Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “GENITALS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral acyclovir in first-episode genital herpes simplex virus infection.

One hundred nineteen patients with primary and 31 patients with nonprimary first-episode genital herpes were treated for ten days with 200 mg of acyclovir capsules or placebo capsules orally five times daily. Among acyclovir recipients with primary genital herpes, the median duration of viral shedding (two days), time to crusting of all lesions (seven days), time to healing of all lesions (12 days), and duration of local pain (five days) and constitutional symptoms (three days) were shorter than among placebo recipients (9, 10, 16, 7, and 6 days, respectively). Among patients with nonprimary first-episode genital herpes, oral acyclovir shortened the median duration of viral shedding but had no significant effect on the duration of lesions or symptoms. The time to first recurrence and frequency of recurrences were similar in acyclovir- and placebo-treated patients. Oral acyclovir treatment of primary first-episode genital herpes shortens the duration of viral shedding and symptoms and accelerates healing, but it does not appear to influence subsequent genital recurrences.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1994

Epidemiology of genital herpes.

New serological methods, based on the detection of type-specific antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoproteins, have allowed a reappraisal of the prevalence of genital herpes. During the 1980s, genital herpes continued to be an infection of epidemic proportions in many developed countries. In the USA, although there was evidence of a decline in the age-specific prevalence of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection, the seroprevalence of HSV type 2 (HSV-2) has continued to increase. Among those attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in the USA, 30-50% of adults now have antibodies to HSV-2. Only a minority of HSV-2 infected persons present with clinical disease related to this infection. In some countries, an increase in the incidence of severe primary genital infections caused by HSV-1, which often occur in monogamous relationships, has been reported. Genital ulcer disease, of which genital herpes is the most common cause in developed countries, is an important risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Furthermore, evidence is accruing for a potential role of HSV reactivation in the progression of immune deficiency in HIV-infected individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Human papillomavirus infections in the lower genital tract of women].

Viral infections of the lower female genital tract have gained increasing clinical, epidemiological and cyto-histopathological relevance in the last few years. From January 1981 to December 1990, 14,090 patients who referred to the center of cervical-vaginal-vulvar physiopathology of the Ob/Gyn Institute (University of Florence), underwent a cytologic, colposcopic and, if necessary, histologic examination. Patients were divided in two groups: the first group consisting of 8635 women and relating to the period 1981-1986, the second group consisting of 5455 patients and relating to the period 1987-1990. This division in groups was necessary because vulvoscopy (after 3-5% acetic acid application) was performed as a routine examination starting in 1987, so that the former period could not be considered homogeneous to the latter for vulvar results. About genital condylomatosis were made some observations: localization, morphology and the different prevalence in the various age groups verifying the statistic reliability using chi 2 test. Finally the association of intraepithelial neoplasias to HPV infection was related to the age of patients, localization and morphology of condylomatous lesions. In the first group 466 patients (5.4%) were affected by genital condylomatosis, 1041 patients (19.1%) were affected in the second group. The yearly prevalence of HPV infection increased during the decade of observation changing from 1.9% of 1981 to 21% of 1990. The prevalence of condylomatous lesions reduces significantly as the age increases (p < 0.0001) showing a maximum of prevalence under twenty-five years of age. Genital condylomatosis is localized in most cases (76%) in a single seat of the lower genital tract and cervical localization is the most commonly involved (43.13% in the first group; 42.65 in the second). Sporadic is the vaginal localization as the sole one. The vulvoperineal seat, after the cervical, is the most frequently involved (1st group: 29.82%; 2nd group: 31.03%). It seems that HPV infection assumes different morphologies according to its localization, generally flat on the cervix and florid at vulvo-vaginal level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Transport of anti-sperm monoclonal IgA and IgG into murine male and female genital tracts from blood. Effect of sex hormones.

Ab levels in the genital tract may be important in fertility and in preventing sexually transmitted diseases. In this study, 125I-labeled polymer or monomer mAb IgA (C4pIgA or C4mIgA) and IgG2b (C4IgG) to murine lactate dehydrogenase C4 and a polymer mAb IgA (nplgA) not cross-reacting with mouse sperm were intravenously injected into BALB/c mice, and the relative distribution of these Abs was determined. Polymer IgA was transported much more efficiently into the genital tract, trachea, and duodenum of both sexes than C4IgG and C4 mIgA (p < 0.01). The transport of polymer IgA (C4pIgA and npIgA) into the male genital tract greatly increased following orchiectomy (p < 0.01); this change was not affected by testosterone, suggesting that the unknown regulatory factor(s) from the testis may suppress polymer IgA transport. However, the transport of polymer IgA into female genital tissues was significantly decreased by ovariectomy (p < 0.01); this decline can be rectified by beta-estradiol but not progesterone treatment, suggesting that estradiol may stimulate polymer IgA transport. Furthermore, the transport of C4IgG into tissues of the Fallopian tubes and the uterus was significantly decreased by treatment with progesterone (p < 0.01). Together, these findings indicate that serum polymer IgA can be transported selectively into the genital tracts of both sexes, that this transport is strongly under the control of gonads, and that transport of IgG into the Fallopian tubes and uterus is down-regulated by progesterone.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Relationship between chlamydial infection in female genital tract and tubal infertility].

OBJECTIVE: To detect the incidence of chlamydial infection in female genital tract and it's relationship with tubal infertility. METHODS: Fourty-eight infertile women underwent laparoscopies were divided into study group (n = 32) and control group (n = 16). Samples were taken from the upper genital tract (including endometrium, tubal fimbriae, peritoneal fluid and pelvic adhesion) and lower genital tract (cervix). The monoclonal direct immunofluorescent method was used to assay chlamydia trachomatis the results of these two groups were compared. RESULTS: The positive percentage of cervical clamydial infections between the two groups were not significant lydifferent (P > 0.05). But there showed a significant difference between the two groups if compared by the incidence of the whole genital tract 32.5% and 10.2% (P < 0.01). The tubal positive percentage is 66.7% in the study group. Which is the highest among other locations such as cervix, endometrium, etc (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study indicates that fallopian tube is a high prevalent site of chlamydial infection, and chlamydial infection in female genital tract is a principal pathogenic factor of tubal infertility. Early laparoscopy for tubal infertility and chlamydia trachomatis sampling is the key method for early diagnosis and treatment of chlamydia trachomatis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Limitations of serodiagnosis in chlamydial genital tract infections.

Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis results in the formation of a variety of antibodies with group, species, subspecies and serovarspecificity. Sera from patients with genital tract infections often show broad reactivity in serological tests. This may be due to the presence of cross-reacting antibodies, repeated infections by different serotypes or concurrent genital and respiratory infections by different chlamydial species. Other factors contributing to difficulties in interpretation include how antibody titres in acute mucosal infections, the occurrence of latent infections and reactivations, and the persistence of IgG which does not allow the differentiation of past from current infections. For these reasons, serology alone is inadequate for the diagnosis of uncomplicated lower genital tract infections. In upper genital tract infections, however, because of difficulties with sampling from the infected site, a positive serology may be the only indications of chlamydial involvement. This paper discusses the principles of chlamydial antibody assays, difficulties with their interpretation and their role in the diagnosis of upper and lower genital tract infections.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1996

Seroepidemiology and control of genital herpes: the value of type specific antibodies to herpes simplex virus.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 is the main cause of genital herpes infections. Conventional serological techniques cannot discriminate between antibodies specific to HSV types 1 and 2, so these methods cannot be used in the seroepidemiological investigation of genital herpes infections. The discovery of type specific antigens in HSV-1 and HSV-2, most notably glycoprotein G (gG), has been successfully exploited to develop assays for the detection of type specific HSV antibody. The presence of type specific antibodies provides evidence for infection with HSV-1, HSV-2, or both. Tests which detect humoral responses to HSV-2 have been used during the past decade to investigate populations in various countries. Most surveys of general adult populations in the developed world have found a relatively low seroprevalence of HSV-2, although this does differ between countries. Studies of HSV-2 antibody in developing countries have revealed higher rates of infection in adults. People attending sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinics have higher rates of HSV-2 infection than general populations sampled in the same country. Assays of HSV type specific antibodies have been used in seroepidemiological surveys that include information about demography and sexual behaviour to identify risk factors for HSV-2 infection. The surveys show that people with a large number of sexual partners are at increased risk of acquiring HSV-2 infection and that a high proportion of HSV-2 infections are asymptomatic. Assays of HSV type specific antibody have been used to show that the presence of pre-existing HSV-1 antibody may reduce the severity of genital HSV-2 infection. Such assays have also been used in studies of the transmission of genital herpes. Proposed interventions to counter the spread of genital herpes include targeted education and vaccination programmes. Assays of HSV type specific antibodies may be used to monitor the effectiveness of such policies.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Genital ulcer disease in patients attending a public sexually transmitted disease clinic in Singapore: an epidemiologic study.

Genital ulcer disease forms about 10% of all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in Singapore. In this retrospective study of 531 cases of genital ulcer disease presenting at the Department of STD Control, 91.6% were due to venereal causes and 8.4% were due to non-venereal causes. The venereal causes of genital ulcers were found to be genital herpes (71.5%), chancroid (15.8%), primary syphilis (3.4%) and lymphogranuloma venereum (1%). The non-venereal causes were mainly trauma, drug eruptions or were non-specific in nature. The peak incidence in both sexes occurred in the 20-39 year age group. Males outnumbered females by a ratio of 5.8:1. The ethnic distribution showed an under-representation of Malays relative to the racial makeup of the general population, reflecting perhaps a protective effect conferred by circumcision from genital ulcer diseases or a lower health-risk sexual behaviour in this ethnic group. The accuracy of initial clinical diagnosis was low indicating the need for laboratory investigations to establish accurate aetiologic diagnosis. Commercial sex workers were the main source of infection in males, highlighting the continued need to educate, screen and effectively treat this high risk group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Simple algorithms for the management of genital ulcers: evaluation in a primary health care centre in Kigali, Rwanda.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 395 patients presenting with genital ulcers at a primary health care centre in Kigali, Rwanda. Using clinical data and the results of a rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test, we simulated the diagnostic outcome of two simple WHO flowcharts for the management of genital ulcers. These outcomes and a clinical diagnosis were then compared with the laboratory diagnosis based on culture for genital herpes and Haemophilus ducreyi and serology for syphilis. The prevalence of HIV infection was high (73%) but there was no difference between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in the clinical presentation and etiology of genital ulcer disease. The proportion of correctly managed chancroid and/or syphilis cases was 99% using a syndromic approach, 82.1% using a hierarchical algorithm including an RPR test, and 38.3% with a clinical diagnosis. In situations where no laboratory support is available, a simple syndromic approach is preferable to the clinical approach for the management of genital ulcer. If an RPR test can be included in the diagnostic strategy, patients with a reactive RPR test should be treated for both syphilis and chancroid infection.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1998

The risk of genital edema after external pump compression for lower limb lymphedema.

In a single lymphedema treatment facility, 128 consecutive patients with lower limb lymphedema were retrospectively analyzed for the development of genital edema. The patients were separated for analysis on the basis of who used or did not use compressive pump therapy. Of the 128 patients with lower limb lymphedema, 75 received no pump therapy, and 53 used pumps. Of the 75 who did not use pump compression, only 2 had genital edema. Of the 53 patients who used pump compression, 23 patients developed genital edema after pump therapy (p < .0001). The incidence of genital edema was unaffected by age, sex, grade or duration of lymphedema, whether lymphedema was primary or secondary, whether a single or sequential pump was used, the pressure level applied, or duration or hours per day of pump therapy. Compressive pump therapy for lower limb lymphedema produces an unacceptably high incidence of genital edema.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Genital Herpes: Recognizing the Problem.

Genital herpes, usually the result of an infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), is the most common cause of genital ulceration. The first clinical episode is called primary genital herpes; recurrent HSV infection occurs in up to 80% of patients. Because not every individual who acquires the virus develops symptoms, it is difficult to estimate the prevalence of HSV infection. Transmission of virus occurs not only in the presence of apparent lesions, but asymptomatic viral shedding can also spread infection in the absence of lesions. The primary episode of genital herpes is generally the most painful, characterized by multiple and bilateral lesions and associated with tender inguinal lymphadenopathy as well as systemic symptoms. Subsequent recurrences are generally milder and localized. Diagnosis is made clinically, but should be confirmed by culture or serology. Part 2, "Genital Herpes: Treatment Guidelines," addresses aspects of treatment, including special considerations in treating pregnant women.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

The use of sucralfate suspension in the treatment of oral and genital ulceration of Behçet disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of topically applied sucralfate suspension in the treatment of oral and genital ulceration of Behçet disease. DESIGN AND SETTING: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study at a university referral center. PATIENTS: Forty patients with Behcet disease were included in the study. INTERVENTION: Patients were given topical sucralfate or placebo 4 times a day for 3 months and examined clinically at biweekly intervals. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: For each lesion, the mean frequency, healing time, and pain were evaluated during the pretreatment, treatment, and follow-up periods. No patients were given any concurrent disease-specific or immunosuppressive topical and systemic drugs during the 9-month study period. RESULTS: Of the 40 patients included in the study, the results in 30 patients (16 patients treated with sucralfate and 14 patients treated with placebo, ranging in age from 16 to 52 years [mean+/-SD age, 34.3+/-8.1 years]) were evaluable for efficacy. Treatment with sucralfate decreased significantly the mean frequency, healing time, and pain of oral ulceration and healing time and pain of genital ulceration compared with the pretreatment period. The effectiveness of sucralfate on the frequency and healing time of oral ulceration continued during the post-treatment period. In the placebo group, no significant difference was found in measured parameters of oral and genital ulceration except the pain of the oral ulceration between the pretreatment and treatment periods. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that topical sucralfate suspension is an easy, safe, inexpensive, and effective treatment for oral and genital ulceration in patients with Behçet disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha fetoprotein in malignant tumors of the female genital tract.

Circulating carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 53 patients with carcinoma of the ovary, 16 patients with other malignant genital tumors, and 31 women with nonmalignant diseases of the genital tract. The serum CEA concentration was elevated (greater than 5 ng/ml) in 11 patients with ovarian cancer, 2 patients with endometrial cancer, 1 patient with carcinoma of the cervix, and 1 patient with a benign embryonal cystic teratoma. Elevated CEA levels were found only in patients with advanced malignant disease, while early stages were associated with normal CEA concentrations. AFP levels were normal in all but 1 patient. Both CEA and AFP levels were markedly raised in a case of advanced genital carcinoma arising probably from the ovary. Ascitic fluid of another patient with ovarian cancer contained a high concentration of CEA, giving an identical reaction in immunodiffusion with CEA from colon cancer. The present results indicate that while the increased expression of carcinofetal components takes place in some malignant tumors of the female genital tract, it is usually a late phenomenon.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1990

Cancer incidence correlations: genital, urinary and some tobacco-related cancers.

Bivariate correlations between sex-specific age-adjusted incidence rates of 10 genital and urinary tract cancer sites and lung cancer were calculated. The data base used was that published in the 5th edition of the series Cancer incidence in five continents. The purpose of the analyses was to test the consistency of the data with the hypothesis of a common risk factor for genital cancers and other cancers of the urinary tract and for lung and genital cancers. The results indicate that the incidence of cervical cancer is strongly correlated with that of cancer of the penis, of other cancers of the female genital tract and of chorioepithelioma. In countries at low/intermediate risk for cervical cancer (mostly developed Western countries), the incidence of cervical cancer is also correlated with that of lung cancer in males. The incidence of male lung cancer is, moreover, strongly correlated with cancers of the prostate, penis, testis, bladder and other urinary tract cancers. These analyses support the views that: urogenital cancers in both sexes might share (a) common risk factor(s), which may be certain types of human papilloma-virus; and that cigarette smoking is likely to be a risk factor for most of these cancers in countries where the use of tobacco has been widespread for a long time. Other suggestive etiological conclusions about less well-studied cancer sites are also presented.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Detection of capsid antigen of human papillomavirus (HPV) in benign lesions of female genital tract using anti-HPV monoclonal antibody.

We established a murine monoclonal antibody (K1H8) to human papillomavirus (HPV) using alkaline-disrupted virions of HPV type 1 (HPV-1) as the immunogen. K1H8 recognized a 57 kD capsid protein of HPV-1 and detected the antigen in paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissue. With K1H8, we examined immunohistochemically 68 biopsy specimens obtained from the female genital tract. The specimens were histologically condyloma acuminatum or koilocytotic lesions with or without dysplasia and each specimen was found to harbour a single type of genital HPV, such as types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 51, 52, 56, and 58, by Southern blot hybridization analysis. The antigen was localized in the nuclei and occasionally in the cytoplasm of squamous cells showing koilocytotic changes. Eighty-four per cent of the specimens (57 cases) showed positivity for the antigen, indicating that K1H8 is a broadly-reactive antibody to various genital HPVs. The results suggest that benign mucosal lesions of the female genital tract are more frequently associated with viral production and are a potential source of transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Human papillomavirus infections of the genital tract.

Infection of the genital tract by HPV is a sexually transmitted disease of increasing prevalence. The association of HPV infection with genital tract malignancies is of great concern, and further studies are needed to clarify this association. Few investigators believe at this time that proof of a direct causative role exists for HPV in these cancers, but indirect evidence of such a role is abundant. There are many clinical forms of HPV infection of the genital tract, and few clinicians can easily recognize them all. Treatment of condyloma acuminatum is difficult and frustrating. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen is the safest and most effective therapy for most forms of condyloma acuminatum. Recurrence of condyloma acuminatum is common with all presently used forms of therapy, probably owing to latent HPV infection in normal-appearing skin. No form of treatment is ideal for all forms of condyloma acuminatum, but without continued efforts to find better therapeutic modalities and preventative measures, the epidemic of genital HPV infection will continue unchecked.

Condylomata Acuminata↗
PubMed2003

Ano-genital granulomatosis: the counterpart of oro-facial granulomatosis.

Ano-genital granulomatosis encompasses the previously recognized clinical entities of vulvitis granulomatosa, posthitis granulomatosa, and ano-perineitis granulomatosa. We report three patients with ano-genital granulomatosis. The pathological features of the disease are lymphoedema and the presence of non-caseating giant cell granulomas. These granulomas are histologically indistinguishable from those found in both Crohn's disease and sarcoidosis, therefore, patients with ano-genital granulomatosis with accompanying gastro-intestinal or pulmonary symptoms should be investigated for the presence of Crohn's disease or sarcoidosis, respectively. The value of ano-genital granulomatosis as a unifying clinicopathologic concept is to provide a label for the affliction as well as to stimulate a careful search for possibly underlying systemic disorders, thus also permitting a more specific approach to therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Perianal and genital basal cell carcinoma: A clinicopathologic review of 51 cases.

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) occurring on non-sun-exposed sites, especially the perianal and genital regions, is very rare. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the incidence, clinical and pathologic features, and etiologic and prognostic factors of all non-nevoid perianal and genital BCCs diagnosed at our institution within a defined period (January 1985-September 1996). METHODS: A retrospective review was performed with the use of patient clinical records and dermatopathologic slides. Cutaneous biopsy samples were tested for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) by in situ hybridization using biotinylated pan-HPV and serotype-specific (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 51) probes. RESULTS: Of all non-nevoid BCC syndrome cases, 51 BCCs (0.27%) were located within the perianal and genital regions. The average age of the patients was 73 years. Nine perianal BCCs occurred in men, 6 in women. Ten BCCs occurred in the pubic area, 18 on the vulva, 6 on the scrotum, and 2 on the penis. Three patients had 2 tumor sites. The average size of BCC was 1.95 cm; 29.4% were ulcerated. Seventeen patients (36%) had a history of skin cancer on sun-exposed sites and 10 (21%) had a possibly relevant associated condition. HPV was not detected in the specimens tested. Treatments included wide excision (n = 32), electrodesiccation and curettage (n = 10), Mohs micrographic surgery (n = 8), and carbon dioxide laser (n = 1). Of 30 patients with 5 years' follow-up or longer, 1 recurrence was noted 7 years after wide excision. There were no metastases. CONCLUSION: BCC of the perianal and genital skin is rare and exhibits clinical and histologic heterogeneity. Advancing age and local trauma may contribute to the pathogenesis of BCC at these sites.

Aged↗