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PubMedDate not supplied

Intermittent explosive disorder-revised: development, reliability, and validity of research criteria.

The study of human aggression has been hindered by the lack of reliable and valid diagnostic categories that specifically identify individuals with clinically significant displays of impulsive aggressive behavior. DSM intermittent explosive disorder (IED) ostensibly identifies one such group of individuals. In its current form, IED suffers from significant theoretical and psychometric shortcomings that limit its use in clinical or research settings. This study was designed to develop a revised criteria set for IED and present initial evidence supporting its reliability and validity in a well characterized group of personality disordered subjects. Accordingly, research criteria for IED-Revised (IED-R) were developed. Clinical, phenomenologic, and diagnostic data from 188 personality disordered individuals were reviewed. IED-R diagnoses were assigned using a best-estimate process. The reliability and construct validity of IED-R were examined. IED-R diagnoses had high interrater reliability (kappa = .92). Subjects meeting IED-R criteria had higher scores on dimensional measures of aggression and impulsivity, and had lower global functioning scores than non-IED-R subjects, even when related variables were controlled. IED-R criteria were more sensitive than DSM-IV IED criteria in identifying subjects with significant impulsive-aggressive behavior by a factor of four. We conclude that in personality disordered subjects, IED-R criteria can be reliably applied and appear to have sufficient validity to warrant further evaluation in field trials and in phenomenologic, epidemiologic, biologic, and treatment-outcome research.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Explosion-safe, enema-free, nutritious colonoscopy preparation using a prepackaged formula diet.

Breath hydrogen and methane concentrations were normal before morning colonoscopy in 72 ambulatory patients randomly assigned to Ensure or clear liquid diet preparation for 48 hours. Mechanical bowel preparation was equal with each diet using an evening-laxative and morning-enema regimen and with Ensure using two consecutive evenings of laxatives without enemas. Ensure is an explosion-safe, mechanically acceptable, nutritionally adequate method of colonoscopy preparation. With a suitable laxative, Ensure eliminates the need for enemas in colonoscopy preparation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Solid-phase microextraction versus single-drop microextraction for the analysis of nitroaromatic explosives in water samples.

This paper compares solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a recently developed extraction method called single-drop microextraction (SDME) for the analysis of nitroaromatic explosives in water samples. The two techniques are examined in terms of procedure, chromatographic analysis and method performance. All practical considerations for both techniques are also reviewed. SPME requires dedicated apparatus and is relatively expensive, as the fiber's lifetime is limited. However, it has the advantages over SDME that it can be easily used for headspace analysis and has lower detection limits for all the target analytes. SDME requires more elaborate manual operations, thus affecting linearity and precision.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2002

On-line coupling of supercritical fluid extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of explosives in vapour phases.

An analytical method for determining nitroaromatic explosives in vapour phases is presented. Samples were collected by pumping air through glass fibre filters and polyurethane foam adsorbents, and an on-line extraction system combining supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. This allows analytes to be transferred from the adsorbent to the HPLC system via a porous graphitic carbon trap. When using gradient elution with a suitable mobile phase, most of the nitroaromatic isomers tested were separated. The proposed method is fully automated, allows a complete analysis to be processed in less than 30 min, and it is compatible with most of the organic solvents commonly used as SFE modifiers or additives. The method has been applied to the analysis of real samples obtained from headspace sampling of military-grade 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and has been shown to constitute a promising alternative for assessing whether areas are mined in landmine-clearing operations.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2002

Identification of nitrate ester explosives by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), in the negative-ion mode, was investigated for the analyses of three widely used nitrate ester explosives, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, nitroglycerin and ethylene glycol dinitrate, as well as six additional nitrate esters, using post-column additives. In ESI, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrite, propionic acid and ammonium chloride promoted formation of characteristic adduct ions of the respective nitrate esters. In APCI, chlorinated agents, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and ammonium chloride, were employed, fanning chloride attachment adduct ions. Three forensic samples, Booster DYNO, Semtex and Smokeless Powder, were analyzed to demonstrate the validity of the developed LC-MS methods.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed2003

Cyclodextrin-assisted capillary electrophoresis for determination of the cyclic nitramine explosives RDX, HMX and CL-20 comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography.

A sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin-assisted electrokinetic chromatographic method was developed to rapidly resolve and detect the cyclic nitramine explosives 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaaza-isowurtzitane (CL-20), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and their related degradation intermediates in environmental samples. Development of the electrophoretic method required the measurement of the aqueous solubility of CL-20 which was determined to be 3.59 +/- 0.74 mg/l at 25 degrees C (95% confidence interval, n=3). The performance of the method was then compared to results obtained from existing high-performance liquid chromatography methods including US Environmental Protection Agency method 8330.

Aza Compounds↗
PubMed1999

Determination of explosives in soil and ground water by liquid chromatography-amperometric detection.

Electrochemical reduction of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and several nitroaromatics has been exploited toward the development of an amperometric detector for liquid chromatography (LC). Up to a ten-fold increase in sensitivity was accomplished for the explosives using amperometric detection instead of conventional UV measurement. A working glassy carbon electrode (poised at -0.80 V vs. Ag/AgCl) offered a detection limit of 9, 44 and 550 nM for trinitrobenzene, TNT and 1,4-dinitrobenzene, respectively. Separation of eleven TNT-related compounds in a mixture was achieved within 15 min using a C18 column and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-50 mM phosphate buffer pH 5 (1:2, v/v) and 18 mM sodium dodecylsulfate. The LC-amperometric detection system was applicable for analyzing soil extracts and ground water and the results obtained agreed well with that of the US Environmental Protection Agency recommended procedure. Extension to analysis of HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) and RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) was accomplished with a silver working electrode instead of a glassy carbon electrode installed in a thin channel cell.

Carbon↗
PubMed2001

Glucocorticoid receptors in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in relation to explosive performance in elite handball players.

Ten handball players, members of the Italian National Team (aged 20-25 years), were studied in two sessions corresponding to different performance levels. The first session occurred one week after the end of the regular season of the Italian Handball Federation: it corresponded to the beginning of the training cycle for the European Handball Championship. The second session occurred ten weeks after the first session. During this period, training consisted of 3 weeks of active recovery and 7 weeks of increasing workload. For each session, jumping performances (maximal height in a single jump, average mechanical power for a 15-s set of consecutive jumps) were evaluated. Venous blood samples were collected in resting conditions immediately before jumping performances to assess cortisol and testosterone plasma concentrations and glucocorticoid receptors (GcR) binding capacity and affinity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). All the parameters, except GcR binding affinity, increased in the second session. The trends of variation in jumping performances, steroid hormone levels and GcR binding capacity were similar. For testosterone, this agrees with the hypothesis that an adequate level of this hormone is a prerequisite for improvement in explosive performances. For cortisol, higher GcR binding capacity after 10 weeks of training (with respect to initial values) indicated an up-regulation of GcR concomitant with the increase in hormone levels and performances. These findings suggest that the adaptation to training, confirmed by the improvement in performance, is characterized by a high value of GcR binding capacity and that it is mediated, among other factors, by the hormone levels and up-regulation of the receptors.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Studies on plant-mediated fate of the explosives RDX and HMX.

The fate of the explosives RDX and HMX on exposure to plants was investigated in 'natural' aquatic systems of Myriophyllum aquaticum for 16 days, and in axenic hairy root cultures of Catharanthus roseus for > or = 9 weeks. Exposure levels were: HMX, 5 mg/l; and RDX, approximately 8 mg/l. Exposure outcomes observed include: HMX, no transformation by aquatic plants, and minimal biological activity by axenic roots; and RDX, removal by both plant systems. In the case of RDX exposure to axenic roots, since 14C-RDX was included, removal was confirmed by the accumulation of 14C-label in the biomass. The intracellular 14C-label in these RDX studies was detected in two forms: intact RDX and bound unknown(s).

Azocines↗
PubMed1997

Ocular explosion after peribulbar anesthesia: case report and experimental study.

PURPOSE: A peribulbar anesthetic injection for cataract surgery produced a 10.5-mm scleral laceration and lens extrusion. This study sought to recreate this unfortunate clinical situation. METHODS: Twenty-one human eye bank eyes were ruptured by intraocular injection of saline through Atkinson needles. The hydrostatic pressure required for globe rupture was measured by three different techniques in seven globes. RESULTS: Forty-eight percent of the scleral lacerations were equatorial and 52% were perilimbal. Lens extrusion occurred with three of the perilimbal lacerations. Rupture pressures by each technique averaged 3065, 4972, and 5648 mmHg. CONCLUSION: Peribulbar injection can produce inadvertent ocular explosion.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Residual radioactive contamination at the peaceful underground nuclear explosion sites "Craton-3" and "Crystal" in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

In this paper, results are reported on the concentrations and activity ratios of 137Cs, 239+240Pu and 238Pu in soils, lichen and bottom sediments collected at the peaceful underground nuclear explosion sites "Craton-3" and "Crystal" (Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), North-East Siberia). At the "Craton-3" site, 239- 240Pu concentrations in the range 6.2 mBq/g to 5.9 Bq/g in surface soils (0-5 cm) and 239+240Pu concentrations up to 7.4 Bq/g in lichen were observed. The 137Cs concentration in measured soils range from 0.52 to 216 Bq/g for the near-plume and from 1.65 to 21.5 Bq/g for the far-plume. In lichen, 137Cs concentration varied from a global background level up to 251 Bq/g. Radioactive contamination at "Crystal" demonstrates an extremely irregular distribution of 239,240Pu and 137Cs in environmental samples taken at locations within 150 m radius of the site. Further work on compiling detailed maps of radioactive contamination of the territory around "Craton-3" and "Crystal" is discussed.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed2003

Ecotoxicological evaluation of in situ bioremediation of soils contaminated by the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT).

To evaluate the environmental relevance of in situ bioremediation of contaminated soils, effective and reliable monitoring approaches are of special importance. The presented study was conducted as part of a research project investigating in situ bioremediation of topsoils contaminated by the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Changes in soil toxicity within different experimental fields at a former ordnance factory were evaluated using a battery of five bioassays (plant growth, Collembola reproduction, soil respiration, luminescent bacteria acute toxicity and mutagenicity test) in combination to chemical contaminant analysis. Resulting data reveal clear differences in sensitivities between methods with the luminescent bacteria assay performed with soil leachates as most sensitive toxicity indicator. Complete test battery results are presented in so-called soil toxicity profiles to visualise and facilitate the interpretation of data. Both biological and chemical monitoring results indicate a reduction of soil toxicity within 17 months of remediation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Modern science and the explosion of new knowledge.

The technological evolution of mankind accelerated enormously after the institutionalization of science in the 19th century. In parallel with the vast number of beneficial effects derived from the scientific revolution, the explosion of new knowledge and its centralization in only a few countries has generated a number of complex situations that present major challenges for the modern science. These include the asymmetrical distribution in the planet of young people and science, the super-specialization derived from the information overload and the difficulties in teaching the vast amount of new knowledge generated each year by science.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

A theoretical integration of Cambrian explosion and post-Permian quiescence.

Trophic dynamics is internally causative. Each trophic level is causative in initiating changes in trophic flow either as a supplier towards the upper level or as a consumer towards the lower. Resource presentation followed by its subsequent exploitation makes suppliers causative, while resource exploitation followed by its subsequent presentation makes consumers causative. Trophic dynamics of supplier domination gradually alternates with that of consumer domination while being punctuated by occasional mass extinctions due to depletion of the resources towards the lowest trophic level. The Cambrian explosion could be associated with trophic dynamics of supplier domination, whereas the post-Permian quiescence with that of consumer influencing supplier domination.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Synthesis, characterisation, thermal and explosive properties of 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan salts.

Two new initiatory molecules, e.g. rubidium and cesium salts of 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF) have been prepared by reacting sodium salt of 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF) with rubidium nitrate and cesium nitrate, respectively, at 60 degrees C in aqueous medium. The characterisation of compounds by IR, (1)H-NMR, elemental analysis and metal content is described along with some of the evaluated thermal and explosive properties. The results indicate that cesium salt of DNBF (Cs-DNBF) appears promising initiatory and may suitably replace potassium salt of DNBF (K-DNBF), being used currently in initiatory compositions.

Cesium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adsorption-desorption characteristics of explosive vapors investigated with microcantilevers.

Understanding the kinetics of adsorption and desorption of explosive vapors such as TNT from surfaces is important in the design of sensors. We report for the first time, the adsorption-desorption characteristics of TNT from a Si-microcantilever exposed to vapors of TNT. It was observed that TNT readily sticks to the exposed Si surface with the adsorption kinetics showing an initial exponential behavior followed by roughly linear kinetics. It was also observed that for cantilever temperatures close to room temperature, TNT desorbs spontaneously from the surface with decaying exponential kinetics. Based on the known equilibrium partial vapor pressures of TNT, the "effective" sticking coefficient for the silicon oxide surface at room temperature under the experimental conditions was calculated to be about 0.02. This information can be very useful in the design of sensors and that of vapor-delivery systems.

Journal Article↗