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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

In-vitro metabolism of the new anxiolytic agent, RWJ-50172, in rat hepatic S9 fraction and microbial transformation in fungi, Cunninghamella sp.

The in-vitro biotransformation of the anxiolytic agent, RWJ-50172 was studied after incubation with rat hepatic S9 fraction in the presence of an NADPH-generating system, and incubating with Cunninghamella echinulata in soy-bean medium. Unchanged RWJ-50172 (80% of the sample in rat; 86% in fungi) plus 6 metabolites (M1-M6) were profiled, quantified and tentatively identified on the basis of API-MS/MS data. The metabolic pathways for RWJ-50172 are proposed, and the four metabolic pathways are: pyrido-oxidation (pathway A), phenylhydroxylation (B), dehydration (C) and reduction (D). Pathway A formed hydroxy-pyrido-RWJ-50172 (M1, 10% of the sample in both rat and fungi) as the only major metabolite, which further dehydrated to form dehydro-RWJ-50172 in trace quantities in rat. Pathway B produced hydroxyphenyl-RWJ-50172 (M2) in small amounts (4%) in rat, and in conjunction with step A formed dihydroxy-RWJ-50172 as a trace metabolite in rat. Step D produced a minor benzimidazole-reduced metabolite in fungi. RWJ-50172 is substantially metabolized by this rat hepatic S9 fraction and fungi.

Amides↗
PubMed2006

Entomogenous fungi that produce 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (dipicolinic acid).

An inhibitor of the prophenoloxidase activation using extract from a silkworm pupa was isolated from a culture filtrate of Cordyceps militaris and identified as dipicolinic acid (DPA). The production of DPA in Clavicipitaceae fungi was examined. Entomogenous fungi that produce DPA were integrated into one group by a phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA. It is suggested that the group acquired an ability to produce DPA during its evolution from plant pathogenic fungi to entomogenous fungi.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between a leaf-rolling moth (Dactylioglypha tonica) and fungi covering the cocoon.

To discover the relationship between a leaf-rolling moth and the fungi densely covering its cocoons, the rolled nest leaves were collected in two districts in Japan and antibacterial properties of the fungi were examined. Cocoons and fungi isolated from the nest were classified into 5 categories by the growth stages of the insects, and 7 categories based on taxonomic properties and pigment productivity, respectively. The dominant genus was Penicillium in each location. However, the composition of the fungal categories was different and seemed to depend on their circumstances. From all cocoons with larvae, the strains that belonged to the same fungal category and produced the same antibiotic (deoxyherqueinone) were isolated. From these results, the species-specific relationship between the insect and fungi or fungal products was considered to be not extremely tight, and it was suggested the period of the larval spinning of the cocoon is a key stage of this unique relationship.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Production of L-asparaginase by filamentous fungi.

L-asparaginase production was investigated in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus terreus. The fungi were cultivated in medium containing different nitrogen sources. A. terreus showed the highest L-asparaginase (activity) production level (58 U/L) when cultivated in a 2% proline medium. Both fungi presented the lowest level of L-asparaginase production in the presence of glutamine and urea as nitrogen sources. These results suggest that L-asparaginase production by of filamentous fungi is under nitrogen regulation.

Asparaginase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of nonylphenol surfactants on fungi following the application of sewage sludge on agricultural soils.

The effect of nonylphenol on fungi following the application of contaminated sewage sludge on agricultural soil was studied in laboratory experiments. Nonylphenol bioavailability and adsorption were determined in the soil alone and soil-sludge mixtures. Mixing the soil with sludge made it possible to measure the nonylphenol concentration in the soil solution, which comprised between 6.6 x 10(-6) and 3.8 x 10(-7) M, according to the sludge. We then examined the dose-response relationship between nonylphenol concentration in the culture medium and both biomass production and germination rate of the spores from several strains of filamentous fungi. When applied in this range of concentration, nonylphenol was without noticeable short-term effect on these endpoints. Long-term exposure of fungi to nonylphenol was also assessed. The most intensive effect was a strong stimulation of spore production and germination in Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl. Biomass production by the Fusarium strains also increased. Finally, nonylphenol was shown to induce laccase production in Trametes versicolor. We conclude that the potential of nonylphenol to adversely affect several soil fungi remains low.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

The interaction of fungi with dendritic cells: implications for Th immunity and vaccination.

Human beings are continuously exposed to fungi, yet they rarely get fungal diseases. The delicate balance between the host and these otherwise harmless pathogens may turn into a parasitic relationship, resulting in the development of severe infections. The ability to reversibly switch between unicellular and filamentous forms, all of which can be found in infected tissues, is thought to be important for virulence. Efficient responses to the different forms of fungi require different mechanisms of immunity. Dendritic cells (DC) are uniquely able at decoding the fungus-associated information and translating it in qualitatively different T helper (Th) immune responses, in vitro and in vivo. Myeloid DC phagocytosed yeasts and hyphae of Candida albicans and conidia and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus, both in vitro and in vivo. Phagocytosis occurred through distinct phagocytic morphologies, involving the engagement and cooperativity of distinct recognition receptors. However, receptor engagement and cooperativity were greatly modified by opsonization. The engagement of distinct receptors translated into disparate downstream signaling events, ultimately affecting cytokine production and costimulation. In vivo studies confirmed that the choice of receptor and mode of entry of fungi into DC was responsible for Th polarization and patterns of susceptibility or resistance to infection. Adoptive transfer of different types of DC activated protective, nonprotective and regulatory T cells, ultimately affecting the outcome of infection. The conclusions are that the selective exploitation of receptors and mode of entry into DC may determine the full range of host's immune relationships with fungi and have important implications in the design of vaccine-based strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The toxicosis of Embellisia fungi from locoweed (Oxytropis lambertii) is similar to locoweed toxicosis in rats.

Locoweeds cause significant livestock poisoning and economic loss in the western United States. The toxicity of Embellisia sp. fungi isolated from locoweed was compared with locoweed toxicity using the rat as a model. Rats were fed diets containing locoweed, fungus and alfalfa, or alfalfa. Locoweed- and fungus-fed rats consumed swainsonine-containing food at approximately 1.3 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), gained less weight (P = 0.001) and ate less than controls. Swainsonine is the principal agent responsible for inducing locoism in animals. The concentrations of alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes were greater (P < 0.05) in serum of locoweed- and fungus-fed rats compared with control rats. Similar intracellular vacuolation was observed in renal, pancreatic, and hepatic tissues of rats that consumed either locoweed or fungus. Rats that ate locoweed or Embellisia fungi displayed indistinguishable toxicity symptoms. The Embellisia fungi from locoweed can induce toxicity without the plants. Locoism management strategies need to involve management of the Embellisia fungi.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

The molecular biology of secreted enzyme production by fungi.

Enzymes from filamentous fungi are already widely exploited, but new applications for known enzymes and new enzymic activities continue to be found. In addition, enzymes from less amenable non-fungal sources require heterologous production and fungi are being used as the production hosts. In each case there is a need to improve production and to ensure quality of product. While conventional, mutagenesis-based, strain improvement methods will continue to be applied to enzyme production from filamentous fungi the application of recombinant DNA techniques is beginning to reveal important information on the molecular basis of fungal enzyme production and this knowledge is now being applied both in the laboratory and commercially. We review the current state of knowledge on the molecular basis of enzyme production by filamentous fungi. We focus on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of protein production, the transit of proteins through the secretory pathway and the structure of the proteins produced including glycosylation.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2026

Species Distribution Models Support Distinct and Non-Random Climatic Constraints on Globally Distributed Generalist Fungi.

Fungi play essential roles in ecosystems as pathogens, mutualists, and ubiquitous decomposers. However, like many important microbes, the spatial distribution of species and natural populations remains poorly understood compared to plants and animals. Many fungi are described as global generalists because they occur across wide geographic areas, but it remains unclear how and if these species are constrained by climate or geographic barriers. In this study, we used Species Distribution Models to infer the global climatic suitability of three common and globally distributed fungi: Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus fumigatus. Models were constructed using global occurrence data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and were trained with Bioclimatic variables from the WorldClim dataset. All species' models showed high prediction fit, with predicted occurrence concentrated in the temperate and subtropical regions and broadly structured patterns. Each species showed distinct predicted distributions, but they displayed considerable spatial overlap on a global scale. Together, these results demonstrate that even apparently globally occurring and generalist fungal species occupy climatically structured niches. This study highlights the utility of SDMs and it provides a framework for future studies integrating ecological, genomics and evolutionary perspectives among the difficult to assess geographically widespread and common fungi.

comparative biogeography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Presence of keratinophilic fungi with special reference to dermatophytes on the haircoat of dogs and cats in México and Nezahualcoyotl cities.

In order to study the presence of keratinophilic fungi with special reference to dermatophytes on the coat of dogs and cats living in the cities of Mexico and Nezahualcoyotl in the Metropolitan area of Mexico City, two hundred samples were collected from dogs and one hundred from cats by using the MacKenzie's tooth brush technique, they were processed by routine mycological methods for dermatophyte fungi, results were analyzed by means of the statistical packages SAS. There were isolated 67 and 90 keratinophilic strains from cats and dogs samples, respectively. The most commonly fungi isolated in pure culture in this study were Chrysosporium spp (25%), followed by Trichophyton terrestre (22%), Microsporum gypseum (5%), M. canis (4%), as well as mixed cultures like Chrysosporium spp. & M. gypseum (2%) and T. terrestre & T. mentagrophytes (1%). Keratinophilic fungi were found in higher numbers in the cat haircoat (67%) than in the dog's (45%) and the same was true with regard to dermatophytes with 12 isolates out of a 100 samples in cats and 7 Isolates out of 200 samples from dogs. This may represent a health risk for humans in contact with a dermatophyte infected cat or dog.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Isolation and biological activity of mycorrhizal fungi from Dendrobium candidum and D. nobile].

OBJECTIVE: To isolate the mycorrhizal fungi from the roots of wild Dendribium candidum and D. nobile collected from Yunnan and Sichuan provinces and determine their biological activities. METHOD: The isolation was completed using solidified potato dextrose agar (PDA, Difco) of plates and the biological activities were tested by means of symbiotic germination of fungus-seedlings. RESULTS: 25 Species of mycorrhizal fungi were obtained and most of them belong to Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina. The preliminary biological activity test has shown that of these fungi 5 species help promote the seed germination of D. candidun, 7 species can establish the symbiotical relationship with seedlings of D. candium and D. nobile, and 3 species can stimulate the growth of seedlings of the two medicinal plants. CONCLUSION: Isolation and screening of fungi helpful to the growth and development of Dendrobium is important in the production of the herb.

Dendrobium↗
PubMed2001

[Study on susceptibility test of pathogenic fungi from otorhinolaryngology by Etest method].

OBJECTIVE: To study the sensitivity of pathogenic fungi from otorhinolaryngology to 5 antifungal agents of Ketoconazole (KE), Itraconazole(IT), Fluorocytosine(FC), Amphtericin B (AP) and Fluconazole(FL) by Etest method. METHOD: Etest for determine MIC of 14 pathogenic fungi was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The Etest strip containing the 5 antifungal drugs were putted on medium with Candida albicans, A. flarus and A. fumigatus etc., respectively, to determine MIC of antifungal drugs. RESULT: Candida albicans were sensitized to all the above 5 antifungal drugs, KE and IT were most sensitized. Seven fungi such as A. flavus, A fumigatus, A. oryzae etc were all sensitized to KE and IT. The MIC range of KE and IT against 15 strains of pathogenic fungi were < or = 0.008-2 mg/L and < or = 0.006-4 mg/L respectively. In 15 strains, 11 strains showed drug-resistant to FL, 8 strains to AP and FC, 4 strains to KE and 1 strains to IT respectively and MIC were all > 32 mg/L. CONCLUSION: Etest MIC were in good agreement with macrobroth MIC. The use of Etest strips for antifungal susceptibility test is a new and promising method with advantage of easy to perform, exact results and satisfactory reproducibility. Etest is valuable on clinical practice.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the effects of biological preparations on phytopathogenic fungi Didymella applanata and Botrytis cinerea].

Fungicidal and fungistatic effects of biological preparations involving bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus and fungi of the genus Chaetomium on phytopathogenic fungi Didymella applanata and Botrytis cinerea were evalauated. All the biological preparations under study inhibited the growth of colonies of the fungi; however, the degree of the inhibition depended on the nature of each particular microorganism and the concentration of each particular preparation. The preparation containing Bacillus subtilis at a concentration of 0.2% effected maximum suppression of B. cinerea (the diameter of the colonies decreased sevenfold). The preparations containing bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and fungi of the genus Chaetomium were most efficient in suppressing D. applanata. The preparations containing B. subtilis and Chaetomium spp. showed promise as agents against simultaneous development of spur blight and Botrytis blight.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2003

Incomplete degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil inoculated with wood-rotting fungi and their effect on the indigenous soil bacteria.

Soil artificially contaminated with fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benz[a]anthracene was inoculated with the wood-rotting fungi Plrurotus ostreatus and Antrodia vaillantii. During 12 weeks of incubation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation and the formation of persistent degradation products were monitored by chemical analysis. In addition, the effect on the indigenous soil bacteria was studied by plate count techniques and by measuring the concentration of bacteria-specific phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). In both soils inoculated with fungi, the PAH degradation was enhanced compared to the control soil without fungi. The white-rot fungus P. ostreatus accelerated the degradation rate radically the first weeks, while the effect of the brown-rot fungus was more pronounced at later stages during the 12-week study. In a soil with no amendments, the final degradation result was similar to that in the soil with added fungi, although the degradation pattern for the individual PAHs was different. Furthermore, the degradation by P. ostreatus was accompanied by an accumulation of PAH metabolites, that is, 9-fluorenone, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, and two compounds identified as 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone and 4-oxapyrene-5-one, that was not seen in the other soils. The inoculation with the white-rot fungus also had a large negative effect on the indigenous soil bacteria. This could be an important drawback of using the white-rot fungus P. ostreatus in soil bioremediation since a sequential fungal-bacterial degradation probably is needed for a complete degradation of PAHs in soil. In the soil inoculated with A. vaillantii, on the other hand, no metabolites accumulated, and no negative effects were observed on the indigenous microorganisms.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of soil factors on arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi around roots of wild plants].

150 rhizospheric soil samples were collected from 45 wild plants distributed in Shandong Province during 1995-1997. More than forty species of AM fungi were isolated, and the effects of some soil factors on AM fungi were also investigated. It was proved that soil conditions were important factors to the colonization, growth, and distribution of AM fungi. Spore numbers were highest in brown earth, and lowest in alkali-saline soil. Glomus occurred in all types of soil. The occurrence frequency of Gigaspora and Scutellospora was much higher in brown earth. The distribution of AM fungi was also affected by soil pH. Glomus occurred in soil with a wide pH range. The greater of soil alkalinity, the more Glomus were found, while the greater of soil acidity, the more Acaulospora were isolated. Scutellospora occurred mostly in soil with pH of 6.0-7.0, and Gigaspora distributed mainly in acid soil.

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗
PubMed2003

Differential adaptation of membranes of two osmotolerant fungi, Aspergillus chevalieri and Penicillium expansum to high sucrose concentrations.

Aspergillus chevalieri and Penicillium expansum were able to tolerate sucrose concentrations in the growth media up to 80% (w/v). At 50% sucrose the growth rate is approximately 1.4 and 1.2 times, respectively, higher than in the control. While at 80% sucrose it drops to 35% and 45% of the control level for both fungi. Lipids and proteins in plasma membranes increased with increasing sucrose concentrations in the growth medium. Phospholipid content in membranes of both organisms being also increased, phosphatidyl glycerol was the major detected phospholipid and represented the highest increase. The fatty acid composition of fraction enriched plasma membrane of both fungi changed when they were grown in high sucrose concentrations. Some fatty acids which had not been detected in control cultures were present and the proportions of other fatty acids changed. At 50% sucrose the unsaturation index of membranes decreased by 20-25% in both fungi, indicating that the plasma membrane is less fluid at this concentration. At 80% sucrose a similar trend was observed for P. expansum but for A. chevalieri the unsaturation index was little changed compared with the control. The fluorescence polarization values of 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in membranes of both fungi grown at 80% sucrose increased, indicating a decrease in membrane fluidity. At 50% sucrose the increase in saturation of membrane fatty acids would tend to reduce membrane fluidity but in A. chevalieri at 80% sucrose fatty acids did not become more saturated. In this case the marked increase in sterols at this sucrose concentration may be responsible for low membrane fluidity.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2004

Ferric reductase, superoxide dismutase and alkaline phosphatase activities in siderophore producing fungi.

Enzymes associated with release of iron from internalized ferrated siderophore (ferrisiderophore reductase), with damage to the cell at high iron concentration (superoxide dismutase) and siderophore synthesis (alkaline phosphatase), were examined in 3 test fungi viz., Aspergillus sp. ABp4, Aureobasidium pullulans and Rhizopus sp. Extracellular ferrisiderophore reductase activity was present in all the three fungi, but Aureobasidium pullulans, that showed the highest activity (84.3 microM min(-1)), was the only one to produce intra-cellular ferric reductase (147.9 microM min(-1)). Superoxide dismutase was produced by Aureobasidium pullulans and Rhizopus sp., but not by Aspergillus sp. ABp4, that showed intra-cellular enzyme activity in case of ferric reductase and alkaline phosphatase. Maximum SOD activity was seen in Aureobasidium pullulans both extra-cellularly (93.83 ng ml(-1)) and intra-cellularly (57.14 ng ml(-1)). All the test fungi examined, produced intra-cellular alkaline phosphatase. There was no extracellular alkaline phosphatase. Among the three fungi, Aureobasidium pullulans showed highest alkaline phosphatase activity (129.9 microM min(-1)) and Aspergillus sp. ABp4 the least (76.4 microM min(-1)).

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of detergent, the active component of detergent and sodiumtripolyphosphate on the biochemical process of some fungi.

Detergent "Merix" (Merima-Krusevac) and its components, sodiumtripolyphosphate and ethoxyled oleyl-cetyl alcohol in defined concentrations have influence on the enzymatic activity, bioproduction of amino acids and proteins and total biomass of species Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum). Detergent in concentration of 1% vol., in some cases, significantly stimulated production of the majority of amino acids. Detergent and its components (ethoxyled oleyl-cetyl alcohol and sodiumtripolyphosphate) in concentration of 1% vol. showed different influences on the production of proteins by the species of fungi A. niger and F. oxysporum. The enzymatic activity of fungi A. niger and F. oxysporum changed from total inhibition up to partial or total stimulation under influence of investigated pollutants. Detergent, sodiumtripolyphosphate and ethoxyled oleyl-cetyl alcohol, all in concentration of 1% vol. have reduced the production of the biomass of fungi A. niger and F. oxysporum. Investigated fungi have shown different response to the used pollutants.

Aspergillus niger↗