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PubMedDate not supplied

[The emigration of Italian patients to countries of the European Economic Community. Review of data published by the Ministry of Health].

In the present issue, the report "L'assistenza sanitaria all'estero-rapporti economici nei confronti dei Paesi CEE" by the Italian Health Ministry has been examined. The frequency and the cost of the health migration among Italy and other countries of the European Community during 1990-1993 has been presented. The migration of foreign patients to Italy was in agreement with tourism. About 35-40% of the Italian patients cured in the European Community were tourists. The others were patients migrated to obtain specialised treatments not available in Italy. The most frequent causes of migration were cancer, emathological diseases and radiotherapy, followed by transplants, neurological, cardiovascular and orthopaedic diseases. France was the most frequent destination. The overall cost of Italian health migration was 229 Pounds miliard in 1990, 300 Pounds miliard in 1991, and 264 and 216 Pounds miliard in 1992-1993. In the period analysed in the ministerial report, migration seemed to reduce. Migration however was still important especially from the South of Italy. The effect of the new regulations on the decreasing trend in migration was analysed.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMed1992

Health care consequences of the European economic community in 1993 and beyond.

Generally, health services are not covered by the treaties of the European Community. However, to an increasing extent the EC has and will have an influence on national health systems. In particular the effects of regulations made for other sectors have repercussions for health. For example the free movement of labour and the harmonization initiatives have direct effects on the educational curricula for health professions and may, in time increase professional migration within the community. Within the EC research programmes health related topics have been included to an increasing extent. This goes in particular for medical informatics, standardization, quality assurance systems and pharmaceuticals. Indirect effects of the single market will probably appear within the area of insurance, public purchasing and building and other types of construction works. Other areas that probably will be influenced are record security and occupational health benefits.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1991

"Fortress Europe" and the moral debt burden: immigration from the "South" to the European Economic Community.

In light of the opening of the borders within the EC, scheduled for January 1993, this article "discusses the prospects in Europe concerning immigration from third [world] countries in relation to the internal market, the border control issue and the general policies towards non-EC nationals living within the community. The paper will concentrate on immigration from the 'South', discussing the preconditions for various forms of influx from poor countries in the Third World to the European Community. Attention will also be paid to the conception of the problem in the West, and to the prevailing policy proposals at national and European level. It is contended that development aid will not be a sufficient medicine to curb the immigration pressure in the future."

Demography↗
PubMed2004

Revision of the EU Bathing Water Directive: economic costs and benefits.

The European Union (EU) Bathing Water Directive of 1976 ([Commission of the European Communities, 1976. Council Directive of 8th December 1975 Concerning the Quality of Bathing Water (76/160/EEC). Official Journal of the European Community. 5th February 1976, L31/1, Brussels]) sets out standards for designated bathing waters which should be complied with by all member states. Intervening advances in pollution science, related technology and managerial expertise have allowed the European Commission to consider revision of EU environmental legislation where appropriate. As a result, a number of revisions to the 1976 Directive have been proposed ([Commission of the European Communities, 1994. Commission Proposal for a Council Directive Concerning the Quality of Bathing Water. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, COM (94) 36 Final, Brussels; Commission of the European Communities, 2000. Developing a New Bathing Water Policy, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, COM (2000) 860 Final, 21/12/200, Brussels; Commission of the European Communities, 2002. Commission Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Quality of Bathing Water, COM (2002) 581 Final, 24/10/2002, Brussels]). This paper considers these revisions in terms of the economic costs and benefits associated with any change in policy. The focus is on the public's willingness to pay for a revised Directive and the consequent public health benefits afforded to individuals and society. These economic benefits are compared to the costs of implementing changes to bring bathing waters up to the required standard.

Bathing Beaches↗
PubMed1985

Format, organization, and processing of registration dossiers in the European Economic Community (EEC).

The free circulation of drugs among the European Economic Community (EEC) member states ensues from the principles stated by the Treaty of Rome. This is possible thanks to a series of legal and technical directives stating the criteria with which the national authorities--who are sovereign in this matter--must comply. These directives are briefly explained. In particular, the procedure by which the initial authorization, granted by one member state, can be extended to at least five others is presented. The content and order of the registration dossier is presented in detail.

Drug and Narcotic Control↗
PubMed1997

International guidelines on post-authorisation research and surveillance. European Economic Community.

Recently, post authorisation research and surveillance has become more and more important. This article investigates which common standards already exist and which methods and tools are used in this context. This paper focusses on a draft version of the "Notice to applicants for marketing authorisations for medical products for human use in the European Community" which will be mandatory for all EC member countries after its finalization.

Drug Approval↗
PubMed1993

Analysis of the six additional chemicals for in vitro assays of the European Economic Communities' EEC aneuploidy programme using Saccharomyces cerevisiae D61.M and the in vitro porcine brain tubulin assembly assay.

We tested six additional chemicals (acetaldehyde, benomyl, diethylstilboestrol, diethylstilboestrol dipropionate, griseofulvin, and mercaptoethanol) for in vitro systems of the coordinated programme to study aneuploidy induction sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities in two in vitro test systems. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae D61.M (mitotic chromosomal malsegregation assay), benomyl showed a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of chromosomal malsegregation with a lowest effective dose tested (LEDT) of 30 micrograms/ml (0.1 mM). Diethylstilboestrol (DES) showed solvent-dependent effects. DES dissolved in ethanol induced an increase in chromosomal malsegregation as well as in the frequency of total resistant colonies (mutations and recombinations) with a LEDT around 13 micrograms/ml (0.048 mM). Using dimethylsulfoxide as the solvent, no increases were observed with DES up to 333 micrograms/ml (1.24 mM). Acetaldehyde induced an increase in chromosomal malsegregation with the cold treatment protocol (LEDT: 1.25 microliters/ml (21 mM) and 0.75 microliters/ml (13 mM), respectively) but no increase with the overnight protocol (highest dose tested (HDT): 1.75 microliters/ml; 30 mM). Concerning the frequency of total cycloheximide-resistant colonies (mutations and recombinations) increases were obtained with both protocols. The other three compounds were negative when tested up to toxic doses (survival below 10%), up to the maximum solubility in the solvent used or up to heavy precipitation in the incubation mix. The HDT were 333 micrograms/ml (0.88 mM) for diethylstilboestrol dipropionate, 1,600 micrograms/ml (4.5 mM) for griseofulvin and 0.5 microliters/ml (7 mM) for mercaptoethanol. Concerning effects on porcine brain tubulin assembly in vitro, diethylstilboestrol and griseofulvin inhibited the assembly process. The IC30% (30% inhibition concentration) values were 12.5 microM and 100 microM for DES and griseofulvin, respectively. Mercaptoethanol showed no effects up to 50 mM.

Acetaldehyde↗