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PubMed2006

Magnetic imaging of a supercooling glass transition in a weakly disordered ferromagnet.

Spin glasses are founded in the frustration and randomness of microscopic magnetic interactions. They are non-ergodic systems where replica symmetry is broken. Although magnetic glassy behaviour has been observed in many colossal magnetoresistive manganites, there is no consensus that they are spin glasses. Here, an intriguing glass transition in (La,Pr,Ca)MnO3 is imaged using a variable-temperature magnetic force microscope. In contrast to the speculated spin-glass picture, our results show that the observed static magnetic configuration seen below the glass-transition temperature arises from the cooperative freezing of the first-order antiferromagnetic (charge ordered) to ferromagnetic transition. Our data also suggest that accommodation strain is important in the kinetics of the phase transition. This cooperative freezing idea has been applied to structural glasses including window glasses and supercooled liquids, and may be applicable across many systems to any first-order phase transition occurring on a complex free-energy landscape.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

A SAXS/WAXS XAFS study of crystallisation in cordierite glass.

New Cr X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) data have been combined with the results of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) experiments to probe in detail the crystallisation mechanism in cordierite (Mg2Al4Si5O18) glass doped with 0.34 mol% Cr2O3. By direct comparison with chromo-aluminate spinels (MgCr2xAl2(1 - x)O4) Cr XAFS is used to determine the composition of the devitrified Cr species. This is identified as MgCr(0.18)Al(1.82)O4, which can be directly related to the Cr content in the starting glass and as a result the total crystalline volume in the fully developed ceramic is predicted to be 4%. In situ WAXS not only reveals the presence of the spinel phase but also a silica-rich stuffed quartz phase. This grows independently of the spinel and is probably nucleated from the glass surface. From our knowledge of the compositions of both crystalline phases we are able to deduce that the SAXS contrast between the surrounding glass and the spinel crystallites is 30 times greater than that between the quartz crystallites and the glass matrix, and therefore dominates the measured scattered intensity and the SAXS invariant that is derived from it. As a consequence we are able to show that the spinel crystalline volume fraction inherent in the SAXS is in close agreement with the 4% value obtained from the Cr XAFS. Furthermore in situ SAXS reveals the gradual development of the spinel particle size and shape during heat treatment. This is conducted in the super-cooled region just above the glass transition temperature, Tg. By employing a two-step annealing process nucleation can be separated from growth and from time-resolved SAXS measurements the alumino-chromate nanocrystals are found to be closely monodispersed. Over a total time course of 600 min they grow from rough crystallites to smooth spherical particles of radius 21 +/- 2 nm, with a final density of (1.2 +/- 0.4) x 10(21) m(-3). As the process of ceramic formation takes place in the viscous melt, growth is indeed found to be limited by diffusion and is complete when all the Cr is exhausted. We use this comprehensive in situ study of crystallisation in cordierite glass to demonstrate the advantages of combining SAXS, WAXS and XAFS for probing the time-resolved chemistry, the microstructure and its development from nucleation sites, that underpins the processing of nanoparticle ceramics.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The effect of free polymer on the interactions and the glass transition dynamics of microgel colloids.

By studying the phase behaviour and the short range order of polystyrene microgel colloids in a good solvent we demonstrated that these particles can be considered as hard spheres or nearly hard spheres if the internal cross link density is made sufficiently high. A binary mixture of 1:50 crosslinked (1 crosslink per 50 monomers) particles with a size ratio R(small)/R(large) = 0.83 and a number ratio N(small)/N(large) = 2.7 was characterized with respect to the short range order and glass transition dynamics. We found that this mixture can be mapped onto a one-component hard sphere system with an effective polydispersity of 11%, even though for the particle interactions an inverse power potential u(r) alpha r(-35) was established. The only significant difference observed was a shift of the glass transition to a higher volume fraction of 0.595. Thus, the binary mixture was used as a non-crystallizing reference system to study the effect of free polymer on interactions and glass transition dynamics. Addition of linear polystyrene with a size ratio delta = R(g,polymer)/R(colloid) = 0.054 induced short-ranged depletion attractions between microgel particles. In the case of a glassy sample already a rather small amount of polymer leads to melting of the glass and a re-entrant glass transition is observed at high polymer content. From the difference of the line shapes of the density autocorrelation functions on approaching the different transition lines. measured over the full dynamic range, a change of the freezing mechanism from a packing-driven glass transition at low polymer content to a bonding-driven glass transition at high polymer content was deduced.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

"Cooperativity blockage" in the mixed alkali effect as revealed by molecular-dynamics simulations of alkali metasilicate glass.

The relaxation dynamics of a complex interacting system can be drastically changed when mixing with another component having different dynamics. In this work, we elucidate the effect of the less mobile guest ions on the dynamics of the more mobile host ions in mixed alkali glasses by molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations. One MD simulation was carried out on lithium metasilicate glass with the guest ions created by freezing some randomly chosen lithium ions at their initial locations at 700 K. A remarkable slowing down of the dynamics of the majority mobile Li ions was observed both in the self-part of the density-density correlation function, Fs(k,t), and in the mean-squared displacements. On the other hand, there is no significant change in the structure. The motion of the Li ions in the unadulterated Li metasilicate glass is dynamically heterogeneous. In the present work, the fast and slow ions were divided into two groups. The number of fast ions, which shows faster dynamics (Levy flight) facilitated by cooperative jumps, decreases considerably when small amount of Li ions are frozen. Consequently there is a large overall reduction of the mobility of the Li ions. The result is also in accordance with the experimental finding in mixed alkali silicate glasses that the most dramatic reduction of ionic conductivity occurs in the dilute foreign alkali limit. Similar suppression of the cooperative jumps is observed in the MD simulation data of mixed alkali system, LiKSiO3. Naturally, the effect found here is appropriately described as "cooperativity blockage." Slowing down of the motion of Li ions also was observed when a small number of oxygen atoms chosen at random were frozen. The effect is smaller than the case of freezing some the Li ions, but it is not negligible. The cooperativity blockage is also implemented by confining the Li metasilicate glass inside two parallel walls formed by freezing Li ions in the same metasilicate glass. Molecular-dynamics simulations were performed on the dynamics of the Li ions in the confined glass. Slowing down of the dynamics is largest near the wall and decreases monotonically with distance away from the wall.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Molecular dynamics simulation on devitrification: isothermal devitrification and thermodynamics of PbF2 glasses.

The vitrification and devitrification features of lead fluoride are investigated by means of molecular dynamic simulations. The influence of heating rate on the devitrification temperature as well as the dependence of the glass properties on its thermal history, i.e., the cooling rate employed, is identified. As expected, different glasses are obtained when the cooling rates differ. Diffusion coefficient analysis during heating of glass and crystal, indicates that the presence of defects on the glassy matrix favors the transition processes from the ionic to a superionic state, with high mobility of fluorine atoms, responsible for the high anionic conduction of lead fluoride. Nonisothermal and isothermal devitrification processes are simulated in glasses obtained at different cooling rates and structural organizations occurring during the heat treatments are clearly observed. When a fast cooling rate is employed during the glass formation, the devitrification of a single crystal (limited by the cell dimensions) is observed, while the glass obtained with slower cooling rate, allowing relaxations and organization of various regions on the glass bulk during the cooling process, devitrifies in more than one crystalline plane.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Dynamics of lithium ions in calcium bismuthate glasses.

Ion transport in Li(2)O-CaO-Bi(2)O(3) glasses has been studied in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 2 MHz and in the temperature range from 293 to 543 K. The variation of the dc conductivity and the activation energy of these glasses with composition have been compared with those of binary lithium bismuthate glasses. It has been observed that the introduction of CaO in small amount does not effect the dc conductivity and the corresponding activation energy, but the larger amount of CaO changes them to some extent. The frequency-dependent conductivity has been studied using both conductivity and modulus formalisms. The values of the nonexponential parameter and frequency exponent are found to differ for the Li(2)O-CaO-Bi(2)O(3) glasses from those for the binary Li(2)O-Bi(2)O(3) glasses. The concentration of mobile Li(+) ions does not change appreciably with the change in the Li(2)O as well as CaO content in the compositions. The increasing amount of CaO in the glass compositions for fixed Li(2)O content points out that CaO dilates the glass network, enhancing the migration of Li(+) ions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of tunneling systems in molecular versus polymer glasses by high-pressure photon echo spectroscopy.

Intrinsic differences between tunneling two-level systems (TLSs) in molecular versus polymeric glasses are revealed by studying the effect of compression on TLS dynamics. Photon echo studies under variable low-temperature (1.1-2.3 K) and high-pressure (0-30 kbar) conditions have been performed to contrast the effect of compression on molecular [2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran (2MTHF)] versus polymer [Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)] glasses. The pressure-induced reduction in the magnitude of the optical dephasing rate of rhodamine 640 in a molecular glass (2MTHF) is found to be comparable to the volume decrease of the glass (e.g., approximately 20% at 30 kbar), indicating that TLSs in 2MTHF are associated with void space or low-density regions of the glass. In contrast, the relative pressure insensitivity observed for organic polymer glasses (PMMA) supports the idea that these TLSs are associated with side chain defects. The power-law exponent for the temperature-dependent dephasing in 2MTHF also decreased significantly at high pressure, suggesting a change in the form of the TLS density of states upon compression of the molecular glass.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Structure, dynamics, and electronic properties of lithium disilicate melt and glass.

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations within the framework of density functional theory have been performed to study the structural, dynamic, and electronic properties of lithium disilicate melt and the glass derived from quenching the melt. It is found that lithium ions have a much higher diffusion coefficient and show different diffusion mechanisms than the network forming silicon and oxygen ions in the melt. The simulated lithium disilicate glass structure has 100% four coordinated silicon, close to theoretical nonbridging oxygen to bridging oxygen ratio (2:3), and Q(n) distributions of 20.8%, 58.4%, and 20.8% for n=2,3,4, respectively. In the melt there are considerable amounts (10%-15%) of silicon coordination defects; however, the average silicon coordination number remains about 4, similar to that in the glass. The lithium ion coordination number increases from 3.7 in the glass to 4.4 in the melt mainly due to the increase of bridging oxygen in the first coordination shell. The bond length and bond angle distributions, vibrational density of states, and static structure factors of the simulated glass were determined where the latter was found to be in good agreement with experimental measurement. Atomic charges were obtained based on Bader and Hirshfeld population analyses [Atoms in Molecule: A Quantum Theory (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990); Theor. Chim. Acta 44, 129 (1977)]. The average Bader charges found in lithium disilicate glass were -1.729, 3.419, and 0.915 for oxygen, silicon, and lithium, respectively. The corresponding Hirshfeld charges were -0.307, 0.550, and 0.229. The electronic densities of states of the melt and glass were calculated and compared with those of crystalline lithium disilicate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Proportion of ground-glass opacity on high-resolution computed tomography in clinical T1 N0 M0 adenocarcinoma of the lung: A predictor of lymph node metastasis.

OBJECTIVE: In patients with clinical T1 N0 M0 lung adenocarcinoma, we investigated whether the proportion of ground-glass opacity area measured on high-resolution computed tomography was valuable for predicting the existence of lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, or vascular invasion. METHODS: Between 1994 and 1999, 111 patients with clinical stage IA adenocarcinoma underwent surgical resection of the lung at our hospital. Of these, 96 patients received high-resolution computed tomography of the chest, and they constituted the study population. The tumors were semiquantitatively classified into 5 groups on the basis of the proportion of ground-glass opacity area to whole tumor shadow on high-resolution computed tomography: group I, 0%; group II, 1% to 25%; group III, 26% to 50%; group IV, 51% to 75%; and group V, 76% to 100%. Correlations of computed tomographic findings, pathologic results of lymph node metastasis and lymphatic and vascular invasion, and the histologic subtype according to the new World Health Organization classification were examined. We also investigated the characteristics of the patients with ground-glass opacity areas on high-resolution computed tomography and their value for predicting lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: Among the 96 patients, 15 (15.6%) had mediastinal lymph node metastases, and 3 (3.1%) had hilar node metastases. Regarding the proportion of the ground-glass opacity area of the tumors, 15 (15.6%) tumors were classified as group V, 11 (11.5%) as group IV, 9 (9.3%) as group III, 22 (22.9%) as group II, and 39 (40.6%) as group I, respectively. Of the 18 patients with lymph node metastases, no patients were found in groups IV and V, 2 (22.2%) were found in group III, 4 (18.2%) were found in group II, and 12 (30.8%) were found in group I (trend P =. 003), respectively. Twenty-six patients classified into groups IV and V also showed neither lymphatic invasion nor recurrence. All the smaller tumors (< or =2.0 cm) in group IV or V were histologically proved to be bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Adjusted for smoking status and other characteristics, patients without ground-glass opacity on high-resolution computed tomography had a significantly increased risk of concurrent lymph node metastasis compared with those with ground-glass opacity. CONCLUSION: In patients with clinical T1 N0 M0 adenocarcinoma, the proportion of ground-glass opacity area on thin-section computed tomography scans was a strong predictor for tumor aggressiveness and thus could be a useful index for planning limited surgical resection for these patients.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Effect of TNO red-green glasses on local stereoacuity.

Local stereoacuity was reduced when red-green anaglyph glasses were worn. Glasses were from the TNO stereotest. Without these glasses, all 15 subjects had good or almost good local stereoacuity. With the glasses, all stereoacuities were reduced but one subject still had a good stereoacuity of 8 sec arc. Reductions with the TNO anaglyph glasses ranged from 2 to 34 sec arc. The TNO test was also performed to see if there was a difference between local and global stereoacuity while wearing the glasses. Results were similar for 6 subjects, all of whom had the best TNO stereoacuity of 15 sec arc. Global (TNO) stereoacuity was worse than local stereoacuity for the other subjects with the most extreme difference being 464 sec arc. If aniseikonia was induced by the red-green glasses, this could not have contributed to a reduction in either local or global stereoacuity.

Color↗
PubMed1990

Immobilization of chloroperoxidase on aminopropyl-glass.

Chloroperoxidase (CPO) purified from Caldariomyces fumago CMI 89362 was covalently bound to aminopropyl-glass by using a modification of an established method. Acid-washed glass was derivatized by using aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and the enzyme was ionically bound at low ionic strength. Further treatment with glutaraldehyde covalently linked the enzyme to the glass beads in an active form. No elution of bound activity from glass beads could be detected with a variety of washings. The loading of enzyme protein to the glass beads was highest, 100 mg of CPO per g of glass, at high reaction ratios of CPO to glass, but the specific activity of the immobilized enzyme was highest, 36% of theoretical, at low enzyme-to-carrier ratios. No differences in the properties of the soluble and immobilized enzymes could be detected by a number of criteria: their pH-activity and pH-stability profiles were similar, as were their thermal stabilities. After five uses, the immobilized enzyme retained full activity between pH 6.0 and 6.7.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of cytology proficiency testing: glass slides vs. virtual slides.

OBJECTIVE: To compare proficiency testing in gynecologic cytology using glass slides vs. virtual slides. STUDY DESIGN: To compare performance, a sample of 111 individuals (pathologists = 52, cytotechnologists = 59) from participating in-state laboratories were administered 2 proficiency tests. The annual test of the Maryland Cytology Proficiency Testing Program (MCPTP) was administered to individuals in their laboratories following normal work practice (i.e., using microscopes and equipment with which they were familiar). The other test was CytoView II (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.), a computer-based test composed of virtual slides captured from the MCPTP's glass slides, which test administration personnel transported to the individual's laboratory and administered using 1 of 2 laptop computers. ANOVA was used to compare the performance on the 2 tests and the effect of various potential confounding variables. The slides were evaluated by comparing the performance average for each glass slide to that of the matching virtual slides. All data analysis was performed at the 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The mean score of the individuals (n = 111) on the MCPTP test was 99.2% (SD = 2.2, range = 90-100%). The mean score of the individuals (n = 111) on CytoView II was 96.8% (SD = 5.8, range = 70-100%). No individual scored < 90% on the glass slide test (pass rate = 100%). Eight individuals (pathologists = 3, cytotechnologists = 5) scored < 90% on the CytoView II (pass rate = 93.8%). Comparison of an individual's performance on the 2 tests demonstrated a significant difference. When virtual slides that did not attain a 90% consensus were excluded from the scoring, a comparison of individual pass rate for the glass slide test (100%) and computer-based test (99.1%) did not demonstrate significant difference. CONCLUSION: Each slide (glass or virtual) must be field validated by cytotechnologists and pathologists. If field validation and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment referencing of virtual slides are comparable to those of glass slides, computer-based testing can be equivalent.

Cell Biology↗
PubMed2006

Molecular basis for action of bioactive glasses as bone graft substitute.

Bone grafting procedures are undergoing a major shift from autologous and allogeneic bone grafts to synthetic bone graft substitutes. Bioactive glasses are a group of synthetic silica-based bioactive materials with bone bonding properties first discovered by Larry Hench. They have several unique properties compared with other synthetic bioresorbable bioactive ceramics, such as calcium phosphates, hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Bioactive glasses have different rates of bioactivity and resorption rates depending on their chemical compositions. The critical feature for the rate of bioactivity is a SiO2 content < 60% in weight. In vivo, the material is highly osteoconductive and it seems to promote the growth of new bone on its surface. In a recent study, the activity of the material was found even to overshadow the effect of BMP-2 gene therapy. In vivo, there is a dynamic balance between intramedullary bone formation and bioactive glass resorption. Recent studies of molecular biology have shown that bioactive glass induces a high local turnover of bone formation and resorption. Many osteoporotic fracture patients are candidates for concurrent treatment with bisphosphonates and bioceramic bone graft substitutes. Since osteopromotive silica-based bioactive glasses induce accelerated local bone turnover, adjunct antiresorptive agents may affect the process. However, a recent study showed that an adjunct antiresorptive therapy (zoledronic acid) is even beneficial for bone incorporation of bioactive glass. Based on these observations, bioactive glasses are a promising group of unique biomaterials to act as bone graft substitutes.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2004

A comparative study on the observation of spontaneous nystagmus with Frenzel glasses and an infrared CCD camera.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the usefulness of a CCD camera with infrared illumination (IR-CCD camera) over Frenzel glasses (F Glasses) for the observation of spontaneous nystagmus, the incidence and direction of nystagmus, and the frequency, amplitude and slow phase of spontaneous nystagmus. METHODS: One hundred vertiginous patients, fifty-three females and forty-seven males participated in this study. Before undergoing routine neurotological examination, their eye movements were recorded by electronystagmogram (ENG) in conjunction with observations of eye movements under F glasses and through an IR-CCD camera. The data was collected from patients who exhibited spontaneous nystagmus either under F glasses or the IR-CCD camera. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients showed spontaneous nystagmus under F glasses. On the other hand, under the IR-CCD camera, all patients examined exhibited spontaneous nystagmus. The frequency of nystagmus was not significantly different between these two systems. However, the amplitude and slow phase velocity exhibited significantly larger values under the IR-CCD camera in patients with spontaneous nystagmus both under the IR-CCD camera and F glasses. CONCLUSION: From these observations and evidence, the IR-CCD camera can be recommended as a more useful system and powerful tool for neurotological examination than F glasses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Modeling of optical properties of silver-doped nanocomposite glasses modified by electric-field-assisted dissolution of nanoparticles.

It has been demonstrated recently that silver nanoparticles embedded in a glass matrix can be dissolved by the combination of an intense dc electric field and moderately elevated temperature. In an intermediate state of this process percolated silver layers inside the glass can also occur. These structural modifications significantly modify the optical behavior of the glass, suggesting an interesting perspective for the engineering of optical properties of this kind of metallodielectric materials. We present the optical characterization of silver-doped glasses subjected to the electric-field-assisted dissolution of nanoparticles. The characterization is performed by means of fitting spectrophotometric measurements. The optical properties of the investigated samples are described in terms of the interference between the light reflected from the glass surface and the light reflected from a buried silver-containing layer formed in the depths of the glass. The analysis of the data reveals a porosity of the glass in the region where the nanoparticles are dissolved that can be attributed to the presence of residual nanopores.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Resorption of apatite-wollastonite containing glass-ceramic and beta-tricalcium phosphate in vivo.

Apatite-wollastonite containing glass ceramic is considered to be difficult to resorb, but we experienced the disappearance of the porous type of Apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic particles . In this study, the resorption of porous apatite-wollastonite glass-ceramic implanted in the femurs of rabbits was investigated, and the process was compared with beta-tricalcium phosphate, a resorbable ceramics. Porous apatite-wollastonite glass-ceramic (70, 80, and 90% porosity) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (75% porosity) were implanted in the femurs of Japanese white rabbits. Samples were harvested and examined 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 36 weeks after implantation. Quantitative analysis of the radiographic and histologic findings was performed with NIH Image software. Radiographic examination demonstrated that the radiopacity and size of the porous apatite-wollastonite glassceramic cylinders decreased gradually after implantation. Histologic examination revealed that the surface area of the apatite-wollastonite glass-ceramic cylinders decreased continuously, and approached 20% of the original area 36 weeks after implantation. However, the resorption rate of porous apatite-wollastonite glass-ceramic was slower than that of beta-tricalcium phosphate. Toluidine blue staining showed abundant new bone formation on the surface of the apatite-wollastonite glassceramic matrix. Considering its mechanical strength, gradual resorption characteristics, and good osteochonductive activity, porous apatite-wollastonite glass-ceramic appears to be a suitable artificial bone substitutes.

Absorption↗
PubMed1989

[Basic studies on CaO-P2O5-MgO-SiO2-CaF system glass ceramics. 1. Morphology under the phase-contrast microscope and growth of cultured cells].

In order to determine the biocompatibility of glass ceramics which is one of the new biomaterials, in vitro studies were carried out by a cell culture method using four established cell lines. Materials used were glass ceramic disks with a diameter of 3 mm, and polystyrene coverslips of the same size as controls of the growth curve. Cells of each line were inoculated into 24-well multiplates at an appropriate density onto glass ceramic disks, and examined by phase contrast microscopy on the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 8th day. In addition, doubling time and saturation density were calculated from the growth curve. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Phase-contrast microscopy revealed that cells of each line attached to the disk within 24 hours and their numbers increased with time. After 8 days of cultivation, all of them reached confluence. 2) Contact with the glass ceramics did not cause cellular death or degeneration. Furthermore, the cultured cells showed the same morphological features as the control cells. 3) According to the growth curves, doubling time of all cells cultured with glass ceramics was shorter than that of the control cultures. On the other hand, saturation density was reduced to a minimum of 80% of the controls. These findings led to the conclusion that glass ceramic materials do not prevent the growth of cultured cells. According to the above results, glass ceramics possess the characteristics needed for bone grafts and implant materials.

Cell Line↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Compliance with safety glasses wear in monocular children.

Many ophthalmologists prescribe polycarbonate "safety glasses" to protect the remaining eye of monocular patients. Others do not routinely do so when the remaining eye is emmetropic since they feel compliance is poor. To evaluate compliance with safety glasses wear in these children, we reviewed the charts of all children (< 21 years old) treated with enucleation and followed at the University of Iowa by the Pediatric Ophthalmology Service between 1962 and 1991. Safety glasses were defined as polycarbonate lenses in a frame suitable for protective wear with spherical equivalent < or = -0.75 or < or = +2.00 diopters. Fifty-six patients were followed after enucleation. Forty-six of these patients met the inclusion criteria and 33 patients were available for follow up. Eighty-five percent of patients wear safety glasses > or = 50% of their waking hours; 61% wear them > or = 80% of the time; 33% wear them 100% of their waking hours. Twenty-one of the 33 patients participate in sports. One hundred percent of the female participants and 80% to 93% of the male participants wear safety glasses, goggles, or face shields during sports. Fifteen of the 33 respondents reported at least one potentially serious accident in which the safety glasses had protected the good eye. Compliance with safety glasses wear appears to be good in this population and may prevent injury to the remaining eye.

Adolescent↗