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PubMed1988

Direction, site and the muzzle target distance of bullet in the head and neck at close range as an indication of suicide or homicide.

Direction, site and muzzle target distance can indicate suicide or homicide. This conclusion can be drawn from autopsies of 57 cases of suicide and 68 cases of homicide by handgun fired at close range to the head and neck together with going to the crimescene in some cases. This study was carried out in Bangkok during the period from January 1983 to January 1986. In order to determine whether it was suicide or homicide, the path of the bullet, the site, the muzzle target distance must be considered. The angle of the bullet would be either elevated (from below upward), horizontal or an angle of depression (from above downward). For suicide, the direction of the bullet should be at an angle of elevation in the majority of cases. The position of the handgun in relation to the head in suicide was most often in tight contact and near contact. For homicide, the direction of the bullet should be horizontal in most cases. The bullet was at close range in the majority of the cases. There are 8 common sites for suicide and homicide and 10 different sites in the case of homicide which are at neck, left cheek, left aural region, lip, left occipital area orbit, chin, left eyebrow, submental and nose.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The computer-aided facial reconstruction system.

A computer imaging system was introduced into the facial reconstruction process. The system, which consists of the image processing unit for skull morphometry and the image editing unit for compositing facial components on the skull images, was an original construction. The image processor generates the framework for building a face onto the digitized skull image. For reconstructing a facial image on the framework, several possible data sets of facial components suitable for the skull morphology are selected from the database by operating our original application software. The most suitable cutout samples of facial components are pasted up over the framework in accordance with the anatomical criteria. The database of facial components consists of 24 contours, 18 eyes, 9 eyebrows, 27 noses, 9 lips and 16 hairstyles. After provisional reconstruction, the facial image is retouched by correcting skin colors and shades with an 'electronic painting device'. The resulting image is a great improvement on images made by the conventional clay and drawing method, both in the operational aspect and in the flexibility of creating multiple versions. The present system facilitates a rather objective and rapid approach and allows us easily to generate a range of possible faces. The computer-aided facial reconstruction will lead to an increase in chances of positive identification in practical cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Contour grouping inside and outside of facial contexts.

We examine how contours group in isolation compared with when they are embedded in face-like contexts. As previously shown, contours that seem to group by phenomenological observation also show powerful effects on task performance: with contours that group, selective attention to one while ignoring another is poor (as indexed by Garner Interference (GI), but not Stroop Interference), whereas divided attention across contours is good. With contours that do not group, however, the reverse happens. Here we test pairs of curved lines (parentheses) displayed either in isolation or within contexts including cartoon faces, where these curves may serve as mouths or eyebrows. The results with isolated contours replicate previous findings of poor selective attention, but within face-like contexts the same contours showed nearly perfect selective attention (i.e., zero GI). Thus, contour grouping was weaker inside than outside of faces, a finding that contrasts with the widely-held belief that faces are processed configurally, not by local features.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Symmetry, averageness, and feature size in the facial attractiveness of women.

Female facial attractiveness was investigated by comparing the ratings made by male judges with the metric characteristics of female faces. Three kinds of facial characteristics were considered: facial symmetry, averageness, and size of individual features. The results suggested that female face attractiveness is greater when the face is symmetrical, is close to the average, and has certain features (e.g., large eyes, prominent cheekbones, thick lips, thin eyebrows, and a small nose and chin). Nevertheless, the detrimental effect of asymmetry appears to result solely from the fact that an asymmetrical face is a face that deviates from the norm. In addition, a factor analysis indicated that averageness best accounts for female attractiveness, but certain specific features can also be enhancing.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Electrophysiological correlates of categorization: P300 amplitude as index of target similarity.

Two experiments examined event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral correlates of categorizing stimuli varying in perceptual similarity to targets. Participants performed a target-detection task in which non-target stimuli varied in target similarity but occurred with equivalent probability. The stimuli were variations of a schematic human face comprised of eight distinct features: two eyes, two eyebrows, one nose, one mouth, and two ears. Non-target stimuli that were perceptually similar to targets produced larger P300-like neurophysiological responses than did other non-target stimuli. These effects emerged whether participants' target was relatively complex (eight features) or quite simple (zero features). Accordingly, the presence of many constituent elements of a test stimulus does not appear necessary to trigger increases in categorical processing of non-targets that are similar to a target. The data further suggest that the P300 amplitude may be used as a good index of perceptual similarity between target and non-target stimuli.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Forehead flag flap.

We present a modification of the Okada and Maruyama's flap for forehead reconstruction, based solely on the supratrochlear vessels. The flap is raised extra-periosteally but in the area of the pedicle the periosteum is included in the flap to protect the vessels. The flap is advanced and rotated to cover full thickness defects on the contralateral hemi-forehead, like a flag on its flagpole. We have treated six patients with large malignant tumours of the forehead which required excision including the periosteum. The flap survived in all cases and no necrosis was observed in any. The main advantage of this flap is that it is relatively straightforward to raise, being a good solution in selected cases (elderly patients). The main disadvantages of this flap are that the supraorbital nerve is sacrificed and some distortion of the eyebrows occurs.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

A new non-invasive method for recording the electro-olfactogram using external electrodes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation was to explore the possibility of recording the electro-olfactogram (EOG) using external electrodes placed on the root of the nose on either side of the bridge and at the medial termination of the eyebrows. The EOG is considered to be the summated generator potential of olfactory receptor cells and therefore represents peripheral olfactory events. Recording of human EOG is technically difficult due to poor access to the olfactory mucosa and the nasal irritation is tolerated by few subjects. METHODS: The evoked potentials at these sites in response to two odourants, n-amyl acetate and benzaldehyde, were recorded simultaneously with the EOG, recorded conventionally with an intranasal electrode, and the olfactory event-related potential (OERP) recorded using scalp electrodes. RESULTS: The extranasal potential recorded at the root of the nose, 0.5-1 cm below the nasion, 1 cm from the ridge and ipsilateral with the stimulus, had the highest degree of correlation with the intranasal EOG. We refer to this site as N1 (left side) and N2 (right side). Further analysis demonstrated that the latency, the time constant of the rising phase and the amplitude of the evoked potential recorded at N1 also had a higher correlation coefficient with the EOG than did those potentials recorded at other sites. Statistical analysis indicated that the latency and time constant of the response recorded externally at N1 were the same as those of the EOG recorded intranasally. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that an olfactory evoked potential, with many of the characteristics of the EOG recorded from the olfactory mucosa, can be recorded externally at a site close to the bridge of the nose. SIGNIFICANCE: This non-invasive method of recording the EOG will have benefits for the objective assessment of olfactory function.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Island pedicle flap.

The island pedicle flap uses an island of skin that is detached from its epidermal and dermal attachments while retaining its vascular supply from an underlying pedicle to repair a cutaneous defect. Proper design of this flap requires familiarity with the anatomic and vascular basis of the flap and with technical aspects of flap mobility. Transposition, tunneling, interpolation, myocutaneous, and transcartilage variants of the island pedicle flap are discussed. This flap is most useful for defects on the upper cutaneous lip and eyebrow, but its use on the nose, ears, and periorbital area are indispensable for the repair of select defects.

Face↗
PubMed2006

The function of the frontal lobe in neonates for response to a prosodic voice.

We examined how neonates responded at the brain level to an element of acoustic stimulation using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Twenty full-term, healthy neonates were included in the study. The neonates were tested in their cribs while they slept in a silent room. First, two probe holders were placed on the left and right sides of the forehead over the eyebrows using double-sided adhesive tape. Then the neonates were exposed to the auditory stimuli from an external auditory speaker. The stimuli, readings of the first scene of "Little Red Riding Hood," were made with a digital voice. The stimuli consisted of two conditions: variably pitched speech (variable speech: VS) and monotonous flat-pitched speech (monotonous speech: MS). The analyses focused on changes in O(2)Hb because O(2)Hb is the most sensitive indicator of changes in cerebral blood flow in NIRS measurement. The O(2)Hb level promptly increased at the beginning of the VS condition, and then returned to baseline again, while O(2)Hb did not show any changes during the MS condition. Differences between baseline-stimulation relative values were used to perform a 2 (condition)x2 (recording site)x2 (gender) analysis of variance. The results show that VS (M=0.45, S.D.=1.33) produced a greater increase of oxygenated blood to the frontal area of the brain area than MS (M=-0.19, S.D.=1.28). Neonates' brain activation patterns suggest that they can discriminate differences in the prosodic patterns of utterances.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

First report of a partial trisomy 3q12-q23 de novo--FISH breakpoint determination and phenotypic characterization.

We present a 1-year-old boy with mild mental retardation, postnatal growth retardation, and facial dysmorphisms such as frontal bossing, laterally accentuated bushy eyebrows, deep set eyes with long lashes, hypertelorism, and a broad nasal bridge. Except for hip dysplasia, no congenital malformations were detected. By conventional cytogenetics a derivative chromosome 3 de novo was diagnosed which was identified as tandem dup(3)(q12q23) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) applying arm specific paints and eight different YAC-probes. The duplicated segment lies proximally from the reported dup(3q) syndrome critical region, thus explaining the absence of characteristic phenotypic features of dup(3q) syndrome. To our knowledge this is the first report of a patient with pure trisomy of this proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 3.

Chromosome Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Bilateral basal ganglia involvement in a patient with Griscelli syndrome.

We report a 6-year-old Iranian boy with silvery-gray hair, eyelashes and the eyebrows who was admitted because of seizures and subsequent stupor. He had previous history of acute hemiparesis at 1 year of age and hepatitis-like syndrome 3 months ago. Microscopic examination of the patient's hair shaft revealed different sized clumps of melanin seen in the center of the shafts. Bone marrow aspiration revealed erythroid hyperplasia and erythrophagocytic cells. Bilateral frontal cortical and subcortical high signal lesions, dirty white matter, high signal areas in the upper pons and in both caudates and lentiform nuclei in T2 WI were the brain MRI findings of the patient. He died in the accelerated phase of Griscelli Syndrome (GS) type 2. To our knowledge we report the first case of GS from Iran.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed2004

Computerised anthropomorphometric analysis of images: case report.

INTRODUCTION: The personal identification of living subjects through video filmed images can occasionally be necessary, particularly in the following circumstances: (1) the need to identify unknown subjects by comparing two-dimensional images of someone of known identity with the subject. (2) The need to identify subjects taken in photographs or recorded on video camera by using a comparison with individuals of known identity. METHODS AND APPARATUS: The final aim of our research was that of analysing a video clip of a bank robbery and to determine whether one of the subjects was identifiable with one of the suspects. Following the correct methodology for personal identification, the original videotape was first analysed, relating to the robbery carried out in the bank so as to study the characteristics of the criminal action and to pinpoint the best scenes for an antropomorphometrical analysis. The scene of the crime was therefore reconstructed by bringing the suspect back to the bank where the robbery took place, who was then filmed with the same closed circuit video cameras and made to assume positions as close as possible to those of the bank robber to be identified. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Taking frame no. 17, points of comparable similarity were identified on the face and right ear of the perpetrator of the crime and the same points of similarity identified on the face of the suspect: right and left eyebrows, right and left eyes, "glabella", nose, mouth, chin, fold between nose and upper lip, right ear, elix, tragus,"fossetta", "conca" and lobule. After careful comparative morphometric computer analysis, it was concluded that none of the 17 points of similarity showed the same anthropomorphology (points of negative similarity). It is reasonable to sustain that 17 points of negative similarity (or non coincidental points) is sufficient to exclude the identity of the person compared with the other.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2006

Towards a "crime pollen calendar" - pollen analysis on corpses throughout one year.

A palynological study was carried out on 28 corpses brought in one year (June 2003-May 2004) to the morgue of the Institute of Legal Medicine of Parma (Northern Italy). This preliminary research focuses on the date of death, which was known for all corpses examined. Pollen sampling and analyses were made with the first aim of comparing the pollen grains found on corpses with those diffused in the atmosphere in the region in the same season as the known date of death. Eyebrows, hair-line near the forehead, facial skin and nasal cavities were sampled. Most of the corpses had trapped pollen grains, with the exception of two December corpses. All pollen grains were found with cytoplasm and in a good state of preservation. In this way, a series of reference data was collected for the area where the deaths occurred, and we examined whether pollen grains on corpses could be an index of the season of death. To verify this hypothesis, the pollen analyses were compared with data reported in the airborne pollen calendars of Parma and the region around. Pollen calendars record pollen types and their concentrations in the air, month by month. The quantity of pollen recorded on corpses did not prove to be directly related to the quantity of pollen in the air. But qualitatively, many pollen types which are seasonal markers were found on corpses. Main corpse/air discrepancies were also observed due to the great influence that the local environmental conditions of the death scene have in determining the pollen trapped by a corpse. Qualitative plus quantitative pollen data from corpses appeared helpful in indicating the season of death. A preliminary sketch of a "crime pollen calendar" in a synthetic graphic form was made by grouping the corpse pollen records into three main seasons: A, winter/spring; B, spring/summer; C, summer/autumn. Trends match the general seasonal trend of pollen types in the air.

Botany↗
PubMed2005

Soft tissue reconstruction of the forehead and temple.

Soft tissue reconstruction of the forehead and temple challenges facial plastic surgeons to balance esthetic goals with functional concerns. Understanding the muscular and neurovascular anatomy is essential to achieve these ends. Reconstructive considerations include maintaining hairlines and eyebrows, minimizing scarring, using relaxed skin tension lines, and preserving motor and sensory function. Reconstructive options range from healing by secondary intention to primary closure, skin grafts, local flaps, island flaps, or any combination of these techniques.

Facial Injuries↗
PubMed2005

Upper lid blepharoplasty.

Upper lid blepharoplasty is the most commonly performed operation in patients seeking facial rejuvenation. When evaluating the patient, attention should be focused on the possibility of concomitant eyelid or eyebrow ptosis. Meticulous planning and technique are required to achieve high levels of patient satisfaction.

Blepharoplasty↗
PubMed2005

Trichotemnomania: obsessive-compulsive habit of cutting or shaving the hair.

A 28-year-old woman presented with a completely hairless scalp. The disorder had started 1 year ago, and at the same time she had developed dysphonia. During the past year, her hair disease had been diagnosed as alopecia areata totalis by many specialists, including several dermatologists. A close inspection of her scalp, however, revealed that no alopecia was present, because all infundibula were filled with a hair shaft that, on microscopic examination, showed cleanly cut surfaces. A scalp biopsy specimen showed completely normal structures. The pubic area was found to be covered with hair stubs of the same length. Therefore, a diagnosis of trichotemnomania was made. This term is derived from Greek thrix (hair), temnein (to cut), and mania (madness). After a stressful life event, the patient had developed both psychogenic dysphonia and the compulsive habit to remove the hair of her scalp, eyebrows, and axillary and pubic areas by shaving. Trichotemnomania is a distinct obsessive-compulsive disorder that should not be confused with trichotillomania. The condition should be taken into account when a supposed alopecia areata looks somewhat unusual.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A novel mixture of propofol, alfentanil, and lidocaine for regional block with monitored anesthesia care in ophthalmic surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy and safety of sedation/analgesia using a mixture of propofol, alfentanil, and lidocaine. DESIGN: A retrospective case review was undertaken. SETTING: This study took place at a university medical center. PATIENTS: Eighty-nine American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1, 2, and 3 adult patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery with regional block and monitored anesthesia care were studied. INTERVENTION: Six milliliters of propofol, 2 mL of alfentanil, and 2 mL of 2% lidocaine (6-2-2 mixture) were freshly mixed. The bolus dose was determined based on the patients' age: 5 microg/kg of alfentanil (and 0.3 mg/kg of propofol) for patients older than 75 years; the dose increased 1 mug/kg per 10-year decrease in age; and up to 9 microg/kg of alfentanil (0.54 mg/kg of propofol) for patients younger than 45 years. Regional block was performed at 1 minute after bolus completion. Blood pressure (BP), Sa(O2), electrocardiogram, capnography, clinical signs of sedation, responses to block, need for airway support, nausea and vomiting (N/V), pain due to propofol infusion, recall, and patient and surgeon satisfaction were recorded. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Seventy-eight percent of patients achieved analgesia and sedation without adverse response to the block. Twelve percent achieved good analgesia and sedation with only eyebrow movement upon needle insertion. Twenty-seven percent had respiratory depression but were able to follow commands and maintain adequate ventilation. Two percent had brief apnea alleviated by chin lift or jaw thrust. None had pain because of propofol infusion or N/V. Before sedation, average systolic BP was significantly increased (P < 0.0001) compared with baseline. After sedation and block, systolic BP decreased 6% from baseline (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Adjusted for age and weight, the dose of the 6-2-2 mixture met the sedation requirements for most patients. With a low incidence of need for airway support, no pain during infusion, and no N/V, this novel mixture of propofol, alfentanil, and lidocaine provided adequate analgesia and sedation as well as hemodynamic stability for ophthalmic surgery under regional block.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Bacterial contamination in the anterior chamber after povidone-iodine application and the effect of the lens implantation device.

PURPOSE: To assess the incidence of anterior chamber bacterial contamination during cataract surgery, and compare results of injector implantation and forceps implantation of foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs). SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. METHODS: This prospective randomized controlled clinical study comprised 97 eyes of 96 patients. Antibiotic eyedrops were not used; however, povidone-iodine 10% solution was used to prepare the eyebrow and eyelids and povidone-iodine 5% to disinfect the ocular surface. A Steri-Drape (3M) was used to surround the eye. Aqueous fluid samples were aspirated from the anterior chamber at the beginning and the end of surgery. The samples were cultured for 14 days under aerobic and anaerobic conditions simultaneously. Cataract surgery was performed using a sutureless, superotemporal, clear corneal phacoemulsification technique. The IOL was implanted with an injector (n = 47) or a forceps (n = 50), with the instrument randomly selected. The frequency of positive bacterial cultures with each implantation method was compared using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Bacteria were found in the conjunctival samples in 21 eyes (21.65%) before povidone-iodine application and in 4 eyes (4.12%) after disinfection. The anterior chamber sample before surgery was culture positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis in 2 eyes and for Micrococcus luteus in 1 eye. After surgery, the culture was positive for S epidermidis in 1 eye (2.15%) in the injector group and 1 eye (2.00%) in the forceps group (P = .74). Neither sample came from an eye that had a positive culture preoperatively. There were no intraoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: In uneventful clear corneal phacoemulsification, meticulous technique can prevent antibiotic use during surgery. No difference in anterior chamber bacterial contamination was found between IOL implantation using an injector or a forceps.

Adult↗