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On the bioavailability of 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (CdA). The influence of food and omeprazole.
The pharmacokinetics of oral CdA (0.24 mg/kg) was studied in 4 patients (1 with hairy cell leukaemia and 3 with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) to determine any effect of food and fasting with and without omeprazole. Food intake did not significantly influence the bioavailability of CdA (42% after food intake vs 46% while fasting) but it did reduce the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) by 40%; 83 compared to 116 nM while fasting. The time to reach maximum concentration (tmax) was delayed about 0.8 h after food intake. Pretreatment with omeprazole did not significantly influence the bioavailability of CdA (51% vs 46% without), or the interindividual variability in bioavailability in the fasting state (C. V. 0.26 with and C. V. 0.27 without). In conclusion, there was a small, though not statistically significant reduction in the bioavailability of CdA after food intake. Omeprazole did not significantly improve the bioavailability of CdA.
Studies on food intake in the fasted rat.
1. The effects of orally- and intravenously-administered d-amphetamine-SO4, fenfluramine-HCl and cocaine-HCl on food intake in the fasted rat were compared. 2. During the first hour after presentation of food to the animals, ED50 values for suppression of food intake after intravenous injection were: d-amphetamine-SO4, 0.1 mg/kg; fenfluramine-HCl, 0.6 mg/kg; cocaine-HCl, 1.0 mg/kg, ED50 values for suppression of food intake after oral administration were: d-amphetamine-SO4, 0.3 mg/kg; fenfluramine-HCl, 0.7 mg/kg; cocaine-HCl, 9 mg/kg. 3. Over a 4 hr test period, d-amphetamine, fenfluramine and cocaine produced dose-dependent anorexigenic effects only when orally administered. 4. Orally-administered quipazine-maleate and mazindol also decreased food intake, their respective ED50 values being 7 mg/kg and 1.2 mg/kg for the first hour of testing; the anorexigenic effect of mazindol appeared to be more sustained than those of the other anorexigenic agents tested in that it was evident on the day after drug administration. 5. Orally-administered diazepam increased food intake on the day of its administration, but decreased food intake on the day after its administration. 6. In addition to providing further evidence for the effects of several typical anorexigenic agents, the model described might be useful for further studies on anorexigenic agents and minor tranquillizers.
Structural determination of subsidiary colors in commercial Food Green No. 3 (fast green FCF, FD & C Green No. 3).
HPLC analysis revealed that eight subsidiary colors existed in commercial Food Green No. 3 (fast green FCF, FD & C Green No. 3). Among them, four subsidiary colors C, F, G, and H were isolated by using preparative HPLC and their structures were determined by MS and NMR. They were the disodium salt of 2-[[4-[N-ethyl-N-(3- sulfophenylmethyl)amino]phenyl][4-[N-ethyl-N-(4- sulfophenylmethyl)amino]phenyl]methylio]-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (abbreviated as m,p-G-3), the sodium salt of 2-[[(4-N-ethylamino)phenyl][4-[N-ethyl-N-(3- sulfophenylmethyl)amino]-phenyl]methylio]-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid [abbreviated as HSBA-(EA) (m-EBASA)], the sodium salt of 2-[[(4-N-diethylamino)phenyl][4-[N-ethyl-N-(3- sulfophenylmethyl)amino]phenyl]-methylio]-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid [abbreviated as HSBA-(di-EA) (m-EBASA)], and the sodium salt of 2-[[4-[N-ethyl-N-(phenylmethyl)amino]phenyl][4-[N-ethyl-N-(3- sulfophenylmethyl)-amino]phenyl]methylio]-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid [abbreviated as HSBA-(EBA)(m-EBASA)], respectively. HSBA-(di-EA) (m-EBASA) was a subsidiary color newly found in commercial Food Green No. 3.
Real-time quantitative PCR detection of genetically modified Maximizer maize and Roundup Ready soybean in some representative foods.
A fast and quantitative method was developed to detect transgenic "Maximizer" maize "event 176" (Novartis) and "Roundup Ready" soybean (Monsanto) in food by real-time quantitative PCR. The use of the ABI Prism 7700 sequence detection system allowed the determination of the amplified product accumulation through a fluorogenic probe (TaqMan). Fluorescent dyes were chosen in such a way as to coamplify total and transgenic DNA in the same tube. Using real-time quantitative PCR, 2 pg of transgenic or total DNA per gram of starting sample was detected in 3 h after DNA extraction and the relative amounts of "Maximizer" maize and "Roundup Ready" soybean in some representative food products were quantified.
Refeeding after fasting in rats: effects of duration of starvation and refeeding on food efficiency in diet-induced obesity.
Rats with diet-induced obesity starved for 8, 15, and 25 d lost liver and muscle glycogen, excess protein, and fat in proportion to duration of starvation. Fat-cell size decreased but fat-cell number did not. Upon refeeding, body fat was only partly restored, with further increase in adipocyte hyperplasia occurring in the starved obese rats. In contrast, fat-cell size was restored to near that of the prefasting value in the starved controls (dry-food-fed, fasted 4 d) after refeeding. With refeeding, food efficiency increased only if starvation had caused a reduction of adipocyte size below normal. Change in food efficiency was not associated with decreases in total carcass protein, specific tissue proteins, or glycogen stores but was correlated with degree of adipocyte filling. It is possible that adipose tissue status somehow modulates energy-dissipating mechanisms.
Enzymatic, spectrophotometric determination of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and inulin/oligofructose in foods.
A fast, simple, and accurate method, using only standard laboratory equipment, was developed for the quantification of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and inulin/oligofructose in different food matrixes. Samples were extracted using boiling water and hydrolyzed with sucrase and fructanase. Sugars were determined in the initial extract and in both hydrolysates using an enzymatic, spectrophotometric kit for glucose and fructose determination with hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucose isomerase. Calculations of sucrose and inulin/oligofructose were based only on fructose measurement. Glucose results of the hydrolysates were not used for inulin/oligofructose calculations because of possible interference. Released glucose by the hydrolysis of maltose or by possible partial hydrolysis of other compounds like maltodextrines, starch, lactose, or maltitol could interfere in the measurement of the sucrase and the fructanase hydrolysates. To validate the method, a wide range of different food matrixes and different amounts of inulin/oligofructose (1-54%) were analyzed. Mean recovery +/- relative standard deviation (RSD) for inulin or oligofructose was 96.0 +/- 5.3%. The RSDr for inulin/oligofructose measured on 35 food samples, analyzed in duplicate, was 5.9%. Accuracy and precision of the method were less for samples with large concentrations of sucrose, maltose, maltodextrines, or starch (ratio to inulin/oligofructose >4 to 1). Precision and accuracy were comparable with those of the ion exchange chromatographic method AOAC 997.08 and the enzymatic, spectrophotometric method AOAC 999.03. In contrast to 999.03, this method allows the accurate quantification of both GFn and Fn forms.
Cerebral processing of food-related stimuli: effects of fasting and gender.
To maintain nutritional homeostasis, external food-related stimuli have to be evaluated in relation to the internal states of hunger or satiety. To examine the neural circuitry responsible for integration of internal and external determinants of human eating behaviour, brain responses to visual and complex gustatory food-related stimuli were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 18 healthy non-smokers (10 women, 8 men). Each individual was studied on two occasions, the order of which was counterbalanced; after eating as usual and after 24 h fasting. Raised plasma free fatty acids and lower insulin and leptin concentrations confirmed that participants fasted as requested. When fasted, participants reported more hunger, nervousness and worse mood and rated the visual (but not gustatory) food-related stimuli as more pleasant. The effect of fasting on hunger was stronger in women than in men. No circuitry was identified as differentially responsive in fasting compared to satiety to both visual and gustatory food-related stimuli. The left insula response to the gustatory stimuli was stronger during fasting. The inferior occipito-temporal response to visual food-related stimuli also tended to be stronger during fasting. The responses in the occipito-temporal cortex to visual and in the insula to gustatory stimuli were stronger in women than in men. There was no interaction between gender and fasting. In conclusion, food reactivity in modality-specific sensory cortical areas is modulated by internal motivational states. The stronger reactivity to external food-related stimuli in women may be explored as a marker of gender-related susceptibility to eating disorders.
[The immunomodulating action of intermittent fasting under temperature, toxic and food loads].
Immune response to intermittent fasting was studied in rats. The immunomodulating effect was registered. To a certain degree, this may be due to fasting-induced reduction in blood levels of antiproteolytic proteins and lipid peroxidation products which have immunosuppressive activity.
The effect of fasting on attentional biases for food and body shape/weight words in high and low Eating Disorder Inventory scorers.
OBJECTIVE: To assess attentional biases associated with food and body shape/weight words in fasted and nonfasted high and low Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) scorers. METHOD: Subjects were 56 female first-year undergraduate psychology students, aged 17-24 years, participating for course credit. High and low scorers on the Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction subscales of the EDI-2 completed alternative modified dot probe tasks containing food words, body shape/weight words, and control words, under fasted and nonfasted conditions. RESULTS: Fasting increased attentional bias toward high-calorie food words across all subjects. High EDI-2 scorers also showed an attentional bias toward low-calorie words, but only when nonfasted. DISCUSSION: Food-related attentional biases, commonly observed in eating disorder patients, may reflect a pervasive concern with food-related stimuli as opposed to being simply a product of chronic hunger. That is, with increasing hunger, high EDI-2 scorers shift their focus away from low-calorie foods to high-calorie foods. This result suggests an attentional bias basis for the cycle of high-calorie binging when hungry and low-calorie food selections when less hungry.
A Caenorhabditis elegans nutrient response system partially dependent on nuclear receptor NHR-49.
Appropriate response to nutritional stress is critical for animal survival and metabolic health. To better understand regulatory networks that sense and respond to nutritional availability, we developed a quantitative RT-PCR strategy to monitor changes in metabolic gene expression resulting from short-term food deprivation (fasting) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Examining 97 fat and glucose metabolism genes in fed and fasted animals, we identified 18 genes significantly influenced by food withdrawal in all developmental stages. Fasting response genes fell into multiple kinetic classes, with some genes showing significant activation or repression just 1 h after food was removed. As expected, fasting stimulated the expression of genes involved in mobilizing fats for energy production, including mitochondrial beta-oxidation genes. Surprisingly, however, we found that other mitochondrial beta-oxidation genes were repressed by food deprivation. Fasting also affected genes involved in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis: four desaturases were induced, and one stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) was strongly repressed. Accordingly, fasted animals displayed considerable changes in fatty acid composition. Finally, nuclear receptor nhr-49 played a key role in nutritional response, enabling induction of beta-oxidation genes upon food deprivation and facilitating activation of SCD in fed animals. Our characterization of a fasting response system and our finding that nhr-49 regulates a sector within this system provide insight into the mechanisms by which animals respond to nutritional signals.
Serum gastrin in duodenal ulcer. I. Basal levels and effect of food and atropine.
Fasting serum gastrin has been measured by radioimmunoassay in 72 patients with duodenal ulcer and compared with that in normals, patients with gastric ulcer, and with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The mean (+/- SEM) gastrin levels were 15.7 +/- 1.5 pg/ml in the duodenal ulcer group, 32.1 +/- 4.3 pg/ml in normals, 118 +/- 18.1 pg/ml in gastric ulcer, and between 450 and 2,000 pg/ml in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. There were no difficulties in distinguishing simple ulcer from the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome as the presence of hyperchlorhydria in combination with hypergastrinaemia led to a confident diagnosis of the latter disease.The effect of protein, glucose, and cream feeding with and without atropine was also assessed in a group of these patients with duodenal ulcer. As in normals, there was no stimulation of gastrin release by either atropine alone, distilled water, glucose, or cream. However, protein alone produced a greater rise in serum gastrin levels compared with that in normals and prior atropinization augmented this response greatly in duodenal ulcer. This indicates an increased amount of releasable gastrin in the latter disease, the release of which, under basal conditions, is suppressed by the high acidity in the antrum.
Effect of fasting interval on CCK-8 suppression of food intake in the baboon.
Baboons were infused intravenously for 5 min with the octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) after either a 16.5- or 3.5-h fast. After a 3.5-h fast, food intake was significantly suppressed over the ensuing 30 min by 2 micrograms/kg of CCK-8 (-156 +/- 34 kcal compared with control days, P less than 0.02) and by 4 micrograms/kg of CCK-8 (-257 +/- 31 kcal, P less than 0.01). In contrast, CCK-8 had no reliable effect on food intake after the same baboons had been fasted for 16.5 h (2 micrograms/kg: -93 +/- 40 kcal, P greater than 0.05; 4 micrograms/kg: -30 +/- 82 kcal, P greater than 0.05). There was no reliable effect of 1 microgram/kg of CCK-8 on food intake at either deprivation interval. CCK-8 infusions resulted in a small increase of fasting plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI); this effect was not related to either dose or deprivation length. Postprandial IRI and glucose concentrations were significantly suppressed by CCK-8 independently of its effect on food intake. Thus, after a 16.5-h fast, 4 micrograms/kg of CCK-8 decreased postprandial IRI from 145 +/- 65 to 29 +/- 4 microU/ml (P less than 0.01) and glucose from 101 +/- 5 to 80 +/- 3 mg/dl (P less than 0.02), despite no concomitant effect on food intake. Similar suppression of plasma IRI and glucose were observed after infusions of 1 and 2 micrograms/kg in 16.5-h-fasted animals. All doses of CCK-8 (1, 2, and 4 micrograms/kg) suppressed postprandial IRI and glucose after a 3.5-h fast.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of time of feeding on recovery of food-entrained rhythms during subsequent fasting in SCN-lesioned rats.
Rats subjected to Eat-Fast (EF) cycles show food-anticipatory rhythms independent from the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). These rhythms do not persist during subsequent ad lib feeding (EE). There are indications for a recovery of rhythmicity during fasting (FF) using a 'memory' paradigm in which FF sessions are alternated with EE. In this study we tested the memory paradigm in SCN-lesioned rats that were fed for 3 hr either during the local day (food access at 14.30 hr) or during the night (food access at 04.30 hr or at 23.00 hr). Food approaches, drinking, wheel-running and body temperature were recorded under constant light. Food-anticipatory rhythms emerged under each EF schedule while the shape of the rhythms differed per schedule. The rhythms disappeared in EE. During subsequent FF the rhythms clearly reappeared in previously day-fed rats, but this was only occasionally observed in previously night-fed rats. Moreover, the phase of the rhythms which did recover in the previously night-fed rats was shifted towards daytime. These data are not fully compatible with the hypothesis of a self-sustained food-entrainable oscillator. It was assumed that hunger-induced responses to environmental daytime stimuli contributed to the overt rhythms.
Adventitious metals in processed foods.
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COMPARISON OF THE BLOOD LEVELS OBTAINED AFTER SINGLE AND MULTIPLE DOSES OF ERYTHROMYCIN ESTOLATE AND ERYTHROMYCIN STEARATE.
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SANITATION IN NEW WAYS OF PROCESSING FOOD.
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[Studies on the behavior of level of salivary protein under the effect of consumed food].
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