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PubMed1981

[Coeliac sprue and gut hormones: pathophysiological and clinical aspects (author's transl)].

In adult coeliac sprue patients, intraduodenal instillation of a hypertonic glucose-citric acid solution may release gastrointestinal hormones of the proximal (secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, motilin) and distal (enteroglucagon, neurotensin) small intestine and, indirectly, of the pancreas (glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide). Characteristic plasma hormone profiles can be measured radioimmunologically. The reduced secretin response reflects most sensitively the impaired function of the small intestine. Exposure of the distal small bowel to greater nutrient loads leads to markedly and constantly elevated plasma levels of enteroglucagon. Only after complete functional as well as morphologic mucosal restoration, the increased enteroglucagon concentrations return to normal. On the other hand, the neurotensin response, which is likewise enhanced in active coeliac sprue, is sooner corrected during treatment. Gastrointestinal hormones with predominantly neurocrine action, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), are apparently less affected by coeliac sprue. Pancreatic hormones are involved in the pathophysiology of sprue only indirectly, e. g. via diminished glucose absorption.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effects of cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, CCK-33, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on basal and meal-stimulated pancreatic hormone secretion in man.

Gastrointestinal hormones with insulinotropic effects, like cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) might tentatively be used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We therefore examined the effects of intravenous injection of pharmacological dose levels of CCK-8 (100 and 300 pmol/kg), CCK-33 (100 pmol/kg), GIP (100 pmol/kg), and CCK-8 plus GIP (100 pmol/kg of each) on plasma levels of glucose, insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in healthy human volunteers. The peptides were given under basal conditions or in combination with a mixed meal. CCK-8, CCK-33, and GIP were all found to increase the basal plasma levels of insulin, somatostatin, and PP; the increases were observed already in samples taken at 2 min after the injection. In contrast, the plasma glucagon levels were unaffected by the peptides. CCK-8, CCK-33, and GIP (100 pmol/kg) all potentiated the meal-induced plasma responses of insulin and PP, whereas plasma levels of glucagon after the meal were not affected. Plasma somatostatin levels after the meal were increased by GIP but not affected by CCK-8 or CCK-33. CCK-8 and GIP together (100 pmol/kg for both) increased plasma levels of insulin, PP and somatostatin as much as each of the peptides given alone, both under basal conditions and after the meal intake. Plasma levels of glucagon were not affected by CCK-8 and GIP together. We conclude that in man, both CCK-8, CCK-33, and GIP moderately stimulate basal and meal related insulin release without any synergistic effects and that the peptides do not inhibit the secretion of glucagon.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effects of intraduodenal acid on gallbladder net water absorption and motility in the cat.

A recently described perfusion technique has been used in the study of gallbladder function during acid infusion into the duodenum in the anaesthetized cat. The method allows simultaneous measurements of the net water absorption, and thereby the concentrating function of the gallbladder, as well as the motility of the organ. Duodenal acidification, which is known to release several gastrointestinal hormones, was found to reduce the net water absorption and induce a contraction in the gallbladder. The results are discussed in relation to earlier studies of gallbladder function as influenced by gastrointestinal hormones.

Absorption↗
PubMed2002

Gut hormones in preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis during starvation and reintroduction of enteral nutrition.

OBJECTIVES: Gastrointestinal hormones control gut functions in response to enteral nutrition. Diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, such as necrotizing enterocolitis, may affect gut hormone secretion and therefore influence gut functions. Because bowel rest is an important part of the treatment, infants with this disease are especially at risk for an altered gut hormone secretion and thus for compromised gut functions. METHODS: In the current study, the gastrointestinal hormone profiles of eight preterm infants with an ileostomy after necrotizing enterocolitis (Bell stages 2 and 3) were evaluated during starvation and reintroduction of enteral nutrition. Basal and postprandial plasma concentrations of gastrin, cholecystokinin, and peptide YY were measured with sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays. The results were compared with those of 11 controls. RESULTS: In the patients and the controls, plasma concentrations of all hormones were higher postprandially. The increases in cholecystokinin and peptide YY were significant in the patients. Compared with the controls, all concentrations were higher in the patients, and changes were significant for basal and postprandial cholecystokinin and postprandial peptide YY. CONCLUSIONS: Enteral nutrition stimulates the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, also in premature infants with a diseased distal small bowel and colon, as in necrotizing enterocolitis. The postprandial increase of peptide YY in patients with an ileostomy indicates that enteral substrate in the colon is not necessary for stimulation of peptide YY secretion.

Cholecystokinin↗
PubMed1978

[Obesity and adipose tissue. 2. Hormonal regulation of adipose tissue metabolism].

The effects of hormones on human adipose tissue are reviewed with respect to the pathogenesis, prevention and therapy of obesity. Insulin. The insulin-resistance in the obese is associated with a decrease of the number of insulin receptor sites, which is likely to be secondary to increased insulin levels. Catecholamines. Human adipose tissue contains alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. Alterations in the relation of alpha- and beta-adrenergic responsiveness may be important in the pathogenesis of regional forms of obesity. Gastrointestinal hormones. As opposed to adipose tissue of other species lipolytic effects of gastrointestinal hormones were as yet not clearly demonstrated in human fat cells. Prostaglandins were implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic obesity. However, the effects of these C-20 fatty acids on human adipose tissue remain to be elucidated. Parathyroid hormone has been shown to possess lipolytic activity in vitro. This property may be important under physiological conditions too. Triglyceride storage diseases and lipomatoses are discussed as models for studying impaired hormonal responsiveness in human adipose tissue.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Appetite regulation by gut peptides.

A number of gastrointestinal hormones that are released from the gut in response to intraluminal food stuffs have been shown to play a role in producing satiety. Some of these hormones apparently activate ascending vagal fibers that send messages to the nucleus tractus solitarius, and perhaps from there messages are sent to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Not only do gastrointestinal hormones play a role in the termination of a meal but they also appear to modulate energy metabolism (at least in rodents) through the activation of brown adipose tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Regulation of cholecystokinin secretion by intraluminal releasing factors.

Ingested nutrients stimulate secretion of gastrointestinal hormones that are necessary for the coordinated processes of digestion and absorption of food. One of the most important hormonal regulators of the digestive process is cholecystokinin (CCK). This hormone is concentrated in the proximal small intestine and is secreted into the blood on the ingestion of proteins and fats. The physiological actions of CCK include stimulation of pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction, regulation of gastric emptying, and induction of satiety. Therefore, in a highly coordinated manner CCK regulates the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients. The manner by which foods affect enteric hormone secretion is largely unknown. However, it has recently become apparent that two CCK-releasing factors are present in the lumen of the proximal small intestine. One of these factors, known as monitor peptide, has been chemically characterized. Monitor peptide is produced by pancreatic acinar cells and is secreted by way of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. On reaching the small intestine, monitor peptide interacts with CCK cells to induce hormone secretion. A CCK-releasing factor of intestinal origin has been partially characterized and is responsible for stimulation of CCK secretion after 1) ingestion of protein or fats, 2) instillation of protease inhibitors into the duodenum, or 3) diversion of bile-pancreatic juice from the upper small intestine. Together, these releasing factors provide positive and negative feedback mechanisms for regulation of CCK secretion. This review discusses the physiological observations that have led to the chemical characterization of the CCK-releasing factors and the potential implications of this work to other hormones of the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Weight loss through ileal transposition is accompanied by increased ileal hormone secretion and synthesis in rats.

Bariatric surgeries, such as gastric bypass, result in dramatic and sustained weight loss that is usually attributed to a combination of gastric volume restriction and intestinal malabsorption. However, studies parceling out the contribution of enhanced intestinal stimulation in the absence of these two mechanisms have received little attention. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients who received intestinal bypass or Roux-en-Y surgery have increased release of gastrointestinal hormones. One possible mechanism for this increase is the rapid transit of nutrients into the intestine after eating. To determine whether there is increased secretion of anorectic peptides produced in the distal small intestine when this portion of the gut is given greater exposure to nutrients, we preformed ileal transpositions (IT) in rats. In this procedure, an isolated segment of ileum is transposed to the jejunum, resulting in an intestinal tract of normal length but an alteration in the normal distribution of endocrine cells along the gut. Rats with IT lost more weight (P < 0.05) and consumed less food (P < 0.05) than control rats with intestinal transections and reanastomosis without transposition. Weight loss in the IT rats was not due to malabsorption of nutrients. However, transposition of distal gut to a proximal location caused increased synthesis and release of the anorectic ileal hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY; P < 0.01). The association of weight loss with increased release of GLP-1 and PYY suggests that procedures that promote gastrointestinal endocrine function can reduce energy intake. These findings support the importance of evaluating the contribution of gastrointestinal hormones to the weight loss seen with bariatric surgery.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

Somatostatin and analogues in the treatment of cancer. A review.

Somatostatin is a naturally occurring cyclic tetradecapeptide that inhibits release of growth hormone and all gastrointestinal hormones. The beneficial effect of somatostatin in the treatment of certain hypersecretory disorders of hormone excess in well recognized; however its clinical usefulness has been limited in the past by its extremely short plasma half-life. The development of long-acting somatostatin analogues has provided clinically useful agents for treatment of hormone-producing tumors. In addition to well-known inhibiting effects on hormone release and actions, recent studies using experimental tumor models have demonstrated an antiproliferative effect of somatostatin and its analogues on growth of a variety of neoplasms. The exact role of somatostatin analogues in cancer therapy has yet to be established; however studies suggest that these agents could provide a useful and relatively nontoxic adjuvant therapy in the treatment of certain tumors. In this review, the oncologic application of somatostatin and possible mechanism of action are examined and current clinical and experimental studies are summarized.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1979

[Effect of peptide hormones of the gastrointestinal tract on leukocytes].

A single i. m. administration of pentagastrin or secretin changed the amount of lymphoid and myeloid cells in rats and mice. A total decrease of leucocytes is due to decrease of amount of lymphocytes, eosinophiles, and monocytes. Simultaneously the amount of segment-nuclear and relating to stab neutrophiles increased. After pentagastrin administration the amount of rosette-forming T-lymphocytes decreases. The data obtained suggest the effect of gastrin and secretin on the blood-forming and blood-destroying systems of the organism.

Animals↗