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Cytochemical localization of acid and alkaline phosphatases, cytochrom c-oxidase, peroxidases and catalase was carried out on Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de By. and Mucor mucedo (L.) Fres. First results are obtained about the influence of sublethal dosages of fungicidal compounds on the demonstration of these enzymes in the electron-microscope.
Three cases of allergy to Tetrachlorphthalonitril, a fungicidal wood preservative, are reported. It is stated, that in opposition to producers technical data bulletin there is some stronger toxic and sensitization capacity, which also leads to problems in diagnostic skin tests. The responsibility and problems for the practicing dermatologist facing the increasing number of new chemical products is stated.
Residues of the contact fungicide Cymoxanil in grapes were determined by a multidimensional multicolumn high pressure liquid chromatography technique (MC-HPLC). The sample pretreatment is a simple water extraction. Further clean-up and trace enrichment of an aliquot of the aqueous acidic sample solution is performed on-line via an automatized microprocessor controlled MC-HPLC system. In the range of 0.05-2.0 mg/kg grapes good linearity is achieved. Recoveries of Cymoxanil added to untreated grapes range between 70% and 80% at 0.05 and 2.0 mg/kg values, respectively, with a reproductibility of s +/- 3% at 0.2 mg/kg (n = 5). The total time for analysis is approximately 30 min.
Euparene (N1,N1-dimethyl-N-phenyl-fluorine-dichlormethylthiosulfamide) is a highly effective fungicide used in controlling a number of fungus infections affecting grapes and strawberries. Following chemical treatment it is found on these agricultural crops both as a starting product and in the form of its metabolite (N1,N-dimethyl-N-phenyl diamide sulfide), whose residual quantities exceed, at times, those of the original compound itself. The organoleptic properties of grapes change with the content of the above substances of not less than 10 mg/kg. Euparene belongs to the category of compounds with little and medium-toxic and moderately pronounced cumulative properties (LD50 for rats -- 4630 mg/kg, for mice -- 1905 mg/kg, for guinea pigs -- 805 mg/kg. Cummulation coefficient with introduction of 1/20 LD50: for mice -- 3.7, for guinea pigs -- 3.3). In a chronic 10-month long experiment the threshold dose of the preparation was set at a level of 5.4 mg/kg, and subliminal -- at 1.6 mg/kg. The metabolite proved to be somewhat more toxic, but less cumulative than euparene (LD50 for mice -- 820 mg/kg, cumulation coefficient -- over 5). The permissible residual concentration (PRC) of euparene and its metabolite in grapes is recommended at a level of 1.3 mg/kg (total), while in strawberries it is not permitted at all. In the case of grapes the "expectation time" should be 30 days with the consumption of the preparation of up to 3 kg per hectar and in that of strawberries -- 15 days and its consumption of up to 1.2 kg/he.
The fungicides benlate, maneb, and captan depressed plant growth, thebaine concentration, and thebaine yield per plant when administered chronically to Papaver bracteatum. The chronic administration of dicofol inhibited plant growth and thebaine yield per plant, but did not affect thebaine concentration. Malathion and pyrethrins had no adverse effects on either plant growth or thebaine content.
When applied at the juvenile growth stage, benodanil significantly reduced the occurrence of rust (Puccinia bordei) on barley plants. This was found in the susceptible varieties Midas, Zephyr, and Mazurka as well as in the slow-rusting varieties Tyra, Emir, and Vada. Benodanil increased the growth of non-infected plants, it reduced however tillering and the total leaf number of the plants. The effect on the growth, development, and yield of infected plants differed between the varieties, with the susceptible varieties reacting better to fungicide application.
A mitodepressive effect of Tridemorph on the meristematic cells of Allium cepa has been observed. This effect increases with the concentration of the fungicide and the length of treatment, until complete inhibition of cell division occurs under certain conditions. Furthermore, this chemical has been revealed as a strong c-mitotic agent, although there are clear differences between its action and that of colchicine and other c-mitotic drugs. Other important features are the alterations observed in the development of the different mitotic phases depending on the dose employed. A high degree of chromosome contraction has been observed since the cells are in prophase until they reach telophase. Multipolar anaphases and micronuclei, and anomalous chromosome separation and anaphase emigration are other important modifications induced by the treatment on the development of mitosis.
Experimental studies on Wistar rats revealed that the fungicide calixin (N-tridecyl-2.6-dimethylmorpholine) has a teratogenic effect. This effect manifested in edemas, hemorrhages, hematomas, abnormal development of the brain (hydrocephalia), visceral cranium (micrognathia, cleft palate) and genitourinary system (hydronephrosis), in decreased size of pelvic bones, shoulder girdle, front and hind limbs, etc. Marked teratogenic effects was in good agreement with the dose. Threshold and subthreshold doses of calixin in terms of the teratogenic effect were 0.6 and 0.13 mg/kg, respectively. Calixin produces a clear-cut specific teratogenic effect that is evidenced by a wide spectrum of specific action (class I of extremely hazardous substances). The most pronounced changes were induced by calixin administration during the entire period of pregnancy (days 1-20) as compared to its administration during organogenesis (days 7-15).
Some 2-sulfonyl- and 2-acylderivatives of the 4,5-dichloro-3(2H)-pyridazinone were prepared in order to test their fungicidal activity. Interesting results, both in vitro and in vivo, were obtained in particular from the alkylsulfonyl-derivatives. Genotoxic activity of 3(2H)-pyridazinones was evaluated in vitro by the Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and the Salmonella-microsome reversion assay.
The fungicide dexon (p-dimethylaminobenzenediazosulfonate, Na-salt) inhibits the NADH oxidase activity of submitochondrial particles (ETP) from beef heart (semi-inhibition concentration 1.4 muM), while the succinate oxidase activity is unaffected. Measurements of the activity of several enzymatic partial reactions of the respiratory chain of ETP suggest that dexon acts directly on the flavine of NADH dehydrogenase. Soluble NADH-cytochrome c-oxidoreductase (MAHLER) and rotenone-insensitive NADH ubiquinone reductase are also inhibited by dexon. At low concentrations of dexon, inhibition of ETP starts slowly only after addition of NADH. Preincubation without NADH increases the amount of inhibition, but does not prevent the time delay. It is assumed that an electron flux through the respiratory chain, or reduction of flavine is prerequisite for the reaction of dexon with the action site. Furthermore, dexon inhibits the NADH dehydrogenase located at the outer surface of the inner membrane of plant mitochondria, accessible to extramitochondrial NADH and insensitive to rotenone, as has been shown on isolated mitochondria from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L). In addition, dexon inhibits selectively the NADH dehydrogenase of the DT diaphorase (ERNSTER) from rat liver cytosol. In contrast, the dicoumarol-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase (ZINSMEYER et al.) from rat liver cytosol, the NADH-cytochrome b5-reductase (STRITTMATTER) from rat liver microsomes, the rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c-oxidoreductase of the outer membrane of rat liver mitochondria, soluble NADH-oxidase from Escherichia coli, and NADH-dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes are not inhibited. The results suggest that dexon is a group reagent to certain pyridine nucleotide-dependent flavine enzymes.
Chlorothalonil, a common fungicide used for agricultural and horticultural purposes is capable of eliciting contact urticaria. In our patient, an anaphylactoid reaction resulted from intact skin contact to diluted chlorothalonil (0.01 percent aqueous). Our patient also experienced immediate respiratory reactions such as a tight chest and throat after entering the nursery greenhouse, without direct skin contact with chlorothalonil.
We report a case of a 27-year-old man who ingested a fungicide containing iminoctadine with suicidal intent. He developed acute and severe circulatory failure which responded well to noradrenaline.
Alirin B1, the major active component of a fungicidal complex produced by Bacillus subtilis 10-VIZR was separated. Its physico-chemical and biological properties as well as the amino acid composition were investigated. Alirin B1 was shown to differ from the polypeptide substances described in the literature. The antibiotic was classified as belonging to the bacteriocins.
A series of arylfurylketoximes and their O-ethyl ethers and O-esters were prepared and evaluated for their fungicidal phytoiatric activity, in vitro and in vivo. The biological results show that the O-acetyderivatives and the free oximes present a very good activity.
A series of 6-alkyl and 6-arylcarbamoyloximinopyrazolo[3,4-b][1,4]diazepines was prepared and evaluated for fungicidal, insecticidal and herbicidal activity. No one compound showed a general effect but individual compounds exhibited specific activities.
Electrolytic conductivity detection for the gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) screening of 15 organonitrogen herbicides and fungicides was investigated. Spiked samples of crop material was extracted with acetone and the filtered sample extracts were partitioned with methylene chloride-petroleum ether (1+1) followed by second and third extractions with methylene chloride. The combined organic extracts were evaporated to dryness and the residues were dissolved in hexane for cleanup on a 2% deactivated Florisil column. The pesticide fractions were determined directly by GLC. All pesticides could be detected at 0.1 ppm in the foods studied.
The direct chiral separation of the four enantiomers of the systemic fungicide triadimenol has been investigated using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) with cyclodextrin (CD) chiral selectors and organic modifiers. The capillary operating temperature, applied voltage, and column diameter were all shown to be important factors in achieving an enantioselective separation. The addition of various CDs to the micellar buffer mixture was evaluated. The type of CD and its concentration affected the degree of separation, with the best separation of the enantiomers demonstrated for heptakis 2,6-di-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (di-OMe-beta-CD). The addition of organic modifiers and CDs to the background electrolyte further enhanced separation. The best separation of the four enantiomers was obtained using an MECC buffer system consisting of 20% methanol, 0.02 M hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HO-Pr-beta-CD), and 0.05 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in 0.02 M sodium borate and 0.02 M disodium hydrogen phosphate. The reported method demonstrates how the separation of enantiomers can be achieved by systematically varying the parameters in an MECC buffer system.
The effect of fungicide captan on growth and nitrogenase activity of Azospirillum brasilense Cd was studied in pure cultures and in association with foxtail millet (Setaria italica) cultivar Carapé under laboratory conditions. The 8 h growth in rotary shaker of A. brasilense was inhibited with 1 mg/l pure captan; however, after 4 days the differences diminished compared with the control without captan. Nitrogenase activity was affected with 10 mg/l but the differences were negligible after 48 h of growth. Root dry weight of inoculated plants was diminished by the treatment of foxtail millet cv. Carapé with captan. Inoculation with A. brasilense Cd increased shoot dry weight, but differences were significant only with respect to the control but not in relation to captan treatments.