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Feminine urinary incontinence and urodynamic examination.

The Authors performed urodynamic examinations on all patients affected by urinary incontinence. This examination enabled them to classify incontinence precisely, from the etiopathogenetic point of view. Incontinence may be due to an altered transmission of the abdominal pressure, to sphincteral lesions or insufficiency, or to stimuli. This classification provides clear indications for the choice of the most suitable therapy (surgical, medical, instrumental). It thereby contributes to improving the outcome and decreasing the number of relapses so far reported by all Authors using any of the suggested surgical techniques.

Female↗

Body and self in feminine development: implications for eating disorders and delicate self-mutilation.

Eating disorders and the syndrome of delicate self-mutilation are primarily afflictions of women. The author examines this preponderance in light of the hypothesis that women's body experiences are inherently more ambiguous and recalcitrant than those of men, and women are thus both more alienated from and more attuned to their bodies than are men. After reviewing normal female development, the author explores the dynamics of the frequent coexistence in women of eating disorders and delicate self-mutilation.

Adolescent↗

[Androgens and feminine behavior].

Our actual knowledges of the relationships between androgens and various aspects of the female behaviour are coming from experimental studies performed in various animal species or from observations performed in the woman in situations such as puberty, menstrual cycle, menopause, congenital hyperplasia of the adrenal, polycystics ovaries clearly rising up testosterone levels. The role of androgens in the sexual differentiation, as well as in sexual, aggressive, artistic and cognitive behaviour is investigated in the present work. However, animal data must be modulated in view of specific psychosocial factors in the woman.

Androgens↗

The sanctuary of sobriety: the emergence of temperance as a feminine virtue in Tudor and Stuart England.

This study examines the reasons why temperance was viewed as an appropriate virtue for women in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. It makes use of contemporary literature to document shifts in attitudes toward women who drank in a public and conspicuous fashion, and examines the economic and cultural changes that contributed to those shifts. The literature consulted in this study would suggest that up until the first decades of the sixteenth century men and women both enjoyed considerable freedom as to where and when they might consume alcohol, and would further suggest that it was only during the economic and social crises of the early modern period that two distinct drinking cultures started to emerge, one centred in the home and exclusive of men, the other centred outside the home and exclusive of women. The emergence of temperance as a virtue specific to women happened to occur at a time when real wages were in sharp decline, and effectively sanctioned the redistribution of household income in favour of men, whose right to drink was never seriously challenged. Criticism of women who drank in a public and conspicuous fashion also happened to coincide with the rediscovery of classical texts commending the supposed temperance of the women of early Rome.

England↗