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PubMed2002

The role of optimism in social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition.

The authors investigated the extent to which social support and coping account for the association between greater optimism and better adjustment to stressful life events. College students of both genders completed measures of perceived stress, depression, friendship network size, and perceived social support at the beginning and end of their 1st semester of college. Coping was assessed at the end of the 1st semester. Greater optimism, assessed at the beginning of the 1st semester of college, was prospectively associated with smaller increases in stress and depression and greater increases in perceived social support (but not in friendship network size) over the course of the 1st semester of college. Mediational analyses were consistent with a model in which increases in social support and greater use of positive reinterpretation and growth contributed to the superior adjustment that optimists experienced.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

A measure of relational competence for community-dwelling elderly.

A measure of relational competence was developed to assess the skills necessary for peer friendship development among the elderly. Participants were required to respond to a series of social problem vignettes that were constructed to tap empathy, assertion, and role-taking skills. Validation data were collected as part of a larger project designed to establish indigenous, elderly peer-support telephone dyads among low-income, community-dwelling elderly women. Results indicated that the measure of relational competence was related to initial friendship formation, telephone conversational skills, and rated social competence as determined by judges' ratings of 2 telephone conversations between participants and staff members. The research illustrates the usefulness of moving away from trait conceptions of social competence to a more focused consideration of particular task demands and the skills needed to solve age-linked social problems.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Peer influence on smoking initiation during early adolescence: a comparison of group members and group outsiders.

In this study, the authors compared group members' and group outsiders' susceptibility to the influence of their friends' smoking. Ss were nonsmokers in Grade 7 who were observed for 1 year. Consistent with their hypothesis, the authors found that group outsiders (Ss who did not have reciprocal friends) were affected more by the smoking of their best friend and by the overall level of smoking among their friends than group members were. Furthermore, this peer influence was strongest for teens who were very concerned about their friends' reactions to their substance use. In addition, consistency in smoking status was related to the formation, but not the breakdown, of reciprocal friendships. Results indicated that teenagers may view smoking as a vehicle for entering a desired friendship group. The authors suggest ways that prevention programs might address this mechanism for adolescent smoking initiation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Predicting individual change in support over time among chronically impaired older adults.

Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the degree of individual change in friendship and family networks and support over time as a function of sociodemographic characteristics, rehabilitation use, and disability. Participants, 449 older adults, had age-related vision loss, a common, chronic impairment that tends to worsen over time. Three interviews were conducted (baseline and 6- and 18-month follow-ups). All network and support variables showed a decrease over time. Regarding factors predicting individual variation, age (younger) and education (lower) were associated with greater baseline friendship support, rehabilitation was related to maintaining a larger friend network, and disability was positively associated with family network and support. Results supported the importance of examining rates of individual change and factors associated with variability in multiple support components by relationship type.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Parent and peer predictors of physical aggression and conflict management in romantic relationships in early adulthood.

Violence between romantic partners is widespread, but developmental precursors of perpetration and victimization are little understood. Among participants followed from birth to 23 years of age, familial and extrafamilial childhood and adolescent relationships were examined in connection with couple violence in early adulthood. Predictors included early childhood physical abuse and witnessing of parental partner violence, features of parent-child interactions at the age of 13 years, and close friendship quality at the age of 16 years. Controlling for early familial violence, intrusive or overly familiar behavior in videotaped parent-child collaborations at 13 years of age consistently predicted violence perpetration and victimization in early adulthood. Friendship quality at the age of 16 years contributed over and above familial predictors. Understanding the role of both familial and extrafamilial close relationship precursors may lead to effective strategies for ameliorating the problem of romantic partner violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Sibling effects on substance use in adolescence: social contagion and genetic relatedness.

Prior research on sibling contagion for substance use has not attended to individual differences in the sibling relationship that may be influenced by genetic similarity. The authors utilizing data on a sample of twin and nontwin siblings participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Although monozygotic twins had the highest levels of sibling contact and mutual friendships, the pattern of results for other sibling types were not consistent with genetic models, and biometric analysis indicated that shared environmental factors influenced these sibling relationship features. Application of DeFries-Fulker regression models provided evidence that sibling contact and mutual friendships represent a source of social contagion for adolescent smoking and drinking independent of genetic relatedness. The results are interpreted using a social contagion framework and contrasted with other competing models such as those focused on the equal environments assumption and niche selection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Peers and adolescent smoking.

There is a considerable body of empirical research that has identified adolescent peer relationships as a primary factor involved in adolescent cigarette smoking. Despite this large research base, many questions remain unanswered about the mechanisms by which peers affect youths' smoking behavior. Understanding these processes of influence is key to the development of prevention and intervention programs designed to address adolescent smoking as a significant public health concern. In this paper, theoretical frameworks and empirical findings are reviewed critically which inform the current state of knowledge regarding peer influences on teenage smoking. Specifically, social learning theory, primary socialization theory, social identity theory and social network theory are discussed. Empirical findings regarding peer influence and selection, as well as multiple reference points in adolescent friendships, including best friendships, romantic relationships, peer groups and social crowds, are also reviewed. Review of this work reveals the contribution that peers have in adolescents' use of tobacco, in some cases promoting use, and in other cases deterring it. This review also suggests that peer influences on smoking are more subtle than commonly thought and need to be examined more carefully, including consideration of larger social contexts, e.g. the family, neighborhood, and media. Recommendations for future investigations are made, as well as suggestions for specific methodological approaches that offer promise for advancing our knowledge of the contribution of peers on adolescent tobacco use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

School peer relationships of 'minority' children in Scotland.

This paper examines selected issues arising from two studies in mainstream education of two minority groupings of children in Scotland-those with serious medical conditions and refugee children-completed in 1997 and 1999, respectively. It draws on first-person accounts of children, parents and teachers and focuses on school-based peer relationships, including friendships. Many of the described peer experiences were unhappy or mixed, only a minority were positive. The paper relates the research and its findings to current social and educational policy contexts and to theories on peer relationships, friendship and rejection. It challenges the problematizing of groups or individuals with minority experiences and school staff's acceptance of inevitable difficulty in these children's peer relationships. It hypothesizes that ways of developing all children's peer relationships need to be addressed in schools if the well-being of children who may be socially vulnerable is to be improved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Geographic routing in social networks.

We live in a "small world," where two arbitrary people are likely connected by a short chain of intermediate friends. With scant information about a target individual, people can successively forward a message along such a chain. Experimental studies have verified this property in real social networks, and theoretical models have been advanced to explain it. However, existing theoretical models have not been shown to capture behavior in real-world social networks. Here, we introduce a richer model relating geography and social-network friendship, in which the probability of befriending a particular person is inversely proportional to the number of closer people. In a large social network, we show that one-third of the friendships are independent of geography and the remainder exhibit the proposed relationship. Further, we prove analytically that short chains can be discovered in every network exhibiting the relationship.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1983

Gaze and mutual gaze of preschool children in conversation.

The study was designed to describe the functional significance of gaze and mutual gaze in the context of the free-play conversation of preschool children. It was hypothesized that mutual gaze is not a fortuitous event in young children but a result of a gaze-action-gaze-reaction sequential process. Eleven high- and 11 low-friendship dyads were formed on the basis of the frequency of interaction in freeplay. Each dyad was videotaped for 15-minute play sessions. The videotapes were analyzed for the occurrence of gaze-related utterances and the occurrence of mutual gaze. When the speaker gazed at the listener the contingent probability of gaze response in the listener was 45% (as compared to a base rate of 3% gaze-related utterances). When the listener gazed at the speaker, the probability of gaze response was 38%. Gaze-related utterances were longer, more likely to result in a relevant response from the listener and less likely to result in nonresponse than utterances unaccompanied by gaze. Friendship between dyad members had no effect on any of the measures. It was concluded that gaze and mutual gaze are systematic components of the conversational behavior of preschool children.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Gender and closeness among friends and siblings.

Friendships and sibling bonds are often the most enduring relationships in a person's life. This study examined what makes each relationship close and how gender and type of relationship affect the ways in which closeness is manifested. Contrary to previous research on American students, respondents in the present study did not indicate that they were closer to their friends than their siblings. Rather, closeness emerged as a function of similarity in friendships and as a function of dependability in sibling dyads. Similarly, women and men reported that their relationships were equally close; however, closeness was manifested differently for each.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Crowding effects of density and interpersonal distance.

In this study, Turkish teenagers were the subjects in an investigation of the effects of spatial and social variables on perceived crowding. In Study 1, male and female subjects were presented with diagrams that simulated social situations in which (a) distance between the subject and other persons, (b) number, or density, of subjects, (c) sex, and (d) friendship were systematically varied. Results indicated a significant crowding effect for interpersonal distance but not for density. In Study 2, data from Turkish college students showed that the lack of effect for density on crowding was stable. Friendship and sex of others had significant main and interaction effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Peer relationships in adolescent competitive soccer: associations to perceived motivational climate, achievement goals and perfectionism.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the perceived motivational climate, achievement goals, perfectionism and indices of peer relationships in a sample of young male and female Norwegian soccer players. The sample consisted of 1719 experienced soccer players (1231 males, 488 females) aged 12-19 years (mean = 14.9 years) participating in the Norway Cup international youth soccer competition. The players responded to a questionnaire measuring perceived peer acceptance and quality of friendship in soccer, perceived motivational climate, achievement goals and perfectionism in soccer. Canonical correlation analyses revealed that young female players who perceived the motivational climate as predominantly mastery oriented, and who were moderately task oriented and scored negatively on maladaptive perfectionism, reported better relations with their peers in soccer. Constructive peer relations were evident in that they scored positively on companionship with their best friend in soccer; they perceived this friend as being loyal and allowing of free discussion, and they reported being socially accepted by their peers in soccer. Mirroring these findings, young male players who perceived the motivational climate as predominantly performance oriented, who had a moderately negative score on task orientation but a quite strong positive score on maladaptive perfectionism, reported negative relationships with peers in terms of these aspects. They also reported being in conflict with their best soccer friend. The findings suggest that the qualities of motivation have a systematic relationship with peer acceptance and the quality of friendship in male and female youth soccer.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Women's Circle comes full circle.

Women have been the backbone of service provision for health and healing in the Native American community in the San Francisco Bay Area. The contributions of Native women are exemplified in the Women's Circle of the Native American Health Centers in San Francisco and Oakland. Women receive a broad range of services through the Women's Circle--in a coed residential substance abuse treatment facility (Friendship House), in groups, in one-on-one counseling, and at the Friendship House American Indian Lodge, a residential women and children's facility in Oakland. This article will look at lessons learned, using both quantitative outcome measures and ethnographic means to examine the impact of the Women's Circle and how the circle was completed. Program staff were interviewed to gain insight into how the program impacted female clients. The article juxtaposes the program elements clients identified as important to their healing and staff's perceptions about the growth of the program. Distinct women's health issues--physical, emotional, mental and spiritual-sculpted program development. Significant findings and lifestyle changes that occurred around involvement in the Women's Circle are examined.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2003

The influence of health, social support quality and rehabilitation on depression among disabled elders.

This study examined the influence of health, social support, disability, and vision rehabilitation services on depression among visually impaired older adults seeking vision rehabilitation services. Participants (n = 95) were interviewed at application and approximately two years later. The first hierarchical regression model focused on concurrent relationships at baseline. The second model used baseline health and social support variables, along with indicators of change in vision and use of rehabilitation services, in order to predict change in depression over time. Findings indicate that being unmarried, in poorer health, having lower quality of relationships with family, and lower stability in friendships were significant independent risk factors for initial depression, explaining 50% of the variance. Decline in depression over time was predicted by younger age, better self-rated health, stability of friendships, and use of rehabilitation services that, along with baseline depression, explained 61% of the variance in depressive symptomatology at the two-year follow-up. Findings highlight the importance of qualitative aspects of social support for older disabled adults, as well as the distinction that needs to be made between factors that predict concurrent mental health status and those predicting change in status over time.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Adolescent alcohol use, psychological health, and social integration.

AIM: Alcohol use and intoxication are highly prevalent among adolescents and may be an important element of the socialization process in the teenage years. Significant short- and long-term health consequences seem evident. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and several aspects of psychological health and social integration in adolescents. METHODS: The study is based on data from a 1997 cross-sectional survey of 828 Norwegian tertiary school students in Forde (91% of all students). Three hundred and eighty (46%) were female. The majority of students were aged 20 or younger, with 64% aged 15-17. Four groups were defined according to frequency of alcohol intoxication. Emotional health and social integration in the four groups are reported as means and the differences from the reference groups (with 95% confidence limits) were estimated. Control of confounding and interaction was performed. RESULTS: The study reveals that alcohol intoxication is an established element of mid-teenage behaviour for both sexes. It was found that depressive complaints and psychosomatic problems increased with increasing frequency of intoxication. Alcohol use is not only associated with improving friendship quantity but also with an improved quality of friendships. Heavy consumers report greater problems with relations with school and with their parents, especially in early adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Though adolescents with moderate and heavy alcohol consumption are more sociable with friends, abstainers and light drinkers appear emotionally healthier. They succeed to a greater extent in a wide variety of social arenas, particularly in comparison with heavy consumers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Exposure and reactivity to negative social exchanges: a preliminary investigation using daily diary data.

Negative social exchanges have the potential to detract from well-being in later life, but the factors that influence older adults' vulnerability to such exchanges remain poorly understood. Two dimensions of vulnerability, exposure and reactivity, were investigated using daily diary data collected at two time points from a sample of community-residing older adults (N = 129). Three categories of predictors were examined: individual characteristics, life stress, and social network characteristics. Greater exposure to negative social exchanges was related to greater life stress and to less supportive networks. Greater reactivity was related to lower self-esteem, less supportive networks, less satisfying friendships and family relationships, and surprisingly, to less life stress. Longitudinal changes in exposure and reactivity were related to changes in friendship satisfaction, the positive functions performed by the network, and health status. The findings suggest that personal characteristics and life circumstances play a role in influencing older adults' vulnerability to negative social exchanges.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Housing characteristics and the well-being of elderly tenants in federally assisted housing.

The relationship between sponsorship, community size, building size (number of dwelling units) and height of building, on the one hand, and six indices of well-being of elderly tenants, on the other, was examined in a study of 2457 subjects from 154 federally-assisted housing projects. Control was exercised on a variety of personal variables prior to the examination of the environmental relationships to well-being. Private nonprofit sponsorship was associated with higher friendship scores and greater activity participation. Tenants in smaller communities had higher friendship scores, greater housing satisfaction, and greater activity participation. Housing satisfaction was greater in projects that were smaller in terms of total number of units but was not related to size when size was defined in terms of elderly-designated units. Thus, only marginal support for Barker's undermanning hypothesis was found. Greater height of building was associated with lower housing satisfaction and less neighborhood motility.

Aged↗