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PubMed2000

Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and body weight regulation: a study of metabolic adaptation to long-term weight change.

Relatively low rates of energy expenditure and fat oxidation predict body weight gain. Weight gain, in turn, is associated with increases in energy expenditure and fat oxidation that may oppose further weight change. In response to experimental weight gain induced by overfeeding, increases in energy expenditure and fat oxidation are overcompensatory, i.e. greater than predicted for the change in body composition. To determine whether such metabolic adaptation occurs in response to spontaneous long term weight change, we conducted a longitudinal study in which 24-h energy expenditure (24-EE) and 24-h respiratory quotient (24-RQ; i.e. fat to carbohydrate oxidation) were repeatedly measured in 102 Pima Indians at baseline and after a mean follow-up of 3.6 +/- 2.7 yr, during which changes in body weight varied widely (-21 to +28 kg). We found that changes in 24-EE and 24-RQ in response to weight change were related to the amount of weight change, even after adjustment for body composition (partial r = 0.23 and -0.30, respectively; both P < 0.05). For a 15-kg weight gain, the increases in 24-EE (+244 Cal/day) and 24-h fat oxidation (+152 Cal/day) were 33 and 53 Cal/day greater than predicted from the cross-sectional relationship between both measures and body weight. Changes in 24-EE and 24-RQ varied substantially among individuals. Thus, on the average, spontaneous long term weight changes are accompanied by small metabolic adaptations in both energy expenditure and fat oxidation. The metabolic responses to weight changes are highly variable among individuals, however.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Energy expenditure from physical activity and the metabolic risk profile at menopause.

PURPOSE: A sedentary lifestyle and visceral obesity are important risk factors for Type 2 diabetes and the development of cardiovascular disease, two conditions that are prevalent in women after menopause. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between daily energy expenditure from moderate to intense physical activity and several metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women not receiving hormone therapy (HT) and to verify whether these associations are independent of the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (AT). METHODS: Daily energy expenditure and frequency of participation in physical activity (kcal.kg(-1).15 min(-1)) were measured from a 3-d activity diary in 118 postmenopausal women (56 +/- 4 yr; 29 +/- 6 kg.m(-2)). Daily activities for each 15-min period during 24 h were categorized according to their intensity on a 1-9 scale. Category 1 indicated very low energy expenditure such as sleeping, and category 9 indicated very high energy expenditure such as running. Energy expenditure corresponding to categories 6-9 (EE6-9) was examined in relation to the metabolic risk profile. RESULTS: EE6-9 was negatively and significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.22, P < 0.05) and visceral AT accumulation (r = -0.18, P < 0.05). Partial correlation analyses adjusted for visceral AT showed that EE6-9 was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure (r = -0.22, P < 0.05), plasma concentrations of HDL-cholesterol (chol) (r = 0.23, P < 0.05), HDL2-chol (r = 0.22, P < 0.05), fasting glucose (r = -0.24, P < 0.05), and fasting C-peptide (r = -0.24, P = or <0.05). EE6-9 was also associated with insulin sensitivity as measured by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (r = 0.27, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Higher engagement in physical activity (EE6-9) is associated with a lower BMI and visceral AT accumulation and with a healthier metabolic profile in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, the associations between EE6-9 and some metabolic parameters appear to be independent of visceral AT accumulation.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1986

The energy expenditure of the mechanically ventilated critically ill patient. An analysis.

This study characterizes the pattern of caloric expenditure of a group of 19 mechanically ventilated critically ill patients after surgery. Continuous measurements of metabolic rate were used to examine the total energy expended over an eight-hour period (10 AM to 6 PM) on 21 occassions. This allowed for determination of the energy expended during activity, rest, and sleep. The patients were observed to be resting, defined as lying motionless with eyes open and responsive to surrounding events, for 44 +/- 4 percent (SE) of the studied period. Sleeping, a state where the patient was not aroused by surrounding events, was observed for 17 +/- 3 percent of the studied period. Total energy expenditure was 4.8 +/- 1.8 percent greater than resting energy expenditure (REE). The REE was 13.1 +/- 2.3 percent above sleeping energy expenditure (awakeness factor), while activity energy expenditure was 17.1 +/- 2.9 percent above REE (activity factor). The respiratory quotient (RQ) during activity in the 15 patients receiving infusions of physiologic saline solution or 5 percent dextrose solution was significantly less (p less than 0.02) than the RQ during rest. This appears to be due to increased fat oxidation during activity.

Critical Care↗
PubMed1987

Energy expenditure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Energy expenditure was studied in ten patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and weight loss, and in five malnourished patients without clinical evidence of COPD (control group) prior to and after a two-week refeeding regimen. Patients received 5 percent dextrose solution (plus electrolytes) for 36 hours to establish standard baseline conditions and were then randomly assigned to either a carbohydrate-based (CB; 53 percent of calories) or fat-based (FB; 55 percent of calories) diet for the first week. The alternate diet was given the following week. Total calorie intake was set at 70 percent above the energy expenditure measured prior to institution of nutritional support. During energy repletion, energy expenditure was greater than predicted (116 percent) in patients with COPD and less than predicted (90 percent) in the control patients. Thermic effect of nutrients during administration of either regimen was significantly greater (p less than .05) in patients with COPD than in those without COPD during both diets. The difference between the two groups was enhanced during the CB regimen. These observations suggest that malnourished patients with COPD have an elevated resting energy expenditure, and an enhanced thermic response to nutrients as compared to malnourished patients without COPD. Increased diet-induced thermogenesis may contribute to weight loss in patients with COPD, in addition to factors previously described such as decreased caloric intake and increased resting energy expenditure.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Contribution of blood lactate to the energy expenditure of weight training.

Bioenergetic interpretations of energy transfer specify that rapid anaerobic, substrate-level adenosine triphosphate (ATP) turnover with lactate production is not appropriately represented by an oxygen uptake measurement. Two types of weight training, 60% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) with repetitions to exhaustion and 80% of 1RM with limited repetitions, were compared to determine if blood lactate measurements, as an estimate of rapid substrate-level ATP turnover, provide a significant contribution to the interpretation of total energy expenditure as compared with oxygen uptake methods alone. The measurement of total energy expenditure consisted of blood lactate, exercise oxygen uptake, and a modified excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC); oxygen uptake-only measurements consisted of exercise oxygen uptake and EPOC. When data from male and female subjects were pooled, total energy expenditure was significantly higher for reps to exhaustion (arm curl, +27 kJ; bench press, +27 kJ; leg press, +38 kJ; p < 0.03) and limited reps (arm curl, +12 kJ; bench press, +23 kJ; leg press, + 24 kJ; p < 0.05) when a separate measure of blood lactate was part of the interpretation. When the data from men and women were analyzed separately, blood lactate often made a significant contribution to total energy expenditure for reps to exhaustion (endurance-type training), but this trend was not always statistically evident for the limited reps (strength-type training) protocol. It is suggested that the estimation of total energy expenditure for weight training is improved with the inclusion, rather than the omission, of an estimate of rapid anaerobic substrate-level ATP turnover.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1991

[The evaluation of serum creatine phosphokinase for estimation of energy expenditure in human subjects].

We investigated the relationship between serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity and energy expenditure in young adults and evaluated whether serum CPK activity is a useful index of energy expenditure. These data were obtained from 225 (men: 94, women: 131) healthy young adults. The results of the survey were as follows: In men, there was a statistically significant correlation between serum CPK activity and energy expenditure (r = 0.370; p less than 0.01; y = 1986.0 + 8.2x), energy expenditure/body weight (r = 0.270; p less than 0.01 y = 35.4 + 0.06x) and daily activity index (r = 0.357; p less than 0.01; y = 0.38 + 0.0030x) In women, there was a statistically significant correlation between serum CPK activity and energy expenditure (r = 0.207; p less than 0.05; y = 1895.0 + 3.0x), and daily activity index (r = 0.194; p less than 0.05; y = 0.432 + 0.0017x). The higher the proportion of exercising subjects, the higher was the serum CPK activity. These results suggest that measurement of serum CPK activity can be used to evaluate energy expenditure.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

Increased energy expenditure in hemodialysis patients.

Malnutrition is prevalent in chronic hemodialysis patients and is related to multiple factors; the hemodialysis procedure itself has been suggested as a catabolic factor. To examine the possible role of hemodialysis on energy metabolism, resting energy expenditure and respiratory quotient in ten chronic hemodialysis patients was measured in this study, using a whole-room indirect calorimeter. Measurements were done continuously: for 2 h before hemodialysis, during 4 h of hemodialysis, for 2 h after hemodialysis, and separately on a nondialysis day after 12 h of fasting. Age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched healthy volunteers were used as control subjects. Chronic hemodialysis patients have a significantly higher resting energy expenditure on a nondialysis day (1.18 +/- 0.15 kcal/min; P < 0.01) as compared with control subjects (1.10 +/- 0.16 kcal/ min). Resting energy expenditure further increased significantly during the hemodialysis procedure (1.32 +/- 0.18 kcal/min, averaged over the 4 h of hemodialysis; P < 0.01 versus predialysis) and was also significantly higher compared with the postdialysis period and nondialysis day resting energy expenditure (P < 0.001 for both). This effect was most pronounced during the first (1.37 +/- 0.19 kcal/min) and second (1.33 +/- 0.18 kcal/min) hours of hemodialysis (P < 0.001 for both). Respiratory quotient was not significantly affected by hemodialysis. It was concluded that chronic hemodialysis patients have higher than normal resting energy expenditure levels, which is further increased during hemodialysis. This process may significantly potentiate the protein-calorie malnutrition seen in this patient population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between energy expenditure and lean tissue in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury.

Energy expenditure and fat-free mass (FFM), as well as the relationships between these parameters, were investigated in thirteen pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for SCI. Basal energy expenditure (BEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) were determined by indirect calorimetry. Measurements for FFM and fat mass were obtained by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Total body potassium was determined by a 4-Pi whole-body counting chamber. Values are expressed as mean standard deviation. BEE and REE of the twins with SCI were significantly less than those of the able-bodied co-twins (1387 268 vs. 1660 324 kcal/d, p < 0.005, and 1682 388 vs. 1854 376 kcal/d, p < 0.05, respectively). Regardless of the group, direct and highly significant relationships were evident between BEE or REE and FFM or TBK. In summary, twins with SCI had lower energy expenditure than their able-bodied co-twins. Regardless of paralysis, direct linear relationships existed between energy expenditure and measures of lean mass.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Estimation of energy expenditure during walking and jogging by using an electro-pedometer].

Using an electro-pedometer which is commercially available, energy expenditure during walking and/or jogging was assessed, and was compared with that obtained by oxygen uptake (VO2). Thirteen male students and 12 female students exercised on 6 minutes duration treadmill tests which velocities were 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120m/min for walking and 100, 120, 140, 160, and 180m/min for jogging, respectively. During exercise, energy expenditure was calculated by VO2 value and respiratory exchange ratio, and was estimated by an electro-pedometer. There was a significant linear relationship between energy expenditures estimated by the pedometer and calculated by VO2 during walking and jogging. To predict energy expenditure more precisely by the electro-pedometer, it is suggested that more precise value of stride should be inputted into the pedometer. In conclusion, the present study showed that commercially available electro-pedometer is able to use for the estimation of energy expenditure with precise validity during walking and/or jogging.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Reliability and validity of a questionnaire for assessment of energy expenditure and physical activity in epidemiological studies.

A self-administered physical activity questionnaire (PA-questionnaire) was developed to assess daily energy expenditure and weekly physical activity in epidemiological studies. The Calorie Counter method (CC-method) was administered to 49 male and 32 female volunteers aged 18-64 years, on 7 consecutive days; after the measurement, the subjects were asked to complete the PA-questionnaire (validation study). The PA-questionnaire was completed by 95 males and 119 females (aged 35-73 years) twice with one-year interval (reliability study). The validation study showed that the mean daily energy expenditure estimated by the PA-questionnaire was slightly and significantly (4.5%) lower than that determined by the CC-method for males (p < 0.05); while no significant difference was observed for females (p > 0.05), mean weekly physical activities were similar between the PA-questionnaire and CC-method in males and females. Daily energy expenditures by the two methods strongly correlated with each other: r = 0.56 (p < 0.001) in males and r = 0.67 (p < 0.001) in females. Weekly physical activities by the two methods also strongly correlated with each other: r = 0.68 (p < 0.001) in males and r = 0.69 (p < 0.001) in females. The reliability study indicated that the Pearson's correlation coefficients between two assessments of daily energy expenditure and weekly physical activity over one-year ranged from 0.37 to 0.62 (p < 0.001). These data indicate that the PA-questionnaire has adequate levels of validity and test-retest reliability in assessment of daily energy expenditure and weekly physical activity in epidemiological studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Capital expenditures and the availability of funds.

Data on capital expenditures and the availability of funds assembled from the annual financial and service records of 42 short-term voluntary hospitals in New York City over two decades were used to analyze the behavior of annual capital expenditures on building and equipment assets. Desired expenditures on capital as a factor of production are viewed as being the result of changes in anticipated output and of the substitution of capital for labor. Actual capital expenditures in each year also reflect the availability of flows of nonoperating revenues and the completion of capital programs initiated in previous years. Nonoperating revenues include philanthropy and earnings on financial assets as principal sources. A monetary revenue series, adjusted for changes in hospital charges, was used to measure output and thus to seperate the effects of demand for hospital services and supply of funds on investment behavior. The data were approached as annual aggregates for 42 hospitals over the years 1946-1966 and as annual hospital averages for teaching and nonteaching hospitals over the same period. In both approaches four causal factors-output, substitution, the flow of nonoperating revenues, and a distributed lag-explained about 95 per cent of the sample variance of capital expenditures. Allowing for available funds reduced the average time required for 95 per cent completion of a capital adjustment from 7 to 3 years. Responsiveness of hospitals to these economic variables suggests that socially desired investment can be attained by (a) "monetizing" needs of groups now underserved; (b) improving availability of funds if used for acceptable public purposes; and (c) including consumers in determining institutional and regional priorities.

Charities↗
PubMed2003

The C-174G promoter polymorphism of the IL-6 gene affects energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed in many tissues. IL-6 null mice show low energy expenditure, but the effect of the variants of the IL-6 gene on energy expenditure has not been previously studied in humans. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the C-174G promoter polymorphism of the IL-6 gene on energy expenditure, measured by indirect calorimetry in healthy Finnish subjects (n = 124). We also measured insulin sensitivity by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Subjects with the C-174C genotype of the IL-6 gene had significantly lower energy expenditure than subjects with the G-174C or G-174G genotypes both in fasting (CC 13.68 +/- 1.98, CG 14.73 +/- 1.57, GG 14.81 +/- 2.01 kcal x kg(-1) x min(-1); P = 0.012) and during the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (CC 15.24 +/- 2.05, CG 16.62 +/- 2.06, GG 16.66 +/- 2.50 kcal x kg(-1) x min(-1); P = 0.007). Moreover, subjects homozygous for the C allele had lower rates of whole-body glucose uptake than carriers of the G allele (CC 50.95 +/- 13.91, CG 59.40 +/- 14.17, GG 59.21 +/- 15.93 micro mol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P = 0.016). The rates of both oxidative (P = 0.013) and nonoxidative (P = 0.016) glucose disposal were significantly affected by the IL-6 promoter polymorphism. In conclusion, the C-174C promoter polymorphism of the IL-6 gene influences energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity in healthy normoglycemic subjects. Whether this polymorphism is a risk factor for obesity or type 2 diabetes can be estimated only in prospective population-based studies.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2005

Variation in the eNOS gene modifies the association between total energy expenditure and glucose intolerance.

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) facilitates skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Energy expenditure induces the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene, providing a mechanism for insulin-independent glucose disposal. The object was to test 1) the association of genetic variation in eNOS, as assessed by haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) with type 2 diabetes, and 2) the interaction between eNOS haplotypes and total energy expenditure on glucose intolerance. Using multivariate models, we tested associations between eNOS htSNPs and diabetes (n = 461 and 474 case and control subjects, respectively) and glucose intolerance (two cohorts of n = 706 and 738 U.K. and Spanish Caucasians, respectively), and we tested eNOS x total energy expenditure interactions on glucose intolerance. An overall association between eNOS haplotype and diabetes was observed (P = 0.004). Relative to the most common haplotype (111), two haplotypes (121 and 212) tended to increase diabetes risk (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.96-1.55), and one (122) was associated with decreased risk (0.58, 0.39-0.86). In the cohort studies, no association was observed between haplotypes and 2-h glucose (P > 0.10). However, we observed a significant total energy expenditure-haplotype interaction (P = 0.007). Genetic variation at the eNOS locus is associated with diabetes, which may be attributable to an enhanced effect of total energy expenditure on glucose disposal in individuals with specific eNOS haplotypes. Gene-environment interactions such as this may help explain why replication of genetic association frequently fails.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Does moderate aerobic activity have a stimulatory effect on 24 h resting energy expenditure: a direct calorimeter study.

This study was designed to establish whether moderate aerobic exercise (2 h at 30-35% VO2 max) in lean non-athletic male adults had a prolonged stimulatory effect on energy expenditure while at rest. Four weight maintaining male adults had their 24 h energy expenditure measured by direct calorimetry on four separate occasions. During the 24 h in the calorimeter each subject received a diet which in total supplied 35 kcal (146 kJ) per kg body weight. All studies in an individual were completed within four to six weeks during which time body weight remained stable. On two of these 24 h periods, individuals rested throughout while on the other two, they also performed the prescribed exercise. This consisted of cycling for two 1 h sessions; the first while they were fasting while the second period was approximately 45 min after consuming a 800 kcal (3.4 MJ) meal. Total 24 h energy expenditure was greater on exercise (8.3 +/- 1.8 MJ/day) than non-exercising days (6.3 +/- 1.4 MJ/day, P < 0.001) In contrast when the acute effects of the cycling where removed 24 h resting energy expenditure on the exercise day (6.8 +/- 1.7 MJ/day) was not significantly different from that of rest days (95% confidence intervals of the difference ranged from -0.36 to 1.27 MJ/day). This study did not demonstrate a prolonged stimulatory influence on non-exercising resting energy expenditure following physical activity likely to be achieved by non-athletes. These data provide no evidence that such exercise is associated with a greater energy deficit than that due to the activity itself.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of net energy expenditures of dairy cows according to body weight changes over a full lactation.

Equations that predict daily dry matter intake (DMI) of a lactating cow could be evaluated by comparing the predicted accumulation of energy in body weight (BW) over the course of lactation with the observed BW evolution. However, to do so requires that first the energy balance calculations from observed DMI are evaluated. The purpose of the work reported here was to determine the degree of deviation of predicted from observed BW, according to net energy for lactation (NE(L)) balance calculated from weekly observations of DMI, BW, and fat-corrected milk production in 21 sets of full-lactation data, and to determine an appropriate correction of the NE(L) bias for subsequent DMI prediction evaluations. When the National Research Council maintenance equation 0.08 x BW(kg)(0.75) was used in energy balance calculation, BW was overpredicted with an increasing difference between the cumulative predicted BW and observed BW as lactation progressed. Placing all the error of BW prediction into maintenance energy expenditures resulted in a best-fit equation of 0.096 +/- 0.003 Mcal/kg of BW(0.75). A time-dependent equation was also developed, in which weekly maintenance expenditures were determined as the NE(L) expenditure to yield a zero NE(L) balance and could be described by a second-order polynomial equation related to week of lactation (WOL) where maintenance NE(L) = [-0.0227(+/- 0.0098) x WOL2 + 1.352(+/- 0.456) x WOL + 78.09(+/- 4.92) Mcal/kg of BW(0.75)] x 10(-3). Average maintenance energy expenditure at the onset of lactation was approximately 0.08 Mcal/kg of BW(0.75), and this value increased to a plateau at wk 15 of lactation of approximately 0.098 Mcal/kg of BW(0.75). Standard deviations between data sets of weekly maintenance parameter estimates throughout lactation were large but consistent at approximately 25% of the mean. Revision of the maintenance energy expenditure estimate substantially improved BW prediction by the energy balance model. On average, the 0.096 Mcal of NE(L)/kg of BW(0.75) equation resulted in the best BW predictions, although substantial variation existed around this value.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Economic impact of febrile morbidity and use of permethrin-impregnated bed-nets in a malarious area I. Study of demographics, morbidity, and household expenditures associated with febrile morbidity in the Republic of Benin.

In preparation for a study on the effect of bed net use on malaria, this article describes febrile morbidity and malaria expenditures in a sub-Saharan area (Benin) of hyperendemic malaria. The 325 randomly selected households were visited weekly between April 1994 and March 1995 to determine febrile morbidity and household expenditures for prevention and treatment. The results indicate that rural children had two febrile episodes annually compared with 0.3 episodes among children living in the city. There was no difference in mean annual febrile episodes between adults and children (adults = 1.5, children = 1.5; P = 0.48) and in the expenditures per febrile episode (adults = US$1.85, children = US$1.62; P = 0.45). Annual prevention expenditures were higher for adults than for children (US$1.73 and US$1.28, respectively; P < 0.001), although there was no significant difference in expenditures for annual treatment for adults and children (US$2.15 and US$2.34, respectively). These and other findings are analyzed further and discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A strategy to reduce drug expenditures with a drug utilization review program.

This paper describes a potential strategy for implementing a Drug Utilization Review (DUR) program aimed at reducing hospital drug expenditures. The importance of this type of program is underscored by the spiraling rise in health care expenditures and the influence of a new drug technology on this rise. The program described here consists of a utilization review program for high cost drugs for which a lower cost alternative exists. An initial retrospective usage and cost analysis must be undertaken to identify those drugs which should be reviewed initially. As the DUR program progresses, additional drugs can be added to the review program. Once the drugs to be reviewed are identified, the first step is to develop usage criteria. This can be accomplished through a review of the literature and consultation with medical and other specialists. Appropriate medical administrative staff approval and endorsement of the criteria should be obtained utilizing various committee structures and other input. The pharmacy staff must also be inserviced on the approved drug usage criteria. After the criteria are finalized, staff pharmacists will contact a DUR pharmacist daily upon receipt of any physician orders for the review drugs. This pharmacist will then compare the prescribed drug use to the approved criteria and contact the prescriber when the usage appears questionable. A lower cost therapy will then be recommended when appropriate. In order to assess the impact of this intervention strategy on drug expenditures, the cost of the initially prescribed therapies must be compared to the recommended therapies. Data should also be obtained on overall drug usage and expenditures to detect shifts in therapy and drug costs. The success or failure of this concurrent DUR program will be highly dependent upon a team approach and cooperation. A program of this type could have a significant impact on hospital drug expenditures in those hospitals where it can be successfully implemented.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1999

[Relation of serum leptin levels and regulation of resting energy expenditure].

Leptin is a protein hormone produced by adipocytes. Its serum concentrations in the most of cases positively correlate with total body fat content and body mass index (BMI). Leptin plays a role in the food intake regulation. It also increases resting energy expenditure in hypoleptinaemic ob/ob mice. Its relationship to resting energy expenditure in human is less clear. The aim of our study was to follow the serum leptin levels in healthy females (n = 12) and males (n = 14) and their relationship to resting energy expenditure, body fat content, other antropometric and nutritional biochemical parameters. It was found that serum leptin levels were significantly higher in females comparing to males (6.8 +/- 3 ng.ml-1 vs. 2.6 +/- 1 ng.ml-1, p < 0.05). The serum leptin levels correlated positively with body fat content and body mass index in both groups. In females the positive correlation between body weight and serum leptin levels was found. No statistically significant relationship between serum leptin levels and resting energy expenditure, serum total protein, albumin or prealbumin concentration was found in any of studied groups. The results of our study do not testify to direct relationship between serum leptin levels and resting energy expenditure in young healthy individuals.

Adult↗