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PubMed1989

Antimicrobial susceptibility of selected bacterial enteropathogens in Latin America and worldwide.

We conducted an in vitro susceptibility study of bacterial pathogens to various antimicrobials. Strains of Shigella, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae collected in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez were tested against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amikacin, gentamicin, and furazolidone. Over the 3-decade period, the resistance of enteropathogens to furazolidone showed the least overall increase. Klebsiella susceptibility to the aminoglycosides decreased during the same period. Worldwide reports of enteropathogenic resistance to antimicrobials are also reviewed. In comparing the results of these worldwide studies with our own, we conclude that there is a need for periodic surveillance and testing of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1980

Effect of nosiheptide as a feed additive in chicks on the quantity, duration, prevalence of excretion, and resistance to antibacterial agents of Salmonella typhimurium; on the proportion of Escherichia coli and other coliforms resistant to antibacterial agents; and on their degree and spectrum of resistance.

In the first experiment two groups (B and D) each of ten, 15-day-old chicks were fed for 33 days a diet supplemented with nosiheptide (20 g/t) and 2 groups (A and C) of 10 each a diet without medication. Groups A and B were inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium, var. copenhagen (variant resistant to nalidixic acid of the strain DVR 101) 5 days after treatment was started. At intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 21, and 28 days postinoculation the following data were collected: the number of salmonella excreted per gram of feces, their duration and prevalence of excretion, and the proportion of salmonella resistant to 9 antibacterial agents commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, as well as their degree and spectrum of resistance. In the second experiment two groups of 10 chicks each were fed either a basal diet (control group) or a diet supplemented with nosiheptide at 20 g/t (treated group). Immediately before and at the end of treatment, the proportions of fecal coliforms, particularly E. coli, which were resistant to 11 commonly used antibacterial agents, and their degree and spectrum of resistance were determined in the 2 groups of chicks. All the strains isolated before treatment started were E. coli sensitive to the 11 antibacterial agents. The strains isolated at the end of treatment were coliforms otherthan E. coli (40% in the control group, 32% in the treated group) and E. coli (60 and 68%, respectively). Coliforms other than E. coli were, as is usual, resistant to ampicillin and sensitive to the other antibacterial agents. The E. coli strains were either sensitive to all the antibacterial agents or resistant to tetracycline and furazolidone (51.8% in the control group, 34.1% in the treated group), or resistant to furazolidone alone (3.7% in the control group, 5.8% in the treated group). In both experiments these determinations showed no appreciable differences between treated and untreated chicks.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1999

[Susceptibility to selected chemotherapeutics of Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to methycyline isolated from clinical materials in the years 1991-1992 and 1997].

The susceptibility to selected chemotherapeutic agents was determined in 100 strains of Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant (MRSA) isolated from clinical materials in 1991-1992 (50 strains) and in 1997 (50 strains). Two methods were used for the determination: disc method and antibiotic dilution in agar. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for vancomycin, teicoplanin, furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, gentamicin, netilmicin and trimethoprim. The concentrations of the chemotherapeutics in the substrate ranged from 0.125 to 512 mg/l. The obtained results served for drawing of the following conclusions: all studied MRSA strains isolated in 1991-1992 and in 1997 were sensitive to glycopeptide antibiotics: vancomycin and teicoplanin, to nitrofurans: nitrofurantoin and furazolidone, and to fusidic acid. MRSA strains isolated in 1991-1992 were sensitive to ofloxacin, but in 1997 about 80% of the strains were resistant to that antibiotic, and this resistance was noted in S. aureus strains with homogeneous resistance to methicillin. Increasing frequency of resistance to mupirocin was found, in 1991-1992 4% of the strains were resistant, and in 1997 the resistance of MRSA to that antibiotic was found in 12%. No changes occurred in the sensitivity of staphylococci to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole). About 94% of strains in 1991-1992 and 1997 were sensitive to that drug. The sensitivity to cotrimoxazole is connected with one of its components (trimethoprim), with 94% of MRSA strains sensitive to it.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1999

[Susceptibility to selected antibiotics of Yersinia enterocolitica 03 strains, carrying and not carrying plasmid pYV].

A total of 199 clinical strains of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O3, biotype 4 were tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics (158 strains carried the virulence plasmid pYV and 41 strains did not). 114 isolates were tested by standard disk diffusion method for 21 antibiotics. Almost all tested strains were resistant to ampicillin and cefazolin and susceptible to amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefamandole, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, imipenem, gentamicin, amikacin, netilmicin, tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, sulphamethoxazole, co-trimoxazole, trimethoprim and furazolidone. In addition minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 15 antibiotics were determined by agar dilution method for all 199 strains (158 plasmid positive and 41 strains plasmid negative). Third-generation cephalosporins such as cefotaxime and ceftriaxone and a fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) were the most active antimicrobial agents, tested followed by aztreonam, imipenem, trimethoprim, tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefuroxime, amikacin, furazolidone and sulphamethoxazole. The present study demonstrated a high susceptibility of clinical strains of Y. enterocolitica to most of the tested antibiotics. In general, there was no significant difference between susceptibility of virulence plasmid pYV positive and virulence plasmid negative strains to antibacterial agents.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[DUODENAL PEPTIC ULCER TREATMENT BY H. PYLORI ERADICATION: CONTROLED RANDOMIZED STUDY]

As Helicobacter pylori infection represents a very important causal factor in the development of duodenal peptic ulcer, several therapeutic trials have been developed in order to obtain an efficient eradication of the microorganism. The aim of our study has been to evaluate, in patients with duodenal peptic ulcer, the effect of double antibiotic short therapy associated to famotidine on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori, cicatrization of ulcerous lesion and the histological changes after the treatment. Forty patients with duodenal ulcer and Helicobacter pylori infection were distributed al random in two groups (I and II). Group I received tetracycline 2 gr per day plus furazolidone 400 mg per day for a week, and famotidine 40 mg per day for four weeks. Group II received just famotidine 40 mg per day for six weeks. Al the initial endoscopy, four biopsies were taken from the gastric antrurn for histological study and determination of Helicobacter pylori. The endoscopy was repeated between 6 and 8 weeks after the beginning of the antibiotic treatment, when four biopsies were taken again from the gastric antrum with the same purpose, and the results were compared. Twenty-eight patients completed the study, 14 in group I and 14 in group II. Helicobacter pylori eradication was obtained in 85,7% of patients in group I and 0% in group II (p=0.00002). Ulcer cicatrization was obtained in 100% of patients of group I compared to 85,7% of patients of group II (p=0.48). The histological degree of gastritis significantly diminished after the treatment in patients of Group I, in relation to the histological parameters of severity (p=0,002), activity (p=0,00002) and presence of lymphoid follicles (p=0.02). These changes were not significantly observed in group II. Two patients of group I had mild sideeffects (14,3%), and none of them was observed in group II (p=0.48). We concluded that the treatment used (tetracycline + furazolidone) was highly efficacious in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori, as well as in the cicatrization, reduction of antral gastric mucous inflammation, and a low rate of side-effects.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

A localised outbreak of Vibrio cholerae O139 in Kolkata, West Bengal.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: An explosive outbreak of diarrhoeal disease which occurred in the Baishnabghata, Patuli area of Kolkata Municipal Corporation during September 28 to October 12, 2000, was investigated by a team from the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, to identify the causative agent and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. METHODS: Clinical and epidemiological data were collected from domiciliary cases and also from patients attending two medical camps that had been set up for the purpose. Stool and water samples were collected for isolation of diarrhoeagenic pathogens. RESULTS: A total of 710 cases of diarrhoea occurred with an attack rate of 7.1 per cent; majority were adults. All 6 faecal samples and 2 water samples collected, were positive for Vibrio cholerae O139. The strains were uniformly (100%) susceptible to the commonly used drugs for cholera such as tetracycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole and nalidixic acid but resistant (100%) to furazolidone and ampicillin. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: This is the first localised outbreak of V. cholerae O139 in Kolkata since the devastating epidemic in 1992. Extensive chlorination of all water sources resulted in a dramatic decline of the outbreak. The appearance of resistance in V. cholerae O139 to furazolidone is a matter of great concern since this drug is used for the treatment of cholera in children and pregnant women.

Cholera↗

PubMed1992

[Chemotherapy of Campylobacter infections].

A total of 600 patients with suspected alimentary food poisoning were hospitalized. The ++clinico-laboratory findings showed that 27 (4.5 per cent) of them had Campylobacter infection. The cultures of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were isolated from 24 and 3 patients, respectively. The patients underwent complex pathogenetic treatment with oral rehydration saline solutions, symptomatic agents, enzymatic preparations and diet (the basic therapy) supplemented with biological bacterial preparations in less severe cases (8 patients). Antibacterial drugs such as furazolidone (roxytromycin), gentamicin and levomycetin, as well as fluoroquinolones such as ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were additionally used in the treatment of both the patients with the generalized infection and those with more severe processes of the disease, pronounced diarrhea with blood traces and persisting isolation of Campylobacter (12 patients). The most favourable results in the treatment of more severe patients with Campylobacter infection were obtained with the fluoroquinolones used after inadequately efficient therapy with furazolidone or antibiotics especially in the cases with repeated isolation of campylobacteria.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Emergence of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Inaba causing outbreaks of cholera in Orissa, India.

A total of 431 rectal swabs, collected from acute diarrheal cases at a surveillance site and at different diarrheal outbreak areas of Orissa from May to October 2005, were bacteriologically analyzed. Out of 265 culture-positive samples, Vibrio cholerae O1 was isolated in 56 samples (20.8%), of which 37 were the Inaba serotype and 19 were the Ogawa. The antibiogram profile revealed that all the V. cholerae O1 Ogawa and Inaba serotypes were uniformly sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and tetracycline. The V. cholerae O1 Inaba serotypes were resistant to furazolidone and nalidixic acid, while the Ogawa strains were resistant to furazolidone, nalidixic acid and neomycin. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay on some selected strains of both serotypes revealed that all the strains were positive for ctxA and tcpA genes showing biotype El Tor. The present study revealed the emergence of V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Inaba, which caused sporadic outbreaks of cholera in 2005. The outbreaks of diarrheal disorders in one geographical area of the state (in the Pattamundai area, Kendrapara district) in 2005 were due to V. cholerae O1 Ogawa, whereas the other outbreaks in other areas (Puri, Khurda and Dhenkanal districts) from August to October 2005 were due to V. cholerae O1 serotype Inaba. This is the first report that an emergence of V. cholerae O1 serotype Inaba caused sporadic outbreaks of cholera in different parts of Orissa. Switching over of V. cholerae O1 Ogawa strains to Inaba, causing diarrheal outbreaks in Orissa, needs close monitoring.

Cholera↗

PubMed1989

[The effects of pyrrole aldehydephenyl semicarbazone on experimental gastric peptic ulcer models in rats].

Pyrrole aldehydephenyl semicarbazone was shown to be an effective anti-ulcer agent in five experimental models in rats, namely, the indomethacin-induced, acetic acid-induced, pyloric ligation-induced and 0.6 mol HCl, absolute alcohol-induced ulcers, at doses of 40-100 mg/kg. Its anti-ulcer activity and characteristics are similar to those of furazolidone. Its oral acute toxicity in mouse is much lower than furazolidone. This compound exhibited mild inhibitory effects on gastric pepsin secretion, caused increases in hexosamine level and decreases of DNA content in gastric juice. It showed no influence on gastric acid secretion and was considered to have "cytoprotective action" on the gastric mucosa. However, this compound was found to be ineffective against the stress-restraint gastric ulcer model.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

The influence of breed and sex on the incidence of mortalities and skin tears in broiler carcasses.

The effects of nutrition, breed and sex on the incidence of mortalities and of skin tears on broiler carcasses were studied. Both sexes of 2 breeds, Hubbard and Ross, were given 4 dietary treatments consisting of a normal level of vitamin and mineral premix plus 300 ppm furazolidone, twice normal premix inclusion level plus 300 ppm furazolidone, a normal level of vitamin and mineral premix, and twice normal mineral premix inclusion level. A coccidiostat containing the active ingredient halofuginone was included at 6 ppm, twice the recommended dosage. Starter, grower and finisher diets were fed respectively up to Day 20, Day 30 and Day 48. Group growth performances, mortalities and the incidence of torn skin were monitored on both the live birds and carcasses. The effect of the different nutritional treatments on skin tears was not significant (P = 0.9533), as was the breed effect (P = 0.0547). However, the effect of sex was significant (P = 0.0044), the incidence in hens being higher. Mortalities among the Hubbard were significantly greater than among the Ross (P = 0.0001). Hens showed a slightly higher mortality rate than roosters, tending towards significance at the 5% level (P = 0.0554).

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1989

Toxicity of 1,2-diethylhydrazine fed to turkey poults.

Toxic effects of 1,2-diethylhydrazine, a putative furazolidone metabolite, were determined in turkey poults 2 to 5 weeks of age. The drug was administered either in the drinking water or by gastric intubation. Toxic effects included depression of growth, decreased feed intake, and increased feed conversion. There was no evidence of an induced cardiomyopathy. These findings indicate that the etiology of furazolidone toxicity involves more than one mechanism.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1989

In vivo susceptibility of Campylobacter pylori.

Campylobacter pylori infection has been associated with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and non-ulcer dyspepsia. Although in vitro studies have shown that C. pylori is susceptible to most commonly used antibiotics, predictions from in vitro sensitivity studies have not led to a safe and generally effective therapy; C. pylori has proved to be very difficult to eradicate in vivo. We used the urea breath test to assess the susceptibility of C. pylori in vivo to various drugs. C. pylori was susceptible to bismuth subsalicylate, bismuth subnitrate, and furazolidone. C. pylori was not susceptible (i.e., urease activity remained despite administration of the drug) to the following drugs: 1) antiulcer agents (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, omeprazole, misoprostol, sucralfate, liquid antacids); 2) NSAIDs (aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, tolmetin); 3) antibiotics (oral penicillin V, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dicloxacillin); 4) salts (lithium, ferrous sulfate, gold); 5) miscellaneous (acetaminophen, phenytoin, hydrochlorothiazide, propranolol, metoprolol, metoclopramide, ursodeoxycholic acid). Oral antimicrobials can be administered directly onto the site of infection, so that a very low oral dose will provide many multiples of the in vitro minimal inhibitory concentration. Furazolidone suspension (7 mg) was administered seven times daily (daily dose 49 mg) to three individuals infected by C. pylori during suppression of gastric acid secretion with famotidine (40 mg bid). After 4 days, all subjects had significant reductions in urease activity (two to normal and one to a borderline value). This response suggested that very low-dose therapy may be useful either alone or combined with bismuth. Conclusive establishment of an etiologic (or major contributory) relationship of C. pylori to ulcer disease will require a safe and reliable method to eradicate the organism from the stomach and duodenum.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1986

Myocardial diseases of animals.

In this review we have attempted a comprehensive compilation of the cardiac morphologic changes that occur in spontaneous and experimental myocardial diseases of animals. Our coverage addresses diseases of mammals and birds and includes these diseases found in both domesticated and wild animals. A similar review of the myocardial diseases in this broad range of animal species has not been attempted previously. We have summarized and illustrated the gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural alterations for these myocardial diseases; and, whenever possible, we have reviewed their biochemical pathogenesis. We have arranged the myocardial diseases for presentation and discussion according to an etiologic classification with seven categories. These include a group of idiopathic or primary cardiomyopathies recognized in man (hypertrophic, dilated, and restrictive types) and a large group of secondary cardiomyopathies with known causes, such as inherited tendency; nutritional deficiency; toxicity; physical injury and shock; endocrine disorders, and myocarditides of viral, bacterial, and protozoal causation. Considerable overlap exists between each of the etiologic groups in the spectrum of pathologic alterations seen in the myocardium. These include various degenerative changes, myocyte necrosis, and inflammatory lesions. However, some diseases show rather characteristic myocardial alterations such as vacuolar degeneration in anthracycline cardiotoxicity, myofibrillar lysis in furazolidone cardiotoxicity, calcification in calcinosis of mice, glycogen accumulation in the glycogenoses, lipofuscinosis in cattle, fatty degeneration in erucic acid cardiotoxicity, myofiber disarray in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and lymphocytic inflammation with inclusion bodies in canine parvoviral myocarditis. The myocardial diseases represent the largest group in the spectrum of spontaneous cardiac diseases of animals. Pericardial and endocardial diseases and congential cardiac diseases are seen less frequently; and, in contrast to man, coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia are rather infrequent in animals. The present review shows clearly that the spectrum of myocardial diseases in animals is enlarging and that many newly recognized diseases are emerging and assuming considerable importance. For example, various heritable cardiomyopathies have recently been described in the KK mouse, cattle, and rats. Increasingly recognized myocardial diseases include cardiomyopathies in cats, dogs, and birds; anthracycline cardiotoxicity; furazolidone cardiotoxicity; ionophore cardiotoxicity; myocardial damage associated with central nervous system injuries; myocardial hypertrophy in

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Treatment of Salmonella carriers in a number of reptile species (author's transl)].

Housing Tejus contaminated with Salmonella on wire-mesh floors did not have any effect on the degree of contamination. The sensitivity of Salmonella organisms isolated from desert monitors to ampicillin was satisfactory, the serotypes being less sensitive to chloramphenicol, furazolidone, neomycin, streptomycin and oxytetracycline. Intramuscular injection of combined chloramphenicol and ampicillin in tejus and lizards was not successful, nor was oral administration of furazolidone in tortoises. On the other hand, oral treatment with combined ampicillin and chloramphenicol was effective in tortoises.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed1984

[Use of antibiotics and nitrofurans in treating acute and chronic cholecystitis].

Sixty-two patients with acute cholecystitis and 108 patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis were examined. High levels of contamination of the bile, gallbladder mucosa and gallstones were shown. E. coli, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus were most frequent among 20 species of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Preoperative sanation of the hepatoduodenal area with antibiotics did not result in complete elimination of the bacteria in the bile, gallbladder mucosa and gallstones. The use of nitrofurans and especially furazolidone and furagin in the preoperative period prevented the microbial growth in the specimens collected during the operations. The data of the study allow recommending the use of furazolidone and furagin for preoperative sanation of the biliferous tract.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1982

[Sensitivity of Listeria strains to drugs and disinfectants].

Comparative studies were carried out with 8 antibiotics, furazolidon, and 9 disinfection agents with regard to the sensitivity of a total of 14 strains of Listeria monocytogenes. The agents used were the most commonly employed ones in the practice in routinely applied concentrations. It was found that L. monocytogenes strains isolated from sheep had good sensitivity to the action of erythromycin, and penicillin, and were more slightly sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamycin, tetracycline, and furazolidon. They were resistant to streptomycin and polymixin M. Good disinfection action against L. monocytogenes were shown to have formalin, phesiaform and partly phasiacept. Lower was the effect of sodium hydrate, proserine, and abosanite, while potassium permanganate, creolin, and chloramine did not show any bactericidal action.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

[Joint action of aminoglycoside antibiotics and nitrofurans with bile on bacteria of the genus Proteus].

The combined effect of monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin and nitrofurans, such as furacillin, furagin, nitrofurantoin and furazolidone with bovine bile was studied on 36 strains of Proteus mirabilis and 14 strains of Proteus vulgaris. It was found that sub-bacteriostatic doses of the bile significantly increased the antiproteus activity of the aminoglycoside antibiotics and nitrofurans. The combinations of the bile with monomycin and kanamycin and the bile with furazolidone and nitrofurantoin proved to be most effective. Clinical trials of the drugs in treatment of inflammatory diseases of the biliferous system of the Proteus etiology are recommended.

Aminoglycosides↗

PubMed1980

[Effect of antibacterial preparations on carbohydrate hydrolysis and absorption in the small intestine].

The effect of levomycetin, phthalysulfathiazol, furazolidone and enteroseptal on hydrolysis and absorption of carbohydrates in the thin intestine of rabbits was studied. The level of sugar assimilation was estimated by the glycemia curves after differential loads with lactose, maltose, sucrose, glucose and galactose combination with glucose. The repressive effects of the chemotherapeutic drugs on both the parietal digestion of disaccharides and the adsorption of their monosaccharides was shown. Chloramphenicol lylsulfathiazol inhibited maltose hydrolysis, glucose adsorption and stimulated hydrolysis of lactose an absorption of its derivatives. Furazolidon and enteroseptal inhibited only lactose assimilation. The effect of the drugs on the intestine hydrolysis and absorption of the sugars depended to a significant extent on the individual host reaction.

Animals↗