Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ECONOMICS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Economic analysis of treatment of functional dyspepsia. An assessment of the quality of published studies.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the quality of economic analysis studies published in the medical and economical literature assessing the clinical management of functional dyspepsia. METHODS: Bibliographic search in the main biomedical databases, in articles from bibliographic references, health technology assessment reports, and in gray literature. A specific protocol with economic and clinical items was designed for the evaluation. RESULTS: Overall, 18 of 162 studies met the inclusion criteria for the assessment. The compared treatment options were very diverse. The main methodologic deficiencies were in perspective of analysis, inclusion of indirect costs, and sources of clinical information. CONCLUSIONS: Specific checklists with clinical and economical items may help to better assess the quality of economic analysis in the field of functional dyspepsia. The methodologic rigor in the application of economic analysis techniques, as well as the use of appropriate clinical outcome measures, is essential to guarantee the reproducibility of the studies.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2002

Economic pressure in African American families: a replication and extension of the family stress model.

This study of 422 two-caregiver African American families, each with a 10-11-year-old focal child (54% girls), evaluated the applicability of the family stress model of economic hardship for understanding economic influences on child development in this population. The findings generally replicated earlier research with European American families. The results showed that economic hardship positively relates to economic pressure in families. Economic pressure was related to the emotional distress of caregivers, which in turn was associated with problems in the caregiver relationship. These problems were related to disrupted parenting practices, which predicted lower positive child adjustment and higher internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The results provide significant support for the family stress model of economic hardship and its generalizability to diverse populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Teaching economics in the graduate health administration curriculum: a mini-case simulation approach.

Training in the discipline of economics has long been recognized as an important component of the curriculum in graduate health administration (GHA) education. Yet economics is a subject that is often considered hard to teach and difficult for students to learn. What is missing is a body of literature that identifies methods that are most appropriate for teaching economics to graduate students aspiring to be health care managers. Moreover, given the keen interest in developing competency-based curricula today, what is also needed is empirical evidence, which systematically links the key skills, knowledge, and abilities economics courses try to develop with the teaching approaches best suited to do so. This paper helps fill this gap in the literature by describing and evaluating the author's "Top of the News" (TOTN) mini-case simulation series piloted in her Health Care Economics course in the Master of Health Administration (MHA) curriculum at Saint Louis University during the spring semester of 2002. This approach combines elements of the case study and simulation methods used by others, but adds several innovations. Although the TOTN method was designed specifically for a course in health care economics, it is one that can be readily adapted for courses across the GHA curriculum. The article concludes that although the TOTN exercises proved to be fairly successful, GHA faculty and practitioners concerned about preparing today's students to meet tomorrow's health care leadership challenges need to not only identify effective teaching methods, but also have a lot more to discover about the learning styles of the students they teach.

Education, Graduate↗
PubMed2005

HIV/AIDS epidemic in India: an economic perspective.

Whilst the international community's focus has been on the region most devastated by HIV/ AIDS, namely sub-Saharan Africa, India now appears on the brink of a significant AIDS epidemic. In thinking about the implications of HIV/AIDS, considerable attention was initially drawn to its clinical aspects. More recently, other dimensions of HIV, including economic, have been explored. The primary objective of this review is to elaborate on the major elements of the national and international economic research to data on HIV/AIDS, and to infer lessons from it, for India. It also examines the evidence on the aggregate and household-level economic impacts of HIV, the economic roots that drive its transmission and the methods economists use to assess the efficacy of alternative interventions to address HIV and AIDS. Available evidence suggests that whereas aggregate impacts may be limited, the adverse household-level economic implications of AIDS may be serious; public resources that are available for health are also likely to be put under strain. Paucity of economic research on HIV and AIDS relating to India is highlighted.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed2005

Are there associations between socio-economic status and known diabetes in an elderly Finnish population?

The aim of the study was to describe the associations between socio-economic status and type 2 diabetes in a non-institutionalised population aged 70 years or over. Diabetes was assessed on the basis of self-reports and additionally 2-h oral glucose tolerance test for the subjects on diet treatment. Socio-economic status was assessed by questions on marital status, number of residents in household, basic education, self-rated income and economic status. In the population of 379 subjects (141 men), 14% (n = 19) of men and 19% (n = 46) of women had known diabetes. Known diabetes was less common among married compared to unmarried, widowed or divorced subjects. Diabetes was also more common among men with higher compared to lower level of basic education, while a reverse trend was seen among women. Women, who had been engaged in manual labour, had diabetes more often compared to those engaged in administrative work. Diabetes was more common among men who rated their income as good, but the opposite was true of women. Higher income among men and lower income among women were the most powerful variables associated with known diabetes. Known diabetes was more common in elderly women with lower socio-economic status, whereas the opposite was true of men. This finding suggests that the impact of the socio-economic changes that have taken place in Finland in the 20th century on the risk factors for diabetes has been greater among men with higher and women with lower socio-economic status.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Economic burden of tuberculosis in patients attending DOT centres in Delhi.

Tuberculosis inflicts a negative impact on global socioeconomic prosperity. Though India carries one third of the global burden of the disease, few studies have focussed in the country on this aspect. The present study was therefore, framed to estimate economic loss amongst TB patients. A total of 156 patients attending two DOT centres were interviewed in depth, regarding economic loss due to tuberculosis, using a semi structured pretested interview schedule during a period of 5 months. More than 75% of the subjects belonged to the age group of 15-44 years of which 71.6% were males. 34.6% of patients were housewives and 10.9% were students. Mean expenditure before registration in DOT centre was Rs. 3385.5 irrespective of all socioeconomic classes. The upper lower socio-economic class of patients incurred maximum mean expenditure of Rs. 9782.0. Mean duration of wage loss was found to be 47.1 days. Study participants incurred economic loss both in terms of direct and indirect costs, more so in lower socio-economic group, besides delay in attending DOT centres for treatment. Awareness campaign focussing on treatment availability and DOT centre could help in reducing such economic loss.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Economic profiling of physicians: does omission of pharmacy claims bias performance measurement?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the degree to which the absence of prescriber identifying information and the absence of pharmacy claims might affect the validity of physicians' economic profiles. STUDY DESIGN: The study database consisted of 4 years of claims from a mixed-model health maintenance organization. Using the grouper of Episode Treatment Groups by Symmetry Health Data Systems, Inc, 2 episode databases were created, with and without pharmacy claims included. For each database, the responsibility for defined episodes was attributed to physicians within specialty (1) on the basis of combined professional and prescribing costs and (2) on the basis of professional costs alone. METHODS: Using the different databases and attribution rules, physicians were ranked within specialty on the economic profiling metric, and the various rankings were compared for consistency. Analyses were performed for cardiologists, family practitioners, general surgeons, and neurologists. RESULTS: The absence of prescriber identifying information appears to have only a small effect on physicians' economic profiles. The absence of pharmacy claims, on the other hand, may affect economic profile performance, but the effects differ by specialty and depend on pharmacy costs as a percentage of episode total costs for the specialty and the correlation of episode costs with and without pharmacy costs included. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' economic profile rankings are not greatly affected by the presence or absence of prescriber identifying information in pharmacy claims. If pharmacy claims are missing altogether, however, valid economic profiling remains feasible for some clinical specialties but not for others.

Bias↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Economic abuse and intra-household inequities in food security.

Food insecurity affected over 2.3 million Canadians in 2004. To date, the food security literature has not considered the potential impact of economic abuse on food security, but there are three ways in which these two important public health issues may be related: 1) victims of economic abuse are at risk of food insecurity when they are denied access to adequate financial resources; 2) the conditions that give rise to food insecurity may also precipitate intimate partner violence in all its forms; 3) women who leave economically abusive intimate heterosexual relationships are more likely to live in poverty and thus are at risk of food insecurity. This paper presents a case of one woman who, during a qualitative research interview, spontaneously reported economic abuse and heterosexual interpersonal violence. The economic abuse suffered by this participant appears to have affected her food security and that of her children, while her husband's was apparently unaffected. There is an urgent need to better understand the nature of intra-household food distribution in food-insecure households and the impact of economic abuse on its victims' food security. Such an understanding may lead to improved food security measurement tools and social policies to reduce food insecurity.

Battered Women↗
PubMed1983

Height, body composition, biological maturation and training in relation to socio-economic status in girl gymnasts, swimmers, and controls.

This study examined the height, body composition, prevalence of obesity, biological maturation and training in relation to socio-economic status of 78 female gymnasts (age 138 +/- 18 months), 52 girl swimmers (age 134 +/- 24 months) and 116 control girls (age 131 +/- 21 months). The female gymnasts are shorter and lighter than girl swimmers. They are also shorter than control girls comparing the growth percentiles. The weight to height ratio (w/h) and the Quetelet index are the same for the groups. The female gymnasts have less fat, and a later biological maturation than girl swimmers and controls. The socio-economic status of girl swimmers is lower than that of the control group. Nevertheless the girl swimmers are taller and they have the same biological maturation as the controls. The girl swimmers are even more matured than the gymnasts. The gymnasts have the same socio-economic status as the controls, but they are shorter and less matured. Therefore, in the investigated groups no positive relationship between height and socio-economic status exists. Nor is a low socio-economic status accompanied by a late biological maturation or a higher prevalence of obesity. Training did not correlate with socio-economic status in gymnasts or controls, only in the swimming group a weak correlation was found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in areas with differing water fluoride levels and socio-economic groups in Sri Lanka and England.

Defects of dental enamel were recorded in 607 12-year-old children in Sri Lanka and north-east England in 1990/91. In each country, children were included from areas which received drinking water containing 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 ppm F. In some of these areas, children from both low and high socio-economic groups were examined. The index of Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) was recorded clinically for the undried buccal surfaces of 10 permanent teeth (maxillary incisors, canines and first premolars, and mandibular first molars). The results revealed a higher prevalence of enamel defects and more teeth affected per person in children in: the high socio-economic group than in the low socio-economic group in the 1.0 ppm F area in England: in the 1.0 ppm F area than in the 0.1 ppm F area in Sri Lanka (in the low socio-economic groups), and in the 1.0 ppm F area than in the 0.1 ppm F area in England (in the high socio-economic groups but not in the low socio-economic groups): in general in Sri Lanka than in England. The occurrence of diffuse opacities increased greatly with increasing water fluoride level. A high prevalence of hypoplastic lesions was recorded in Sri Lanka.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Economic evaluation of health care technologies.

Despite two decades of developments, economic evaluation of medical therapies is still in its infancy. The first decade was mainly a search for a relevant methodology, a period when it was important to establish that new medical technologies carried not only costs but also economic benefits. The costs-of-illness methodology was the most convenient to use and served well to show that new medical technology produced economic benefits. It was obvious, however, that the method had its limitations, particularly in health care systems devoting more and more resources to the elderly, not an economically active part of the population. For other people also, health per se is more important than health as a human capital that improves work capacity. The studies undertaken in the 1970s were mainly based on epidemiological data and undertaken at arms' length from clinical activities in hospitals and in general practice. At the beginning of the 1980s, it became clear that in order to become more relevant, economic evaluations have to be linked much more closely to the clinical evaluation of new technologies. Clinicians and economists have to work together to produce good and relevant studies. The beginning of the 1980s saw such an increase in collaboration between economists and clinicians, and some important studies were undertaken. These studies were mainly concerned with calculating costs for different clinical actions and determining cost-effectiveness using, for example, number of life-years gained. During the last 5 years, interest has been focused on the problems and opportunities of including quality of life and utility estimates in economic evaluations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cimetidine↗
PubMed1993

Economic analysis of a mastitis monitoring and control program in four dairy herds.

Mastitis monitoring and control programs were instituted in 4 Illinois dairy herds for 12 months. Two herds had high mean monthly bulk tank somatic cell counts (> 490,000 cells/ml) and 2 had low mean monthly bulk tank somatic cell counts (< 260,000 cells/ml) at the start of the study. The mastitis monitoring and control programs included mandatory mastitis control measures, as well as individualized control measures that were based on results of bacterial cultures of milk, bulk tank milk analyses, milking machine and milking procedure evaluations, and environmental inspections in each herd. Changes in mastitis prevalence, clinical mastitis incidence, milk yield, and individual cow somatic cell counts were evaluated, and an economic analysis was performed for each herd. Mastitis-associated economic losses during the study period ranged from $161.79 to $344.16/lactating cow in the 4 herds. Gross economic benefits resulted when mastitis-associated losses were lower with the monitoring and control program than predicted without it. There were no gross economic benefits in the herds with low somatic cell counts, and, when the marginal costs of the programs were added, there were large net losses ($84.06 and $113.01/lactating cow) in those herds. Gross economic benefits resulted in both of the herds with high somatic cell counts. However, in 1 of the herds, the marginal costs of the program exceeded the benefits, resulting in a net loss of $12.96/lactating cow. The net loss was attributed primarily to poor producer compliance with recommendations. There was a net economic benefit of $19.11/lactating cow in the other herd with high somatic cell counts, in which producer compliance was better.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Adulthood functioning: the joint effects of parental alcoholism, gender and childhood socio-economic stress.

The popular literature has publicized the adjustment difficulties of adult children of an alcohol-dependent parent (ACOAs); however, empirical studies do not provide consistent support. We examined the impact of parental alcoholism, degree of childhood socio-economic stress and gender on three broad categories of adulthood functioning (psychopathology, socio-economic attainment and marital stability). These effects were investigated with a heterogeneous sample of 400 men and 226 women participating in studies at the University of Michigan Alcohol Research Center. Parental alcoholism and childhood socio-economic stress exerted significant independent effects on most adulthood functioning measures. Men and women differed substantially only on socio-economic attainment measures, and effects of parental alcoholism and childhood economic stress on men and women were generally similar. For marital stability, parental alcoholism and childhood socio-economic stress interacted. These results suggest that researchers who study the impact of family history for alcoholism on psychological functioning should consider other aspects of the family of origin that promote wellbeing. In addition, results of this study point to the need for more research on gender differences, protective factors that promote good adjustment and outcome measures reflecting general life adaptation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The pulmonary artery catheter: economic aspects.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature addressing economic issues related to use of the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). DATA SOURCE: All pertinent English language articles related to economic analysis of the use of pulmonary artery catheterization were retrieved from 1977 through 1996. STUDY SELECTION: Articles were chosen for review if an economic analysis related to use of the PAC was studied or reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: From the articles selected, information was obtained about economic aspects related to pulmonary artery catheterization. DATA SYNTHESIS: Inadequate evidence exists to accurately determine if PAC use is truly cost-effective. CONCLUSION: Widespread use of the PAC has significant economic ramifications. Data regarding cost-effectiveness of the PAC is extremely limited in terms of methodology and scope. Economic impact and cost-effectiveness are moot prior to establishing clinical efficacy.

Catheterization, Swan-Ganz↗
PubMed1997

The effect of socio-economic status on dental caries experience in 6, 12 and 15 year-old school children in Port Elizabeth and Despatch.

The socio-economic status of urbanised families throughout the world influences the caries experience of children. The higher the socio-economic status the lower the caries experience. Therefore, in surveys undertaken to determine caries experience of large communities it is necessary to take the above mentioned factor into consideration during the sampling process. It is, however, difficult and time consuming to classify individual children in terms of their socio-economic status. During a recent large scale survey in Port Elizabeth and Despatch, the whole area was divided into three socio-economic sub-sections decided on the basis of residential property values. All children attending school in a particular area was regarded as being from that particular socio-economic group. The results of the survey show that this method of classification into socio-economic groups yields similar results to those of more accurate methods of classification. The influence of the intervention by dental personnel on the caries experience, as expressed in the dmft and DMFT counts in 6-, 12- and 15-year-old children, is a matter of concern and needs further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Economics and cigarettes.

Economic facts on cigarette consumption and production are summarized, and the health consequences of cigarette smoking are reviewed. The magnitude and distribution of these health consequences among the population are discussed in economic terms, that is, in an "accounting framework" comprising such disparate elements as lost lives, lost livelihoods, pain, fear, discomfort, medical costs, excise taxes, and the costs of regulating smoking behaviors. The importance of these factors and their potential influence on public policy and individual behavior are considered. Difficulties include assigning a monetary value to an expected extension of life, the "voluntary" nature of smoking (even though most smokers wish they could quit), deciding what to include as economic consequences of smoking, and the attribution to smoking of some share of the costs for diseases known to be affected by smoking. "Transfers," or purely financial transactions, in contrast to expenditures for goods and services, are explained as one assessment component of the economic impact of smoking-related diseases. The issue of the economic benefit to the United States as a whole and to the population engaged in the cigarette industry, because of the earnings and employment generated by cigarette purchases, is examined, as is the issue of cigarette purchases as a significant source of federal and state revenue.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1994

Motivation for migration and economic success.

"Motives for migration should play a major role in the development of achievement motivation of migrants, which, in turn, should influence economic success. For a sample of guest-workers in Austria it is shown that the simple distinction of economic and non-economic, i.e. family or political motives, does not yield convincing results for the explanation of wages. Economic motivation has to be further differentiated into ¿search for success' and ¿fear of failure' types. Immigrants with optimistic economic motivation are able to command wages more than 10% higher than individuals migrating for political reasons."

Austria↗
PubMed1987

In search of economic rationality: the experience of the Polish National Health Service.

This paper discusses the problems of the use of economic incentives as a management tool in the Polish National Health Service, in which the economic approach had long been regarded as morally improper. Health, an important ethical value, was not to be defiled by direct contact with economic realities. It was only in the early 1980's that it was accepted that the non-economic approach had been destructive for both the performance and the moral climate of the NHS. Significant defects in the previous solutions stimulated a great effort to reorient and rationalize the system. In the 1940's when the Polish NHS was established, it was decided to abolish economic barriers to health care, the free access to which was perceived as essential to socialist health care. While utilization increased, access was still restricted, although not by formal barriers but by scarcity of resources. The situation became all the more painful because a general expectation of easily obtainable health services had been aroused. The health sector as a whole was underfinanced; health professionals were underpaid in comparison with professionals in other sectors; the salary system severed the link between input and reward. More productive individuals took extra jobs in the NHS and outside it, thus threatening the quality of the service. A number of rationalization measures have been taken. Special premiums, combinations of capitation and fee-for-service, new financing mechanisms, and forms of patient cost-sharing are being experimented with or considered.

Community Participation↗