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PubMed1986

[Venous vascularization of the ilium].

The authors have tried to render visible the venous network of the ilium in order to understand the technique of high flow intra iliac infusion. To that aim, they have injected in each ilium of corpses, not previously embalmed, a coloured resin plastic transfused within two minutes. The corpses have then been dissected. The authors have remarked: 1. the whole vena cava inferior system was quickly and completely filled, 2. the filling-up of a dense network of periosteal small veins on the ilium, spreading to the muscular intra and extra-pelvic veins.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Mortality among industrial workers exposed to formaldehyde.

A historical cohort study evaluated the mortality experience of 26,561 workers employed in 10 formaldehyde-producing or -using facilities. Approximately 600,000 person-years of follow-up accrued as workers were followed to January 1, 1980. Estimates of historical exposure to formaldehyde by job were developed by project industrial hygienists using monitoring data available from participating plants, comments from long-term workers, and comprehensive monitoring data specifically collected for this study. Mortality from all causes combined was about as expected [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 96] based on mortality rates of the general U.S. population. Significantly fewer deaths occurred from infective and parasitic diseases (SMR = 51) and from accidents (SMR = 72) than expected. Cancer overall was not related to formaldehyde exposure. Workers exposed to formaldehyde had slight excesses for Hodgkin's disease and cancers of the lung and prostate gland, but these excesses were not consistently related to duration of or average, cumulative, or peak formaldehyde exposure levels. Recent animal studies found nasal cancer among rats exposed to formaldehyde, but no excess of this tumor occurred in this study. Mortality from brain cancer and leukemia among these industrial workers was not excessive in contrast to reported excesses among professional groups (e.g., anatomists, embalmers, and pathologists) with exposure to formaldehyde. Although there was a deficit for cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx, mortality from certain subsites, i.e., the nasopharynx and oropharynx, was elevated. These subsites did not, however, show a consistently rising risk with level of exposure. These data provide little evidence that mortality from cancer is associated with formaldehyde exposure at levels experienced by workers in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A quantitative estimation of the divergence between the trabecular system and the stress trajectories in the upper end of the human femoral bone.

In the frame of the widely accepted theory that the internal architecture of the cancellous part of the bones is strongly influenced by the mechanical stresses that predominate inside them, a quantification of the convergence between the direction of the principal stresses and that of the trabeculae has been attempted, by measuring the angle between these 2 directions, in frontal sections of the upper end of a series of femoral bones (left and right), taken out from embalmed human cadavers. This study suggests that there is a fairly good convergence between trabeculae and stress (compressive as well as tensile), since the angles which have been measured have a mean value of +/- 7 degrees. It is further observed that this convergence is better (i.e. the angle is lesser) in those parts of the section where the corresponding stress (compressive or tensile) is greater. This result may prove particularly useful in connection to the effort of elucidating the mechanism that governs the influence of bone stress to osteogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The histology of tendon attachments to bone in man.

Based on a parallel study of a wide range of human tendons from embalmed dissecting room subjects and from a study of dried bones, an explanation is offered for the well known similarity in gross appearance between the markings left by certain tendons (e.g. those of the rotator cuff) and by articular surfaces on dried bones. Epiphyseal tendons leave markings on bones that look like those left by articular surfaces. These tendons have a prominent zone of fibrocartilage at their attachment site and the deepest part of this is calcified, just as the deepest part of articular hyaline cartilage is calcified. After maceration of the soft tissues, the calcified (fibro) cartilage is left attached to the bone at articular surfaces and at the sites of tendon attachment. In all cases, the tissues separate at the basophilic tidemark between the calcified and uncalcified regions. This tidemark is smooth where there is much overlying uncalcified (fibro) cartilage and it is the smoothness that gives the typical appearance of the dried bone. Blood vessels do not generally traverse the tendon fibrocartilage plugs. Hence the areas are devoid of vascular foramina. The functional significance of tendon fibrocartilage is discussed with particular reference to supraspinatus. It is suggested that the uncalcified fibrocartilage ensures that the tendon fibres do not bend, splay out or become compressed at a hard tissue interface, and are thereby offered some protection from wear and tear. It is also suggested that the fibrocartilage plug of supraspinatus prevents the tendon from rubbing on the head of the humerus.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Orbital venous anatomy of the rat.

Ten rats were embalmed, the veins of the head latex-injected, and the heads were dissected. Five rats were used to prepare corrosion casts of the venous structures of the head. It was found that the rat has an orbital venous plexus rather than an orbital venous sinus as seen in the mouse and hamster. The orbital venous plexus was formed by the external dorsal ophthalmic vein, the external ventral ophthalmic vein and numerous anastomoses between these veins. Of major interest was a large anastomotic vein located in the caudaldorsal area of the orbit. The anastomotic vein joined the orbital venous plexus and the superficial temporal vein.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Persistent truncus arteriosus communis in a two-year-old steer.

A two-year-old Hereford-cross steer was presented for routine embalming. Dissection of the heart and great vessels revealed a persistent truncus arteriosus type A2. Despite complete mixing of pulmonary and aortic blood, this animal had survived to adulthood.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Section of the left triangular ligament of the liver. Connection between the left diaphragmatic and suprahepatic veins].

Connection between the left hepatic veins and inferior diaphragmatic veins were studied after injection in 20 embalmed cadavers. An unusual (5%) variant is described in which the left diaphragmatic vein replaces the left posterior hepatic vein and drains sub-segmental branches. Simple methods to recognize this abnormality are described. In such cases, it is recommended, when dividing the left triangular ligament, to sever the left inferior diaphragmatic vein between two ligatures and to work behind it.

Diaphragm↗
PubMed1984

Transruminal palpation of abdominal arteries of the permanently fistulated dairy cow.

A description is given of the arteries within the abdominal cavity of the live permanently fistulated dairy cow which are palpated through the wall of the rumen. It is considered that transruminal palpation of arteries within the abdominal cavity of the live fistulated animal is a realistic aid to the teaching of veterinary anatomy after the student has performed the relevant routine dissection of the embalmed cadaver; and that this technique, as a method of instruction may complement rectal palpation of the live cow, where a majority of the branches of the celiac artery and the cranial mesenteric artery are not routinely within reach of the operator. The possibility of taking blood samples at any time from specified arteries supplying the ruminorecticulum and spleen in the fistulated dairy cow is considered.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathologic femoral shaft fractures comparing fixation techniques using cement.

To determine the most stable mode of internal fixation for the pathologic femoral shaft fracture with extensive cortical destruction, 2 fixation techniques incorporating methylmethacrylate were compared. Osteotomies through standardized cortical defects were created in intact embalmed femora to simulate a standard pathologic fracture. Fixation obtained with either intramedullary Schneider rods or 28-hold ASIF plates, both using bone cement, was compared in torsion and bending. In torsion, plate-fixed femora failed at a mean load of 71.2 newton-meters compared to 26.8 newton-meters for the Schneider rod counterparts. In bending, plate-fixed bones at a mean load of 8133.9 newtons compared to 1921.4 newtons for rod-fixed femora. Fixation with double plates and methylmethacrylate was clearly more stable and allowed for immediate pain-free ambulation.

Femoral Fractures↗
PubMed1983

[Anatomic study of the left inferior diaphragmatic vein (vena phrenica inferior sinistra)].

The anatomy of the left inferior phrenic vein is poorly understood. It can be exposed by transecting the left triangular ligament and clearing the hepatic veins. We inspected twenty embalmed specimens that were injected with Rhodorsil. Generally, the vein has its origin above the diaphragm near the apex of the heart. After traversing the diaphragm, the vein receives two collateral veins, in front of the left triangular ligament. One is located anteriorly and to the right of the vein, the other one is situated behind and to the left. The phrenic vein continues laterally, passing posteriorly to the triangular ligament, or rarely, when the coronary ligamentum is wider than usual, the vein will pass through it as well. In 74% of the case, the vein terminates into the left side of the left hepatic vein. Three dissections appeared to be very interesting: --in one, the vein followed the free margin, then the hepatic margin of the triangular ligament, receiving accessory hepatic veins, --in another, the vein joined the right inferior phrenic vein in front of the inferior vena cava, --in the third one, the vein followed the left inferior phrenic artery, to join the left suprarenal vein, then terminating in the left renal vein.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The effects of occupational exposure on the respiratory health of West Virginia morticians.

Standardized respiratory disease questionnaires and pulmonary function tests were administered to licensed white male morticians attending an educational program in Morgantown, W.Va. Detailed occupational histories were obtained; included were estimates of the numbers of bodies personally embalmed. The pulmonary function of morticians compared favorably with that of residential populations in Oregon and Michigan. Among morticians, relatively high exposure was not associated with chronic bronchitis or pulmonary function deficits. The results suggest that long-term intermittent exposure to low levels of formaldehyde gas exerts no meaningful chronic effect on respiratory health.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed1982

[Topographo-anatomical substantiation of the choice of a rational approach to the terminal region of the thoracic duct].

With the aim to state the dependence between the projection of the place where the thoracic duct flows into and the superior part of its arc with the position of its external reference marks in order to choose a rational approach to the terminal part of the thoracic duct, an investigation on 50 embalmed human corpses has been performed by the method of graphic reconstruction and quantitative estimation of the planimetric images obtained. Certain regularities have been revealed in the interconnection of the terminal part of the thoracic duct with the elements of the cervical vascular-neural fasciculi, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the clavicle, etc. There is a correlative dependence between the position of the external reference points and topographic peculiarities of the cervical part of the thoracic duct. A technique is suggested to calculate the projection zone of the cervical part of the thoracic duct in every case with the aim to choose a rational approach for the external drainage.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Anatomical observations on the accessory obturator nerve (based on 1000 specimens).

In a series of 500 adult human embalmed cadavers the accessory obturator nerve has been looked for, bilaterally, and its formation and distribution studied. This nerve was formed by roots from the anterior primary divisions of L3 and L4 (63.6%) or L2, L3 and L4 (10.6%), or L2 and L3 (7.6%), or L3 (6.1%) or from the trunk of the obturator nerve (12.1%). The frequency of this nerve was found to be 13.2 percent (13.3 % in males and 12.9% in females) of the 1,000 specimens examined, with a predominance on the left side of the body (15.2 : 11.2). Some questions with regard to the variability of the frequency of this nerve referred to in the literature are analyzed and discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1981

Some observations on the course and relations of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (based on 348 specimens).

In a series of 174 dissecting-room embalmed human cadavers, of both sexes, observations have been made on the variations in the course and relations of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves. The mean distance of both the nerves and ot their common trunk (whenever present) from the middle of the inguinal ligament has been found to be as follows:: Iliohypogastric nerve; 2.70 cm (2.75 cm on the right side and 2.66 cm on the left side), ilioinguinal nerve; 0.64 cm (0.62 cm on the right side and 0.67 cm on the left side), and common trunk 0.62 cm (0.70 cm on the right and 0.54 cm on the left side). The position of the iliohypogastric nerve was less than 2.0 cm from the middle of the inguinal ligament in 22.21% of the cases. Conversely, the position of the ilioinguinal nerve was greater than 1 cm from the middle of the inguinal ligament in 23% of the cases. The distance between the emergence of these nerves subcutaneously and the linea alba is not constant. The data obtained from the measurements were not statistically different with regard to either side or sex. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the variations in the course of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves and of their common trunk is of practical clinical importance.

Female↗
PubMed1981

D-xylose absorption in the adult bovine.

A D-xylose absorption curve was determined on 10 apparently healthy adult cows. The D-xylose was placed directly into the abomasum by abomasocentesis. Various doses of D-xylose were placed in the abomasum of cows with rumen fistula to determine the most useful dose. By giving 0.5 gm of D-xylose per dg of body weight, a blood level was produced that peaked around 90 minutes at 13.8 +/- 3 mg/di. The technique for abomasal centesis was developed by first using embalmed cows and then cows with rumen fistulae.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1981

Experimental evidence of reciprocal temperature relationship between the parietofrontal region and the orbital emissary vein in the pony.

The heads of 5 ponies were embalmed and the vessels were double injected with latex. Dissection of these specimens revealed venous pathways (1) from the nasal area to the cavernous sinus and (2) from the parietofrontal region to the ventral petrosal sinus. Thermistors were chronically implanted near the orbital emissary veins of 3 additional ponies. Hot and cold packs were applied alternately to the parietofrontal regions. The temperature near the orbital emissary veins increased during the 5 trials with cold application and decreased during the 5 trials with hot application. The authors were able to influence physiologic adjustments in the heat loss in the nasal area (evidenced by temperature changes near the orbital emissary veins) by imposing nonphysiologic changes in the temperature of the venous blood draining the parietofrontal region.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint.

We investigated the stabilizing mechanism of the glenohumeral joint that prevents anterior dislocation by anatomical dissections of the subscapularis, the shoulder capsule, and the superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments in thirty-six shoulders of embalmed cadavera. We also performed roentgenographic studies of ten unembalmed cadaver shoulders in which radiopaque markers were used to demonstrate the position, tightness, and laxity of the subscapularis muscle and of the middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments during external rotation of the shoulder at zero, 45, and 90 degrees of abduction. The subscapularis muscle and the three glenohumeral ligaments were cut in different sequences to determine their relative contributions to stability (limitation of external rotation). The conclusions from these experiments were that at zero degrees of abduction, the subscapularis muscle stabilizes the joint to a large extent; at 45 degrees of abduction, the subscapularis, middle glenohumeral ligament, and anterosuperior fibers of the inferior glenohumeral ligament provide the stability; and as the shoulder approaches 90 degrees of abduction, the inferior glenohumeral ligament prevents dislocation during external rotation.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1981

The relations of the superior pole of the stellate ganglion to the vertebral artery.

The relations of the superior pole of the stellate ganglion to the vertebral artery and to the transverse processes of the last cervical and the first thoracic vertebrae were studied in 440 specimens (220 adult human embalmed cadavers). The superior pole of the ganglion was found, most commonly, within an "arterial triangle" bordered by the subclavian, the common carotid and the vertebral arteries (75.8%), at the level of the inferior third of the vertebral artery (79.8%) and anterior to the interval between the transverse process of the seventh cervical and the first thoracic vertebrae (48.6%). The variations of these locations of the stellate ganglion, found in this study, may be of significant surgical anatomical importance.

Adult↗