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PubMedDate not supplied

Relational expressions in STAR file dictionaries.

The STAR File (J. Chem. Inf Comput. Sci. 1994, 34, 505-508) is used widely in structural chemistry for exchanging numerical and text information with scientific journals and databases. These exchanges are increasingly dependent on data dictionaries to facilitate automatic data validation and checking. Definitions in data dictionaries are constructed using attribute descriptors, and this paper describes a method attribute for specifying the relationships between data items as an executable script written in a new relational expression language called dREL. The addition of this attribute improves the precision and the semantic content of dictionaries by providing relational representations of data, as well as facilitating the direct evaluation of derivable data items. The capacity to evaluate derivative data directly from the combination of primitive data and dictionary expressions is expected to change future archival approaches. The design concepts of the relational expression language dREL parser, which are applicable to any discipline, are described.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Arsenic removal from Bangladesh tube well water with filter columns containing zerovalent iron filings and sand.

Arsenic removal is often challenging due to high As(III), phosphate, and silicate concentrations and low natural iron concentrations. Application of zerovalent iron is promising, as metallic iron is widely available. However, removal mechanisms remained unclear and currently used removal units with iron have not been tested systematically, partly due to their large size and long operation time. This study investigated smaller filter columns with 3-4 filters, each containing 2.5 g of iron filings and 100-150 g of sand. At a flow rate of 1 L/h, these columns were able to treat 75-90 L of well water with 440 microg/L As, 1.8 mg/L P, 4.7 mg/L Fe, 19 mg/L Si, and 6 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to below 50 microg/L As(tot), without addition of an oxidant. As(III) was oxidized in parallel to oxidation of corrosion-released Fe(II) by dissolved oxygen and sorbed on the forming hydrous ferric oxides (HFO). The open filter columns prevented anoxic conditions. DOC did not appear to interfere with arsenic removal. Manganese was reduced after a slight initial increase from 0.3 mg/L to below 0.1 mg/L. About 100 mg of Fe(0)/L of water was required, 3-5 times less than that for larger units with sand and iron turnings.

Arsenic↗
PubMed2004

Amino Acid contents in raw materials can be precisely analyzed in a global network of near-infrared spectrometers: collaborative trials prove the positive effects of instrument standardization and repeatability files.

Four international ring trials for NIRS amino acid analysis of feed raw materials have demonstrated for the first time that the calibrations developed by Degussa allow reliable and precise predictions of essential amino acids in up to 44 NIR spectrometers. Different standardization techniques were compared, and the effectiveness of using spectra of the host instruments as repeatability files was studied. The ultimately achieved reproducibility of 2-3% CV for almost all analyses in the network is considerably better than ring trial results for wet chemical amino acid analysis.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2002

Chemistry, manufacturing, and controls information in NDAs and ANDAs, supplements, annual reports, and other regulatory filings.

Advice to the pharmaceutical industry regarding the chemistry, manufacturing, and controls and microbiology (sterility assurance) information to be included in regulatory submissions to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) can be found in the pertinent statutes, regulations, and guidances. The primary statute is the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the Act); applicable regulations appear in 21 CFR 312 and 314. Neither the Act nor the regulations provide sufficient detail on the information that should be included in these submissions. Over the past 14 years CDER has issued a series of guidelines and guidances that provide specific detail related to the recommended filing mechanisms and information that CDER expects applicants to provide. Some of these guidances are applicable to original submissions and some are applicable to post-approval changes. This article will provide an overview of The Act, the pertinent regulations, and the pre- and post-approval guidances.

Annual Reports as Topic↗
PubMed1999

Secondary data bases and their use in outcomes research: a review of the area resource file and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.

Secondary data sources are being used more frequently than ever in outcomes research. The speed and relative low cost of these data bases makes them ideal for analyzing outcomes. Today's researcher has numerous secondary data bases available for use. Few publications exist to help researchers locate the ideal data set for their needs. Herein, two national secondary data bases are reviewed: the Area Resource File (ARF) and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). These two data sets represent the two types of secondary data: aggregate and individual. ARF represents an aggregate data set and HCUP represents an individual data set. The advantages of each type of secondary data will also be reviewed.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed2002

The ontological status of human DNA: is it not first and foremost a biological "file self"?

This paper investigates which of the various legal notions proposed for human DNA is the most appropriate from an ontological viewpoint - unique legal status, private property, common property, person, or information. The focus is on the difficulties that private property, common property and person present. By using Harré's notion of "file-self" we argue that, ontologically, the most appropriate legal notion to be applied is information. This has consequences for storage, control and use of genetic information as well as identifiable human body material.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2000

Reliability of Medicaid claims files for use in psychiatric diagnoses and service delivery.

To investigate the reliability of Medicaid claims data for use in research, clinical decision-making, and policy, medical records were abstracted of 105 inpatient stays on the psychiatric service of a large general hospital. Primary and secondary diagnoses and outpatient specialty mental health services after hospitalization were compared between Medicaid claims data and medical record information. Primary and secondary diagnoses were reliable, but claims data failed to capture several types of outpatient services. This suggests strategies to use claims files more appropriately.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Roles of object-file review and type priming in visual identification within and across eye fixations.

Dynamic visual identification was investigated in 4 experiments. In Experiments 1 and 2, 2 perceptual objects (2 frames, each containing a letter or 1 containing a letter and the other a plus sign) were previewed in the periphery. A saccade brought these objects to central vision. During the saccade the display was changed so that 1 frame contained a letter and the other a plus sign, and the subject identified the letter by naming it aloud as rapidly as possible. In Experiment 3, the retinal events of Experiments 1 and 2 were simulated. In Experiment 4, both the preview and the target were presented centrally within a single fixation. In all experiments both object-specific and nonspecific preview benefits were observed. These results support a theory in which the preview benefits observed during visual identification arise from 2 processes, object file review and type priming.

Fixation, Ocular↗
PubMed2000

Attention to object files defined by transparent motion.

Two interspersed and differently colored sets of dots were rotated in opposite directions and were perceived as superimposed transparent surfaces. Probes consisting of brief changes in dot motion direction were reported. Two probes affecting the same surface were discriminated accurately. The 2nd probe was discriminated poorly if it affected a surface different from the 1st and if the time between probes was less than 600 ms. This reflects a difficulty in switching attention rapidly between surfaces. Spatial proximity increased the interference. Controls were incompatible with traditional spatial mechanisms (2- or 3-dimensional) or with simple sensory filters. Instead, probes were apparently selected by object files. The interference is not simply due to an inability to process 2 objects at once but requires close spatial proximity of incompatible motion signals.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Apical transportation revisited or 'where did the K-file go'?

CASE REPORT: This case report describes the outcome of a number of retreatments on a failed root filling in a maxillary first molar. The patient wanted all amalgams replaced by tooth-coloured Cerec restorations, including one in a symptomless maxillary molar. This tooth had a pulpotomy or a poorly done root-canal treatment 10 years earlier. The molar was root-canal retreated before placing the Cerec restoration and the palatal canal was filled 5 mm short of the radiographic apex. About 1 year later the patient presented with pain. Suspecting that a second mesiobuccal canal (MB-2) had not been located, a second non-surgical retreatment was instituted. MB-2 was not found and the palatal canal was retreated a third time, setting the working length 2 mm short of the radiographic apex. Because pain persisted palatally an apicectomy was performed and the tooth became symptomless. The resected palatal root apex was subsequently serially cross-sectioned, photographed and the canals analysed. Obvious apical transportation occurred during the cleaning and shaping procedures. Analyses of the canals showed that despite the retreatments, 11% of the canal cross-sectional area remained uncleaned although 7% of the root area was 'shaped'. Radiographically, the obturated palatal canal appeared reasonably well centred. However, this was disproved by the cross-sections, indicating that in this case, the clinician did not know where the K-Files had 'gone'. Apically, the obturated canal was certainly not within the natural canal. The pain located palatally was probably due to inadequate cleaning and shaping of the apical part of the root canal and its accessory canals.

Apicoectomy↗
PubMed2005

Single-file electrophoretic transport and counting of individual DNA molecules in surfactant nanotubes.

We demonstrate a complete nanotube electrophoresis system (nanotube radii in the range of 50 to 150 nm) based on lipid membranes, comprising DNA injection, single-molecule transport, and single-molecule detection. Using gel-capped electrodes, electrophoretic single-file transport of fluorescently labeled dsDNA molecules is observed inside nanotubes. The strong confinement to a channel of molecular dimensions ensures a detection efficiency close to unity and identification of DNA size from its linear relation to the integrated peak intensity. In addition to constituting a nanotechnological device for identification and quantification of single macromolecules or biopolymers, this system provides a method to study their conformational dynamics, reaction kinetics, and transport in cell-like environments.

Bacteriophage phi X 174↗
PubMed2003

'URL 404 File Not Found': dealing with the transient nature of the Web.

The 'URL File Not Found' message is all too familiar to users seeking biomedical information on the Web, and occurs when a requested Web-site is no longer available. The complex and dynamic nature of information flow is grounded in computer server technologies and makes the Web difficult to preserve. Enhancements in Web-technologies are helping to improve the problem of Web-site transience. Some initiatives to manage Web-site loss include Google's memory cache, the Internet Archive with Wayback Machine, and Web-site recording tools such as Internet Researcher.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Visual memory for objects in natural scenes: from fixations to object files.

Object descriptions are extracted and retained across saccades when observers view natural scenes. We investigated whether particular object properties are encoded and the stability of the resulting memories. We tested immediate recall of multiple types of information from real-world scenes and from computer-presented images of the same scenes. The relationship between fixations and properties of object memory was investigated. Position information was encoded and accumulated from multiple fixations. In contrast, identity and colour were encoded but did not require direct fixation and did not accumulate. In the current experiments, participants were unable to recall any information about shape or relative distances between objects. In addition, where information was encoded we found differential patterns of stability. Data from viewing real scenes and images were highly consistent, with stronger effects in the real-world conditions. Our findings imply that object files are not dependent upon the encoding of any particular object property and so are robust to dynamic visual environments.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The effects of the PDQ patient information file (PIF) on patients' knowledge, enrollment in clinical trials, and satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the outcomes of providing a copy of the PDQ Patient Information File (PIF) to cancer patients. METHODS: Patients with cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers were randomized to two groups: 1) verbal communication only and 2) verbal communication plus PIF. Cancer knowledge and satisfaction with the PIF and the information received were assessed with telephone interviews. Clinical trial registries were reviewed to determine enrollment in clinical trials. RESULTS: The overall reaction to the PIF was good or excellent for 92% of the patients surveyed, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in their cancer knowledge, enrollment in clinical trials, or satisfaction with the information they received from their physicians. The majority of patients from both groups lacked basic knowledge about their disease, did not use any source of information other than their physicians and/or nurses, and were satisfied with the information they received. CONCLUSIONS: Patients appreciate receiving written cancer information, although it may not increase their cancer knowledge.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed2006

Treatment retention in adolescent patients treated with methadone or buprenorphine for opioid dependence: a file review.

The aim of this study was to compare retention and re-entry to treatment between adolescent subjects treated with methadone, those treated with buprenorphine, and those treated with symptomatic (non-opioid) medication only. We used a retrospective file review of all patients aged less than 18 at first presentation for treatment for opioid dependence. The study was conducted at the Langton Centre, Sydney, Australia, an agency specialising in the treatment of alcohol and other drug dependency. Sixty-one adolescents (age range 14 - 17 years at the time of commencing treatment); mean reported age of initiation of heroin use was 14 +/- 1.3 years (range 11 - 16). Sixty-one per cent were female. The first episode of treatment was methadone maintenance in 20 subjects, buprenorphine in 25, symptomatic medication in 15; one patient underwent assessment only. These 61 subjects had a total of 112 episodes of treatment. Subjects treated with methadone had significantly longer retention in first treatment episode than subjects treated with buprenorphine (mean days 354 vs. 58, p<0.01 by Cox regression) and missed fewer days in the first month (mean 3 vs. 8 days, p<0.05 by ttest). Subsequent re-entry for further treatment occurred in 25% of subjects treated with methadone, 60% buprenorphine and 60% symptomatic medications. Time to re-entry after first episode of buprenorphine treatment was significantly shorter than after methadone treatment (p<0.05 by Kaplan - Meier test). Methadone maintenance appears to have been more effective than buprenorphine at preventing premature drop-out from treatment of adolescent heroin users.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Priming and binding in and across perception and action: a correlational analysis of the internal structure of event files.

Individual performance was compared across three different tasks that tap into the binding of stimulus features in perception, the binding of action features in action planning, and the emergence of stimulus-response bindings ("event files"). Within a task correlations between the size of binding effects were found within visual perception (e.g., the strength of shape-location binding correlated positively with the strength of shape-colour binding) but not between perception and action planning, suggesting different, domain-specific binding mechanisms. To some degree, binding strength was predicted by priming effects of the respective features, especially if these features varied on a dimension that matched the current attentional set.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1978

Potassium channels as multi-ion single-file pores.

A literature review reveals many lines of evidence that both delayed rectifier and inward rectifier potassium channels are multi-ion pores. These include unidirectional flux ratios given by the 2--2.5 power of the electrochemical activity ratio, very steeply voltage-dependent block with monovalent blocking ions, relief of block by permeant ions added to the side opposite from the blocking ion, rectification depending on E--EK, and a minimum in the reversal potential or conductance as external K+ ions are replaced by an equivalent concentration of T1+ ions. We consider a channel with a linear sequence of energy barriers and binding sites. The channel can be occupied by more than one ion at a time, and ions hop in single file into vacant sites with rate constants that depend on barrier heights, membrane potential, and interionic repulsion. Such multi-ion models reproduce qualitatively the special flux properties of potassium channels when the barriers for hopping out of the pore are larger than for hopping between sites within the pore and when there is repulsion between ions. These conditions also produce multiple maxima in the conductance-ion activity relationship. In agreement with Armstrong's hypothesis (1969. J. Gen. Physiol. 54:553--575), inward rectification may be understood in terms of block by an internal blocking cation. Potassium channels must have at least three sites and often contain at least two ions at a time.

Biological Transport↗