivity during the phase of glucose intolerance but insulin resistance at the onset of diabetes in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat.

In diabetes-prone BB rats, 30 to 50% of animals undergo autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic B-cells leading to a short period of glucose intolerance, followed by an abrupt onset of diabetes. We have examined whether the glucose intolerance period and the onset of diabetes are associated with changes in insulin sensitivity, using the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp coupled with [3-3H] glucose infusion. Glucose intolerant rats were detected by a transient glycosuria one hour after an oral glucose load performed every four days. Insulin sensitivity studied in these rats the day following their detection was normal. Other diabetes-prone BB rats were tested daily and studied on the first day of glycosuria. In the basal state, glucose production was increased in diabetic rats (11.3 +/- 1.1 vs 7.1 +/- 0.8 mg.min-1.kg-1, p less than 0.05). Tissue glucose utilization was similar in diabetic and control rats (8.3 +/- 0.5 vs 7.1 +/- 0.8 mg.min-1.kg-1) despite a three fold higher glycaemia in the diabetic rats. During the hyperinsulinaemic clamps, glycaemia was clamped at 6.1-6.6 mmol/l in diabetic and control rats. A decreased insulin sensitivity was observed in diabetic rats at submaximal (200 microU/ml) and maximal (1500 microU/ml) insulin concentrations for both inhibition of hepatic glucose production and stimulation of glucose utilization. No autoantibodies against insulin could be detected in the plasma of diabetic rats. Plasma concentrations of glucagon, catecholamines, ketone bodies and fatty acids were similar in control and diabetic rats during the clamp studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1989

Hepatic enzyme activities and plasma insulin concentrations in diabetic herbivorous voles.

The activities of the hepatic glycolytic enzymes glucokinase (GKase) and hexokinase (HKase) in herbivorous Microtus arvalis were very low and the hepatic fructose-1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase) activities were almost the same as those in C57BL/6J mice. Glycosuria was observed in over 50% of voles fed on a low fibre, high concentrate diet. Voles with a high incidence of glycosuria for over 6 weeks became insulin deficient. In these diabetic voles, the hepatic GKase, HKase and FDPase activities decreased considerably as a result of diminished insulin secretion and fatty degeneration of the hepatic cells. It was considered that M. arvalis would be a useful animal model in which to study disorders of glucose utilization in herbivora.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Changes in sodium or glucose filtration rate modulate expression of glucose transporters in renal proximal tubular cells of rat.

Renal glucose reabsorption is mediated by luminal sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) and basolateral facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs). The modulators of these transporters are not known, and their substrates glucose and Na+ are potential candidates. In this study we examined the role of glucose and Na+ filtration rate on gene expression of glucose transporters in renal proximal tubule. SGLT1, SGLT2, GLUT1 and GLUT2 mRNAs were assessed by Northern blotting; and GLUT1 and GLUT2 proteins were assessed by Western blotting. Renal cortex and medulla samples from control rats (C), diabetic rats (D) with glycosuria, and insulin-resistant 15-month old rats (I) without glycosuria; and from normal (NS), low (LS), and high (HS) Na+-diet fed rats were studied. Compared to C and I rats, D rats increased (P < 0.05) gene expression of SGLT2 by approximately 36%, SGLT1 by approximately 20%, and GLUT2 by approximately 100%, and reduced (P < 0.05) gene expression of GLUT1 by more than 50%. Compared to NS rats, HS rats increased (P < 0.05) SGLT2, GLUT2, and GLUT1 expression by approximately 100%, with no change in SGLT1 mRNA expression, and LS rats increased (P < 0.05) GLUT1 gene expression by approximately 150%, with no changes in other transporters. In summary, the results showed that changes in glucose or Na+ filtrated rate modulate the glucose transporters gene expression in epithelial cells of the renal proximal tubule.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Transient proximal tubular renal injury following Ecstasy ingestion.

Multiple renal adverse effects have been anecdotally reported with the ingestion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy), a widely used recreational drug. These side effects include acute renal failure, necrotizing vasculitis, and hyponatremia, the mechanisms for which are unknown. We report a case of transient acute proximal tubular injury and hyponatremia associated with Ecstasy use. An 18-year-old woman presented with new onset seizures and polydipsia. Her initial laboratory evaluation revealed hyponatremia (Na 117 mEq/L), polyuria (urine output >400 mL/h for several hours), renal glycosuria (blood glucose 120 mg/dL, urine glucose >1,000 mg/dL), and solute diuresis (urine osmolality 552 mOsm/kg H2O). Urine electrolyte values reflected a low tubular reabsorption of phosphorus (TRP) of 68.1% (expected TRP >85% at serum P 2.3 mg/dL) with an appropriate transtubular potassium gradient of 3.0 (serum K 3.7 mEq/L). Her hyponatremia was slowly corrected. A repeat TRP after 48 h had normalized to 86.5%, and her glycosuria resolved. An extensive toxin screen was later reported positive for Ecstasy. To our knowledge, this is the first example of an acute and transient proximal tubular injury with Ecstasy ingestion. This complication may become more apparent with increasing use of this drug.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Increased urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion in young insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

We evaluated urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion in overnight and in second morning urine in 50 young diabetic patients, aged 7.4-25 years with a disease duration from 2-19.6 years. In all patients we evaluated urinary NAG and creatinine excretion, in both overnight and second morning urine, glycosuria, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels, insulin requirement, blood pressure, and the presence of microangiopathic complications. Urinary NAG excretion was also evaluated in 69 age- and sex-matched controls. NAG was determined using 3-cresolsulfonphtaleinyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminide as substrate (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany). In the diabetic patients NAG/Cre ratios were significantly higher than in controls both in overnight and second morning urine (P < 0.0005, respectively). We observed significantly higher NAG/Cre ratio levels in the second morning than in overnight urine, both in controls and in diabetics (P < 0.0005, respectively). Elevated (above 2 S.D. of the mean) NAG/Cre ratios were found in 17/50 patients (34%) in overnight urine and in 29/50 (58%) in second morning urine. No correlation was observed between NAG/Cre ratio levels and age, duration of disease, pubertal stage, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, glycosuria, insulin requirement and blood pressure. The patients with one or more complications did show NAG/Cre ratio levels significantly higher than those without complications (P < 0.005) in second morning urine, but not in overnight urine. Our study has demonstrated an increased rate of urinary NAG excretion in young IDDM patients, in particular in those with microangiopathic complications.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1994

The susceptibility of spontaneously diabetic mice to cadmium-metallothionein nephrotoxicity.

Cadmium metallothionein (CdMT) was injected subcutaneously into obese hyperglycaemic Umeå ob/ob mice or their lean litter mates (normal mice) at doses of 0, 0.1 and 0.4 mg Cd/kg. Proteinuria and calciuria were induced in both types of mice, but in the ob/ob mice this condition developed at a lower dose of CdMT (0.1 mg Cd/kg) than in the normal mice (0.4 mg Cd/kg). These results show, therefore, that Umeå ob/ob mice are particularly susceptible to CdMT-induced nephrotoxicity. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon needs to be further investigated. After the administration of CdMT, a dose-related increase in glycosuria was observed in both types of mice, in spite of decreased levels of serum insulin and glucose. It is suggested that such glycosuria induced by CdMT could be one of the signs of cadmium nephrotoxicity. The results of the present study thus indicate that metabolic changes like those in diabetes may increase susceptibility to cadmium-induced renal tubular damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Increase in liver protein phosphatase-1 in spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamsters.

Two broad-specifically protein phosphatases, termed protein phosphatase-1 (PrP-1) and protein phosphatase-2A (PrP-2A), accounting for all the hepatic activity regulating glycogen phosphorylase, were measured in spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamsters exhibiting persistent glycosuria. When compared with genetically related inbred sublines free of glycosuria, diabetic animals demonstrated approximately 25% increase in PrP-1 activity measured either in crude tissue extracts or in cytosols fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography. No significant alteration in total PrP-2A activity was observed in the diabetic animals. These findings indicate that a specific change in hepatic PrP-1 is associated with genetically acquired diabetes in Chinese hamsters. In contrast to reported data using animals with experimentally induced diabetes mellitus, hepatic PrP-1 was increased in the spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamsters. The data suggests that distinct alterations in PrP-1 and associated metabolic consequences are exhibited by different types of diabetes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of different crystalloid i.v. solutions in establishing urine flow.

There are several situations in Emergency Medicine when it is desirable to promote a prompt diuresis to fill the bladder or obtain urine for diagnostic tests. We attempted to determine which of 3 commonly used intravenous solutions is most effective in establishing urine flow. In a prospective, randomized double-blind crossover study of 12 healthy male volunteers, we rapidly infused 20 cc/kg of D5W, D51/2NS, or 1/2NS immediately after voiding. Voided urine volumes were then recorded at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min postinfusion and the degree of glycosuria, if any, was noted. Total mean urine volume after D5W was 1181 ml, significantly greater than after 1/2NS (825 ml) and 1/2NS (630 ml), which did not differ between each other. Mean urine volume was greater at every time interval for the D5W group, and glycosuria was common in both D5-containing groups. We conclude that in healthy subjects, D5W is more effective in promoting rapid diuresis than are sodium-containing solutions.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Immunostimulation circumvents diabetes in NOD/Lt mice.

Diabetes susceptibility in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice may entail faulty activation of immunoregulatory cells resulting from cytokine deficiencies. Depletion of T cells prevents disease onset in these mice. Since we had previously shown that IL-2 treatment in vivo restored the ability of NOD/Lt mice to produce self-restricted suppressor T cells (Ts) in a syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (SMLR), we investigated the possibility that diabetes could be circumvented by treatment with immunostimulatory agents that increase cytokine production. By 20 weeks of age, 75% of vehicle-treated NOD/Lt female controls had become glycosuric, while glycosuria developed in only 17% of NOD/Lt females injected with human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2, 250 U twice weekly) beginning at 6 weeks of age. Treatment of mice with Poly [I:C] alone [50 micrograms twice weekly, an inducer of Interferon (IFN) alpha/beta] or in conjunction with rIL-2 was even more effective, completely preventing glycosuria for 20 weeks. However, therapeutic effects required continuous administration of the immunostimulants since pancreatic insulin content declined and severity of insulitis increased following cessation of treatment. IL-2 treatment increased transcription of interleukin-1 (IL-1) mRNA in peritoneal macrophages and increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated IL-1 secretion in comparison to controls. In the presence of stimulators from IL-2-treated mice, T lymphocytes isolated from both controls and IL-2-treated NOD/Lt mice proliferated in a SMLR and acquired Ts function. Peritoneal macrophages from Poly [I:C]-treated mice exhibited increased IFN alpha gene transcription and LPS-stimulated IL-1 secretion. T cells isolated from Poly [I:C]-treated mice were capable of suppressing NOD-Lt T cell responses to alloantigens in a mixed lymphocyte culture without prior activation in a SMLR. Thus, Poly [I:C] treatment may recruit a different population of regulatory cells than those elicited by treatment with IL-2. However, the mechanisms by which autoreactive T-cell clones may be regulated by these two treatments in NOD/Lt mice may be synergistic. These results indicate that in addition to T-cell depletion protocols, diabetes in NOD mice can be prevented by treatment with immunostimulatory agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Phlorizin-like effect of Fraxinus excelsior in normal and diabetic rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the underlying mechanism of the hypoglycaemic activity of the aqueous extract perfusion of Fraxinus excelsior L. (FE) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The aqueous extract was administered intravenously and the blood glucose changes were determined within four hours after starting the treatment. Plasma insulin concentrations and glycosuria were determined. The aqueous extract at a dose of 10 mg/kg/h produced a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in normal rats (P < 0.001) and even more in diabetic rats (P < 0.001). This hypoglycaemic effect might be due to an extra-pancreatic action of the aqueous extract of FE, since the basal plasma insulin concentrations were unchanged after FE treatment. A potent increase of glycosuria was observed both in normal and diabetic rats (P < 0.001). We conclude that aqueous extract perfusion of FE caused a potent inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption. This renal effect might be at least one mechanism explaining the observed hypoglycaemic activity of this plant in normal and diabetic rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Urinary albumin to osmolality ratio predicts 24-hour urine albumin excretion in diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) in a single urine sample has been proposed to provide an estimate of microalbuminuria by adjusting for variability in urine concentrations. We hypothesized that adjusting the urine albumin concentration of single-void specimens for actual urine osmolality (urinary albumin to osmolality ratio [AOR]) may provide a more accurate estimate of 24-hour urine albumin excretion rates (AERs). METHODS: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM; n = 136) had urinary concentrations of albumin, glucose, and creatinine and osmolality measured on single-void samples, and albumin levels, on 24-hour samples. Microalbuminuria is defined as an AER between 30 and 300 mg/d. RESULTS: Correlation between AOR on single-void samples and AER on 24-hour samples (r = 0.87; P < 0.001) was similar to that between ACR and AER (r = 0.88; P < 0.001). Using a cutoff value of 18.4 mg/kg/mOsm x 10(2) (18.4 mg/mmol x 10(2)) for AOR resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 86% in detecting microalbuminuria, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for AOR was 0.89. Using a cutoff value of 15.0 mg/g (1.7 mg/mmol) for ACR resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 85% and 85% in detecting microalbuminuria, respectively. The AUC for ACR was 0.90. The ability of AOR to predict AER was maintained at varying degrees of glycosuria (glucose < 100 mg/dL [<5.5 mmol/L]; r = 0.77; 100 to 750 mg/dL [5.5 to 42 mmol/L]; r = 0.85; and >750 mg/dL [>42 mmol/L]; r = 0.92). CONCLUSION: Urinary AOR correlates closely with 24-hour microalbuminuria determination, and the correlation is not appreciably affected by glycosuria. Thus, AOR can be used as an alternative test to ACR in the assessment of microalbuminuria in the population with DM.

Adolescent↗