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PubMed1998

Medical education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison: comparison of medical student and resident education as to the number of physicians practicing in the state of Wisconsin.

UNLABELLED: The primary mission of a state-supported medical education is to produce physicians who will practice in that state. Medical school and residency graduates at the University of Wisconsin-Madison were compared as to how often they practice in the state after completing training. METHODS: Six hundred ninety-three medical student graduates from 1987 to 1991 were compared with 657 residency graduates from 1992 to 1996 at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Chi-square was used to compare the groups as to the number of physicians produced who: 1) practice in Wisconsin and 2) practice primary care in Wisconsin. RESULTS: The residency training programs produced significantly more physicians (280) who practice in Wisconsin than did the medical school (246), X2 (df = 1) = 7.20, p < .01, and also significantly more primary care physicians, X2 (df = 1) = 6.16, p < .02. CONCLUSION: When this evidence-based information is used as a measure of medical education outcomes, residency training may be more effective at producing practicing physicians and should not be discounted when planning the educational and public health needs for the state of Wisconsin.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Grade failure and special education placement in sexual offenders' educational histories.

A sample of 701 adult men underwent assessment following illegal or clinically significant sexual behaviors or interests. Patients were categorized on the basis of phallometric (penile) responses in the laboratory to erotic stimuli depicting adults, pubescent children, and prepubescent children; histories of sexual offenses; and self-reported sexual interests. Comprising the categories were men sexually interested in prepubescent children (pedophiles; n = 114), men sexually interested in pubescent children (hebephiles; n = 377), men sexually interested in adults and who had committed a sexual offense against an adult (teleiophilic offenders; n = 139), and men sexually interested in adults and who had no known history of any sexual offenses (teleiophilic nonoffenders; n = 71). Patients' assessments included IQ testing and self-reported academic history, which included any grade failures and assignment to special education classes. Relative to the teleiophilic offenders, both the pedophilic and the hebephilic groups showed approximately double the odds of failing a grade or being enrolled in special education, both before and after covarying IQ. No significant differences were detected between the teleiophilic offenders and the teleiophilic nonoffenders. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that an erotic age preference for children sometimes results from a perturbation of neurodevelopment occurring early in life.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Examinations and assessments in nurse education: examining the merits of devolution to local institutions of education and training.

This paper debates the value of devolving examinations and assessments to local institutions of education and training. It begins by putting forward the case for devolution through highlighting perceived limitations of external formal examinations. It then challenges the credibility of the former as an effective alternative by examining its merits while raising fundamental questions concerning potential difficulties and dilemmas associated with its implementation. This is approached from four perspectives--the student's, the teacher/lecturer's, the practical placement supervisor/assessor's and the patient/client's. Following critical exploration of both external formal and devolved examinations and assessments, the discussion concludes in favour of the latter system, which is now widely accepted and adopted throughout nurse education, and suggestions to facilitate its effective implementation are put forward.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2004

Problem-based learning: ancient Chinese educational philosophy reflected in a modern educational methodology.

Problem-based learning (PBL) has been widely adopted as a strategy by nurse educators all over the world. Many studies have been carried out to examine its process and outcomes. There are few studies discussing the relevance of PBL to students with different cultural background. This study reports the experiences of Chinese students in Hong Kong using PBL and explores if their experiences were compatible with the educational philosophy documented in traditional Chinese literature. The phenomenological approach was used in the treatment of data. The informants were students enrolled in the post-registration nursing degree programme at a university in Hong Kong during 1997-1998. A total of 94 journals were included in the analysis. Seven main themes emerged from the phenomenological analysis. They were the integration of knowing and doing, critical reflection and debate, individuality of learning, self-motivated learning, critical inquiry and independent thinking, timeliness of instruction and cooperative learning. This study provides evidence to show that PBL is an approach that is compatible with the Chinese way of learning. The result of this study shows that aspects of the modern PBL process harken back to an ancient Chinese learning philosophy that underpins Chinese learning today.

China↗
PubMed2004

Written orthopedic patient education materials from the point of view of empowerment by education.

Written patient education materials are one way of supporting patient empowerment. The aim of this study was to evaluate written orthopedic patient education materials (n = 25) drawn from a university hospital's electronic databank. In the absence of suitable tools for evaluation, an analytic framework was developed by a panel of nursing scientists and clinical experts. The materials were evaluated from the point of view of empowerment by their external appearance, content and instructiveness. In terms of their external appearance the materials were well prepared, but much was left to be desired with regard to contents and instructiveness. Development needs to focus on making better use of methods of visual representation, on increasing the coverage of content areas that so far have received less attention, like social, experiential, ethical and financial empowerment, and on providing a more focused perspective on the patient.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1998

Reflective practice in nurse education: a step towards equity in education and health care.

In the past, the Australian health care system, whose mainstream services are essentially monocultural, has not always successfully met the needs of clients from a variety of cultural groups. Entry of more young immigrant people into the essential health services is one strategy which may assist in bringing positive benefits to health care consumers from non-English speaking backgrounds (NESB). For NESB students, however, the tertiary education experience frequently produces inequities similar to those encountered by NESB consumers of health care, and failure rates of these students are often disproportionately high. This paper describes the process of reflective practice used to investigate the needs of NESB students enrolled in the first year of an undergraduate nursing degree, and the strategies subsequently initiated to improve educational outcomes for these students. In terms of academic success, outcomes for NESB students involved in the investigation were markedly improved in comparison to the previous year. More importantly, the project fostered reflection on teaching practices, and led to modifications which, although small, represented a positive step towards equity.

Australia↗
PubMed1999

Goals and objectives for molecular pathology education in residency programs. The Association for Molecular Pathology Training and Education Committee.

Increasing knowledge of the molecular basis of disease and advances in technology for analyzing nucleic acids and gene products are changing pathology practice. The explosion of information regarding inherited susceptibility to disease is an important aspect of this transformation. Pathology residency programs are incorporating molecular pathology education into their curricula to prepare newly trained pathologists for the future, yet little guidance has been available regarding the important components of molecular pathology training. We present general goals for pathology training programs for molecular pathology education. These include recommendations to pathology residents for the acquisition of both basic knowledge in human genetics and molecular biology and specific skills relevant to microbiology, molecular oncology, genetics, histocompatibility, and identity determination. The importance of residents gaining facility in integrating data gained via nucleic acid based-technology with other laboratory and clinical information available in the care of patients is emphasized.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1993

A qualitative study on the socialization of beginning physical education teacher educators.

Few studies have focused on how university faculty learn and understand expectations of their professional role. The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of five female physical education teacher educators in their first positions as assistant professors in research oriented universities. Data were collected using primarily qualitative methods--weekly journals and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were gathered to compare organizational factors such as salary, load allocation, equipment, and travel funds. Data yielded five main categories concerning how and what participants learned about their faculty roles. These categories included participants' perceptions of (a) organizational structure and job facilitation, (b) work tasks, (c) support systems, (d) evaluation and feedback, and (e) participants' psychological states. All participants reported experiencing role ambiguity and stress. Clear criteria for job performance, collegial support and mentoring, and regular evaluation and feedback were cited by all participants as important factors for reducing stress and facilitating their roles as faculty.

Educational Measurement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Beam me up, nurse! Educational technology supports distance education.

The Intercollegiate Center for Nursing Education (ICNE) has recently added a second technology to its earlier distance education program. Orientation of nursing faculty to effectively use the new two-way video and audio interactive microwave system has been a challenge, and the reward for meeting that challenge is satisfied distant learners. The author discusses the planning, implementation, and evaluation of this new technology.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microcomputer education for nursing: an approach to microcomputer education in a large tertiary care center.

Communication skills needed for the healthcare environment are changing. In the past, poor reading and writing skills made it difficult to use a paper chart. Current computer technology provides many new opportunities for communicating in the clinical setting. Computer literacy has become a necessary skill for efficient use of clinical computer systems. At this large tertiary care setting, a survey was developed and distributed to staff to assess learner needs. Nursing staff identified educational needs for basic computer knowledge, the ability to move between computer functions, and the skills to navigate through specific applications. Based on survey analysis, three educational classes were constructed that addressed the department's specific needs.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1981

An investigation into the validity of specifying 5 "O' levels in the General Certificate of Education as an entry requirement for the education and training of district nurses.

District nursing, like many other professionalizing occupations, has stipulated that possession of five ordinary level GCE passes might constitute one criterion of entry. This paper reports a longitudinal study over four intakes of district nurse students in one teaching centre and examines the relationship between selection criteria, in particular educational achievement prior to entry to the course, and the students' achievement during this. The research explored the relationship between educational achievement prior to commencing their course of study and the level of academic and practical performance during it. Additionally other factors, including the results of aptitude and personality tests, were examined to see if they would provide indication of the level of the students; grades during training. No factors were discovered that might provide an adequate basis for selection, which raises questions about trying to specify any pre-requisite for selection other than state registration and appropriate professional experience until further research has been undertaken.

Achievement↗
PubMed1986

Attitudinal educational objectives at therapeutic consultation: measures of performance, educational approach and evaluation.

The study aims at measuring doctors' performance while giving therapeutic instructions and testing the effectiveness of an educational technique for affective objectives. For this purpose doctors' performance was analysed into nine components. Twenty-five trainees in internal medicine were observed and rated regarding the nine components, while instructing 40 patients with a chronic disease. Both doctors and patients were then questioned regarding the verbal components of the doctors' performance and the answers were compared to assess the degree of concordance. One to 3 months later the patients were interviewed to assess whether they complied with the instructions or not. Eighteen months later a 4-hour seminar on affective objectives was held, involving listening and small-group discussion on tape-recorded doctor-patient consultations. After completion of the seminar, 25 doctors instructed 39 patients and were assessed as above. The findings suggest that the doctors' performance regarding the nine components did not predict patient compliance. However, sufficient doctor-patient concordance regarding the verbal components of the behaviour significantly predicted patient compliance. Following the seminar, significant improvement was noted in doctors' performance, in doctor-patient communication and in patient compliance. It is concluded that observing the doctors' behaviour independently of the patient does not predict patients' compliance; the analysis of the total doctors' behaviour into components is valid in predicting patient compliance if it is used in order to assess doctor-patient communication; and a programme based on audiotape-assisted education is both simple and effective in improving the trainees' behaviour and communication skills.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrition education in schools of nursing in the United States. Part 2: The status of nutrition education in schools of nursing.

To explore whether nurses in academic institutions are being adequately educated to care for patients' nutritional needs, we conducted a survey of National League for Nursing accredited baccalaureate programs in the United States and their associated graduate programs. Data indicate that nutrition content is an integral part of baccalaureate nursing programs. Less emphasis is reported on nutrition content at the graduate level. Recommendations include revision of the substantive nutritive content and increased clinical experience in nutrition in both undergraduate and graduate nursing education.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health promotion and education: a diagnosis of sanitation conditions using participatory research and community education (São João dos Queiróz - Quixadá/Ceará, Brazil)].

This study was conducted in a rural community, São João dos Queiróz, a township in the county of Quixadá, Ceará, Brazil, using a combination of participatory research and community education in compliance with the health promotion reference and principles of the 1986 Ottawa Charter. The project was joined by representatives of several local government institutions and organizations from the grassroots community movement. The theme generating the research, as defined by an assembly meeting of the community association, was a diagnosis of sanitation conditions in the community. The starting point was the assessment of local conditions. Results showed adverse local conditions in sanitation, literacy, income, and employment. Suggestions for solving the problems were organized so as to be included in the planning agenda for local health policies. Evaluation was procedural and enriched with daily research activities. The problem-solving pedagogical approach developed during the educational process contributed to a critical reconstruction, appropriation, and sharing of the resulting knowledge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[The role of distance education in continuing medical education: a critical review].

This paper reviews findings of recent literature which have systematically evaluated outcomes of continuing medical education programs worldwide, methods for measuring especific demands in medical areas, and quality and reliability of contents related to such programs. Particular features of the Brazilian health context and internet technologies are described, as well as possible directions towards life-long medical education development in Brazil for the next few years.

Brazil↗
PubMed1989

Validating the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Brief Form with educable mentally retarded students.

To examine the validity of the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement Brief Form, standard scores were correlated with Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Test standard scores and WISC-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs. Kaufman scores were strongly related to Woodcock-Johnson scores and moderately related to WISC-R scores. Mean comparisons between composite scores were not significant. These outcomes were congruent with data reported in the Kaufman test manual and offer positive support for the concurrent validity of this test.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Directors of continuing nursing education: a national survey of educational needs.

Advancing technology and healthcare reform necessitate continuing nursing education to maintain competence. This study assesses the knowledge and skills needed to function as a director of continuing nursing education in a variety of settings, estimates the supply of qualified applicants for vacant director positions, and identifies essential academic needs of someone preparing for the director's position.

Clinical Competence↗