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PubMed1995

Dietary effects on fat deposition and fatty acid profiles in muscle and fat depots of Friesian bull calves.

Dietary effects on fat deposition, cholesterol level, and fatty acid profiles of muscle and fat depots in Friesian bull calves were evaluated in two trials. In Trial 1 (eight pens of seven Friesian bull calves), three levels of ME (10.4, 10.9, 11.7 MJ/kg of DM; diets L, M and H, respectively) were offered to three groups of calves throughout the entire experimental period. Calves of the fourth group were fed diet M for the first 80 d and diet L thereafter (Treatment ML). Calves were 185 +/- 15 d of age and 215 +/- 18 kg BW at the start of the trial and were slaughtered when they reached a predetermined equal degree of fatness, in a BW range of 480 to 580 kg, and an age range of 417 to 548 d. In Trial 2, four groups of calves (eight pens of seven Friesian bull calves) had free access to diets of the same ME (11.7 MJ/kg of DM) but that differed in either CP content (11.3 vs 13.4%) or had poultry litter substituted for part of soybean meal at the equivalent CP. Calves were 18o +/- 13 d of age and 240 +/- 19 kg BW at the start of the trial and were slaughtered after 232 +/- 11 d, at 508 +/- 22 kg BW. In both trials, dressing percentages and carcass percentages of kidney, pelvic, and cod fat depots were recorded at slaughter, and samples of the 12th rib longissimus muscle with its subcutaneous fat were obtained for lipid analyses. Increasing the ME concentration shortened the growing period and tended to increase carcass depot fat percentage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

The effect of nonstructural carbohydrate and addition of full fat extruded soybeans on the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in the milk fat of dairy cows.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a naturally occurring anticarcinogen found in dairy products, is a byproduct of incomplete ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids. Our objective was to determine the effect of nonstructural carbohydrate sources, addition of full fat extruded soybeans as a source of unsaturated fatty acids, and possible interactions on the milk fat content of CLA. Cows (n = 20) were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square involving two sources of nonstructural carbohydrate, high starch (corn) or high pectin (citrus pulp), with or without addition of extruded soybeans. Milk yield was not affected by nonstructural carbohydrate source, but milk production was increased by 7.8 to 10.5% with dietary additions of extruded soybeans. Milk fat content did not differ between treatments, but fatty acid composition was affected. Cows fed extruded soybean diets had reduced concentrations of C8 to C16 fatty acids and increased concentrations of octadecenoic acids. Diets with extruded soybeans also resulted in more than a doubling in milk fat concentration and yield of CLA. Nonstructural carbohydrate source had only minor effects on CLA, and there was no interaction with extruded soybeans. Milk fat content of trans-C18:1 and CLA were closely related (r2 = 0.77). However, variation among cows was about threefold for each of the diets and rank order of individual cows differed among diets. Overall, we demonstrated that diet modification can be used to alter CLA content of milk fat, but there was substantial individual cow variation for all diets.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Effects of dietary protein under high ambient temperature on body weight, breast meat yield, and abdominal fat deposition of broiler stocks differing in growth rate and fatness.

The effect of dietary protein on growth, feed intake and efficiency, abdominal fat deposition, and breast meat yield was investigated in broiler males from a commercial stock (WI) and from experimental stocks selected for low (LF) or high (HF) abdominal fat. All birds were kept at constant high ambient temperature (32 C) and were provided with low- (LP) or high-protein (HP) diets from hatch until 8 wk of age (Experiment 1) or from 4 to 8 wk of age (Experiment 2). In both experiments, HP diet significantly increased 4- to 8-wk BW gain in the LF and HF stocks but reduced it in the WI stock as compared with the LP diet. Abdominal fat, as percentage of BW, was almost twofold higher in the HF birds than in the LF ones, with WI mean being intermediate. In contrast to the HF and WI birds, in which abdominal fat decreased with increased protein intake, abdominal fat was not affected by dietary protein in the LF stock. The HP diet substantially increased breast meat yield in LF birds but not in the WI birds, with HF birds exhibiting intermediate increase in breast meat weight. It was concluded that birds of varied inherent growth rate and tendencies toward protein and fat deposition respond differently to dietary protein level under heat stress.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Effect of full feed and early feed restriction on broiler performance, abdominal fat level, cellularity, and fat metabolism in broiler chickens.

Three hundred sixty Peterson x Arbor Acres chicks were fed two feed regimens to compare their effects on adipose cellularity, adipocyte lipolysis, hepatic glucose oxidation, adipocyte lipogenesis, bird performance, and abdominal fat level. Broilers in the first regimen had ad libitum access to feed throughout the 7-wk experiment, whereas broilers in the second regimen consumed feed at will throughout the experiment except that they were subjected to feed restriction (1.49 kcal/g BW2/3 daily) from 7 to 12 d of age (DOA). No differences in mean body weights were observed between the full-fed and restricted males and combined sex broilers at 49 DOA. Feed conversion and abdominal fat levels of female and combined sex were lower (P < .05) for the restricted than full-fed broilers. No differences in adipocyte numbers based either on whole abdominal fat pads at 28 and 42 DOA or per gram fat at 42 DOA were observed between broilers fed the two feed regimens. However, the adipocyte numbers per gram fat at 28 DOA were greater (P < .05) for the restricted broiler than for the broilers that ate freely. Lipolysis based per million adipocytes was not different between the treatments at 28 and 42 DOA; however, lipolysis based on per gram adipose tissue was increased (P < .05) with the addition of isoproterenol and theophylline for the restricted broilers compared to the full-fed broilers at 28 DOA. No difference was observed between the feed regimens at 42 DOA with hormone addition. Lipogenesis of the restricted broilers was lower (P < .05) than that of the full-fed broilers at 14 and 56 DOA. No difference in glucose oxidation was found between chickens fed the two regimens. Reduced abdominal fat in the restricted broilers is attributed to the reduction of adipocyte volume, which may be due to decreased lipogenesis.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1996

Chronic heat exposure enhances fat deposition and modifies muscle and fat partition in broiler carcasses.

The effect of chronic heat exposure on carcass quality of broilers: proportion of lean and fat tissues, fat content, and fatty acid composition, was investigated. One hundred and eight 4-wk-old male chickens were brooded in individual battery cages in two controlled-environment rooms at constant ambient temperature (22 or 32 C) until 7 wk of age. They were equally distributed into three treatments: 22 C, ad libitum feeding (22AL); 32 C, ad libitum feeding (32AL); and 22 C, pair-feeding on the daily feed intake of heat-exposed chickens (22PF). At 7 wk of age, heat-exposed chickens (32AL) had a lower body weight gain than the other birds: -47% compared to 22AL and -31% compared to 22PF. At 32 C, broilers exhibited a lower breast to body weight proportion: 11.9 vs 13.4% for 22AL. Abdominal, subcutaneous, and intermuscular fat deposits were enhanced in hot conditions, respectively, 15, 21, and 22% compared to 22AL and 58, 64, and 33% compared to 22PF. However, lipid contents of abdominal, subcutaneous, intermuscular, and intramuscular tissues were not affected by heat exposure but were significantly reduced in the 22PF birds. In heat-exposed birds, although saturated fatty acid proportions, particularly palmitic acid (C16:0), were increased, unsaturated fatty acids as a percentage of total fatty acids were decreased, especially oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids in fat tissues. Consequently, under ad libitum feeding conditions, heat exposure significantly decreased the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio in the abdominal and subcutaneous fat tissues, but not in intermuscular and intramuscular fats.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of thyroid volume in schoolchildren: fat-free mass versus body fat mass--a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between thyroid volume and body composition in schoolchildren 11 to 15 years of age. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 126 girls and 86 boys who were living in an urban area and receiving iodine supplementation. The medical history was reviewed. Weight, height, body fat, fat-free mass, and total body water were measured by using a tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Body mass index and body surface area were calculated. Iodine excretion was measured in a morning urine sample by spectrophotometry. Thyroid volume was measured with use of an ultrasound scanner. Thyroid-stimulating hormone was measured from capillary blood samples with use of a neonatal human thyrotropin kit. RESULTS: All study participants were euthyroid. No study participant had urinary iodine excretion of less than 10 mg/L, and two thirds of the study group had iodine excretion of more than 100 mg/dL. Mean thyroid volume increased from 5.35 +/- 1.11 mL in boys at age 11 years to 8.52 +/- 3.32 mL in boys at age 15 years and from 5.95 +/- 1.70 mL to 7.53 +/- 1.92 mL in girls of corresponding ages. In both sexes, thyroid volume correlated better with height (r = 0.33 in girls and 0.50 in boys), weight (r = 0.35 and 0.43, respectively), and body surface area (r = 0.38 and 0.50, respectively) than with body mass index (r = 0.26 and 0.16, respectively). Thyroid volume showed a significant correlation with fat-free mass (r = 0.39 in girls and 0.49 in boys) and no significant correlation with body fat in both girls and boys. CONCLUSION: Thyroid volume is dependent on body size and therefore on growth variables. It depends on fat-free mass as a relatively precise measure of body size and is not related to the fat mass.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1971

Microscopic fat cell size measurements on frozen-cut adipose tissue in comparison with automatic determinations of osmium-fixed fat cells.

Diameters of fat cells in adipose tissue slices, floating in an isoosmolar solution, were measured under a microscope. The slices were obtained from percutaneous biopsies by freeze-cutting after brief formaldehyde fixation. All cells in a given part of the slice were measured, thus avoiding selection. A normal distribution of fat cell diameters could be demonstrated with this method, as has been found with previously described methods. The error of the method was 2.6% for diameter and 8.0% for weight determinations. Storage of adipose tissue at 4 degrees C for 48 hr had no effects on cell size determinations. Results with this microscopic method were compared with those obtained from a previously described method for automatic determinations of osmium-fixed fat cells. The latter method was slightly modified by using a viscous electrolyte, which prevented sedimentation of large fat cells, and by using sonication to complete cell separation. The methods agreed closely. A method for calculating mean fat cell weight using osmium-fixed fat cells is described, which makes determinations of sample wet weight and ratio of lipid to wet weight unnecessary.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Reference values for body fat content as a measure for desirable body fat content.

From an epidemiological viewpoint, adiposis is one of the cardiovascular risk factors. Usually adiposis is determined by a comparison of body weight with reference values (e.g. Broca index, MLIC standards), although body weight depends on variables such as muscle mass and body frame. Reference values for body fat content are seldom found and are mostly based on mean values. Data on an epidemiologically desirable body fat content should, however, be related to criteria similar to those of the MLIC standards.- The caliper method was applied in order to obtain provisional reference values for the desirable body fat content. The actual body fat content was determined from a total of 500 subjects consisting of both sexes, aged from 15 to 65. The subjects were selected according to the +/- 10% range of MLIC ideal weight. Subsequently, the body fat content was calculated on the assumption of the corresponding Broca or MLIC standards, thus estimating the body fat content of subjects with normal or ideal weight. These reference values, divided into age groups of 5 year intervals and separated according to sex, show apart from sex differences a distinct age dependency. They should offer a better differentiation between overweight and adiposis, in the hope that epidemiological consequences of adiposis can be circumscribed more precisely.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Dietary fat and colon cancer: modulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by types and amount of dietary fat during the postinitiation stage of colon carcinogenesis.

Several epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated a strong relationship between different types of dietary fats and risk of colon cancer. However, the modulating effects of these nutritional factors at the molecular level are not fully elucidated. It has been documented that the modulation of tumorigenesis is associated with changes in the levels of prostaglandins production. To provide an understanding of the mechanism(s) of dietary fat-induced modulation of colon tumor development, we have analyzed the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a critical step in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Male F344 rats were fed the semipurified AIN-76A diet containing low-fat corn oil and were s.c. injected azoxymethane (AOM) dissolved in normal saline at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg of body weight, once weekly, for 2 weeks. Vehicle controls received s.c. equal volumes of normal saline. One day after the second AOM or saline injection, rats intended to receive experimental diets were provided high-fat corn oil (HFCO) or high-fat fish oil (HFFO) mixed in semipurified AIN-76A diet, and the remaining rats continued to receive the low-fat corn oil diet. Animals were sacrificed 1, 12, or 36 weeks after the last AOM or saline injection, and their colonic mucosa, as well as the grossly visible colon tumors from rats sacrificed 36 weeks after the last AOM injection, were analyzed for the expression levels of COX-1 and COX-2. The results indicate that AOM induced increasingly high levels of COX-2 expression with advancing stages of colon tumorigenesis. HFCO further enhanced the AOM-induced COX-2 expression. In contrast, HFFO ingestion resulted in a significant decrease in COX-2 expression both in the colonic mucosa and in tumors. These results correlate with increased incidence and multiplicity of grossly visible colon tumors in AOM-treated animals that were fed the HFCO diet versus decreased tumor incidence and lower tumor multiplicity in animals that were fed the HFFO diet. No significant differences were observed in expression levels of COX-1. The data suggest that HFCO may promote colon tumorigenesis by up-regulating the COX-2 expression, whereas HFFO may exert its antitumor effect by inhibiting the COX-2 expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Experimental fat embolism: a dynamic assessment of pulmonary fat-handling characteristics.

Injection 125I-glyceryl trioleate (0-5 mg/kg) into the right atrium of anaesthetized greyhounds caused the following changes: sequestration of far in the right side of the heart; 95 per cent removal by the lungs in a single passage through the pulmonary circulation; subsequent release of fat into the systemic circulation; rapid overall turnover of fat trapped in the lungs and slow removal of recirculating fat by other tissues. We believe that if there is release of unemulsified fat into the circulation in traumatic fat embolism these findings are of significance in interpreting the subsequent pulmonary events.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effect of dietary saturated fat versus polyunsaturated fat on serum cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in rabbits with partial ileal bypass.

Rabbits were fed semipurified diets containing either corn oil or coconut fat. Dietary coconut fat significantly elevated serum total cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations. Rabbits with partial ileal bypass (PIB) had significantly lower serum cholesterol and phospholipid values, irrespective of whether the diet contained corn oil or coconut fat. The effect on serum lipids of the type of fat was similar in control and PIB animals. Since PIB rabbits are known to excrete extremely high amounts of steroids with the feces, we suggest that our data point to a lack of interaction of the type of dietary fat with the fecal excretion of steroids.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Influence of polyunsaturated fats and fat restriction on serum lipoproteins in humans.

This study was designed to determine the effects of polyunsaturated fats and of reducing intake of total fat on serum lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins. Twenty-two normolipidemic women living in a nunnery were given a reference diet (fat/carbohydrate 42/46% of energy, P/S ratio 0.16), a polyunsaturated diet (42/46%, P/S 1,0), and a low-fat, polyunsaturated diet (32/56%, P/S 1.0) for 6 weeks each. Serum and lipoprotein lipids were determined by standard procedures, apolipoproteins either by laser immunonephelometry or by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Consumption of the polyunsaturated diet decreased cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels in VLDL (-33.1% and -23.8%) and in LDL (-13.5% and -8.8%) without affecting HDL. Consumption of the low-fat, polyunsaturated diet resulted in a reincrease of VLDL triglycerides, but not of VLDL cholesterol. Concentration of VLDL apolipoprotein B further fell (-41.6%) and that of apolipoprotein E decreased (-25.9%), resulting in an increased VLDL lipid/apolipoprotein mass ratio. This study indicates that responses to therapeutic polyunsaturated diet are lowered levels of VLDL and LDL, but unchanged levels of HDL. Additional restriction of dietary fat intake alters the VLDL composition with a decrement in apolipoprotein E enriched VLDL particles.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Effect of feeding fat to dairy cows receiving a fat-deficient basal diet. I. Milk yield and composition.

The effects of supplementing a basal diet, in which the low level of fatty acids limited milk production, with soya oil, a palm oil/palmitic acid mixture and tallow, on the yield of milk and of its constituents, and on the composition of the milk, are reported. The yields of milk and milk fat were greatly increased by all the oil-supplemented diets; the mean daily yield of solids-not-fat (SNF) was also increased, but supplementation with soya oil caused the yield of crude protein (CP) to decrease, whereas the other fat-rich concentrate mixtures gave the same mean yield of protein as did the low-fat, control diet. All 3 oil-supplemented diets lowered the proportion of CP in the milk, but the SNF content was unchanged by any treatment. Dietary soya oil tended to lower the proportion of fat in the milk, whilst the palm oil/palmitic acid mixture raised it, with the tallow exerting no effect. The results are discussed in relation to previous work in which these dietary oils have been used, but in which the intake of fatty acids from the control diets did not limit milk production to the extent reported here.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of low fat diets differing in degree of fat unsaturation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in adult men.

The effects of two low fat diets with differing ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P/S) on blood lipids, lipoproteins (LP), and apolipoproteins (Apo) were studied in 23 adult men, 30-60 years old, using a crossover design. Both test diets had 25% fat calories with either a P/S of 0.3 (Diet 1) or a P/S of 1.0 (Diet 2) and equivalent amounts of cholesterol. The study consisted of four periods: a 5-week prestudy on self-selected diet (SS), two 6-week test diet periods followed by a second 5-week post-study period on the SS diet. When compared with the SS diet, Diet 2 lowered the mean plasma total cholesterol (TC) by about 20% (P less than 0.01). Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was also decreased by about 18% by Diet 2 (P less than 0.01). The high P/S diet did not cause a change in total cholesterol in the high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclass2 (HDL2) when compared to the SS diet. Levels of triglycerides (TG) were slightly reduced in HDL2 but showed a greater reduction in HDL3 in both diets. Phospholipids (PL) were significantly reduced in HDL2 and in HDL3, but the reduction in HDL3 PL was not statistically significant. Apo A-I levels were not changed by either diet when compared with the SS diet, but Apo A-II levels of HDL2 and HDL3 were significantly decreased by the low fat diets, and there was no P/S effect. No other consistent changes in apoprotein levels occurred. Our data suggest that, in men with normal lipid levels, practical dietary changes involving a moderate increase in P/S from 0.3 to 1.0 in a low fat, low cholesterol diet do influence lipoprotein composition and apoprotein distribution in a short time. The reduction in cholesterol in total lipid composition and in LDL lipids which accompanied the reduction of dietary fat and cholesterol are considered to be beneficial.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Less fat or a different fat?].

Current dietary advice with a view to avoiding cardiovascular pathology is to replace fatty foodstuffs and those rich in saturated fat and cholesterol by food rich in complex carbohydrates. Although substitution of carbohydrates for fat lowers the blood level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, it also lowers the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, thereby adversely influencing the risk profile for cardiovascular disease. Neither does a low fat diet appear to reduce obesity, another risk factor. A modern advice based on published research reads: obese persons should reduce their intake of saturated and trans-fatty acids by lowering the consumption of dairy fat, meat and hardened oils (bakery products and catering products fried in hardened fats), and in addition should consume less products with added sugars and refined starch. Carbohydrates should be provided by fruits, vegetables, leguminous plants and whole-wheat products. Persons of about the ideal weight should replace saturated and trans-fatty acids in their diet by unsaturated plant oils, and products with refined carbohydrates by fruits, vegetables and whole-wheat products.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1990

Sensory evaluations of fat-sucrose and fat-salt mixtures: relationship to age and weight status.

Young (mean age 22.4 years) and elderly (mean age 82.3 years) subjects tasted and rated a range of liquids containing between 0.5% and 36% dairy fat by weight. The liquids also contained either sucrose (0-20%) or NaCl (0-0.584%). Within each age group both normal weight and overweight subjects participated. The fat content in the mixtures was unrelated to pleasantness ratings for elderly subjects. The concentrations of both fat and sucrose in the mixtures determined the hedonic responses of young normal weight subjects. Overweight young subjects' hedonic responses were predominantly influenced by sucrose concentration. Fat content in dairy-salt mixtures was significantly related to pleasantness ratings by young subjects, but did not influence ratings by elderly subjects. These findings suggest that the elderly can significantly reduce dietary fat intake without sacrificing perceived pleasantness.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Large changes in food intake in diabetic rats fed high-fat and low-fat diets.

Groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were predominantly fed either a high-fat or a high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet. For designated 2-day periods, their diets were switched. After baseline measurements of food and water intake, the rats were made diabetic by injections of either 40 or 46-50 mg/kg streptozotocin. Food and water intake gradually increased over a 15-day period for rats on the CHO diet. Whenever the diets were switched, many of the rats showed large changes in food and fluid intake. Body weight showed a gradual decline, but the rats retained half of the dissectable abdominal body fat at sacrifice. Measurements of plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon proved that the rats were diabetic. The changes in average food intake were reasonably consistent with the "utilizable fuel" theory for the control of food intake assuming that the CHO component of each diet was non-utilizable. The distribution of the fat/CHO utilizable fuel ratio in both experiments was flat and non-normal showing that some rats ate as much of the high fat diet as the high CHO diet. Other rats tended to avoid the high fat to an extent that was greater than predicted by the theory, suggesting that the fat diet may have caused malaise. Thus, the individual rat data did not provide strong support for the "utilizable fuel" theory.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Dietary intake of sweet foods and of dairy fats and resultant gustatory responses to sugar in lemonade and to fat in milk.

Degree of liking and perceived intensity of sweetness of lemonade containing 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 20, and 30% added sucrose were obtained from a group of 51 young adults, who then completed a dietary questionnaire from which intake of sweet foods was determined. Corresponding information was collected from 53 different subjects who judged degree of liking and perceived intensity of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16% fat in skim milk, and completed questionnaires relative to dietary intake of dairy products, fluid milk, and dairy fat. In general, perceived intensity of taste was an increasing linear function of concentration of the additive, whereas hedonic responses were more parabolic. Subjects varied extensively in their hedonic response patterns, with the majority liking intermediate levels, and the remainder showing marked liking for either high or low levels (ascending or descending with concentration). Significant correlations were obtained between intake of sweet foods and preferences for sweet food alternatives from the questionnaires. The latter, but not the former, correlated with the subjects' hedonic responses to sweetness in the test medium. For fat, significant correlations were obtained among the three intake measures from the questionnaire, which, in turn, did not correlate with the subjects' hedonic responses to fat in the experimental milk. Therefore, the hypothesis was not confirmed that laboratory preferences for high concentrations of sugar or fat were influenced by dietary intake of these substances. Several possible reasons for this finding are considered.

Adolescent↗