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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Community control of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe.

The community-based primary health care approach to control schistosomiasis morbidity is the strategy adopted in Zimbabwe. The paper outlines the results of such a control strategy in a rural community with over 30,000 people in the Madziwa area of Zimbabwe from 1985 to 1989. The community-based control strategy involved diagnosis of infection in school children (seven-15 years of age) using reagent strips followed by treatment with praziquantel. The treatment was linked to programmes aimed at improved sanitation, better water supplies and health education. Following chemotherapy, there was a marked reduction in schistosomiasis prevalence (urinary and intestinal forms combined) (from 60 to 20pc) in the affected groups. Of even greater importance was the significant reduction of 90pc in heavy infections (greater than 50 S. haematobium eggs per 10 ml of urine of greater than 100 S. mansoni eggs per gram of faeces). Progress made through chemotherapy was consolidated by the implementation of intervention measures aimed at reducing human water contact with cercariae infested water. In the last three years of the community-based programme, 2,152 improved ventilated pit latrines were constructed and 104 hand pumps installed at new or existing water points. Drama competitions at schools showed great potential in communicating health education messages. However, technical and organisational difficulties limited the impact of the health education to the general population. A single application of the synthetic molluscicide Bayluscide was carried out in the main streams at the beginning of the programme in support of the initial chemotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Syphilis during 1900-1910: similarities to present-day AIDS.

At the beginning of the 20th century, despite 20 years of intensive bacteriologic research, the cause of syphilis was unknown; no diagnostic test and no treatment had been found. Syphilis was one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, and those who had the disease were burdened with a social stigma. It was considered a disease of "bad blood." But success was soon to follow. In only 10 years, from 1900 to 1910, the Treponema pallidum was discovered as the cause of syphilis. Animal models were developed for research. The Wassermann test was "invented" for serologic diagnosis, and Paul Ehrlich proved that salvarsan, or 606, was effective for the treatment of syphilis. This success was preceded by 300 failures with related arsenical compounds. The scientific, medical, social, ethical, and economic issues of that day have recurred again with the AIDS epidemic. This earlier drama, therefore, is reflected in the current decade, but the success of Ehrlich, Wassermann, and others in the fight against syphilis is an optimistic omen that researchers will be equally successful in the fight against acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1990

[Management of cardiorespiratory arrest in children].

Cardiac arrest in infants and children is usually not unexpected. All efforts, therefore, should be made to recognize a high risk situation soon enough and to apply the emergency therapeutic measures that are mandatory. When the drama occurs, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) must be instituted at once according to a well-defined sequence: first, elementary CPR performed by any occasional rescuer, including 1. clearing of the airways, 2. mouth-to-mouth breathing, and 3. closed cardiac massage (CCM); then, medical CPR applied by a professional rescuer pursuing the same objectives and consisting of 1. tracheal intubation, 2. manual or mechanical ventilation with pure oxygen, 3. controlled efficacy CCM, and 4. intratracheal, then intravenous or intraosseous injection of adrenaline. As this sequence cannot be improvised, no effort should be spared to teach and organize CPR outside and within hospitals.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Objectives of consultation in anesthesia].

Recently developed in France (1970), pre-anaesthetic consultation continues to gain in importance because of a number of considerations. Psychological considerations: Consultation provides information about the patient to be operated, wins the patient's co-operation for his/her preparation for operation, and takes some of the drama out of surgery and anaesthetic. Medical considerations: More complete pre-operative examination (discovery of hereditary defects, and current medication) carried out by means of a long and very methodical interrogation, difficult to do at the patient's bedside. The best and most accurate possible assessment of the anaesthetic risk will reduce per- and post-operative complications or at least reduce their effects by better prevention and preparation of the patient, notably in the case of patients with respiratory problems, following possible complementary examinations or other specialized consultations. Anaesthetic considerations: By means of the choice and discussion of an anaesthetic technique according to the patient's own wishes, the anaesthetic risk, the type of hospitalization, especially in ambulatory anaesthetic, when pre-anaesthetic consultation is indispensable. Care coordination: The anaesthetist doctor assumes a double role of clinician and coordinator with the surgical team, the other specialists, and especially the general practitioner whose work he will continue when the patient is hospitalized, and who will have a leading role in the pre-operative preparation of the patient, and the realization of complementary examinations often carried out at home. The consultation makes for a per-operative approach which is carried out earlier, is more complete and more humane.

Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chronogenesis, psychorhythms and work].

Working is man's wealth. His work has shaped the world as it is. But modern work, technology, artificial light, after splitting up tasks, threaten the "synchronous" progress of days and seasons. Working time is more and more reduced, moved forward or back, sensorially isolated, socially "sterilized", with high production rates etc... Under the domination of the production/consumption scheme, man's appetites have been released; his needs have increased; he no longer bears any lack, failure or frustration. Thus, the usual forms of working time organization, with their arbitrary divisions, the monotony, repetitiveness and other restricting factors (stress), not only do not contribute to self-realization, but create rancor, boredom and drama. Man's time is not only the time of the clocks, il is also experience, anticipation, memory. The psychopathological risk is the "burning out" of the subject, and the defences developed against it, such as humour (casualness), aloofness (abdication), deviance and drug-dependence. Prevention supposes some other time, with more freedom, to favour self-realization. One of the first tasks of tomorrow's medicine will be to reconcile working and non-working time.

Boredom↗
PubMed1986

[Sophocles' Oedipus. Another reading].

Freud long hesitated on how to understand Sophocle's Oedipus--whether that tragedy was caused by Fate, or whether it was all about a sexual rivalry between the father and the son about the mother, he finally chose the latter interpretation. The clinical facts and scientific observations here related undoubtedly show--not man's longing, but his violent--almost instinctive--repulsion for incest--thus explaining the dramatic intensity of the play. The Freudian explanation must therefore be abandoned and the meaning of Sophocle's drama--unquestionably of the highest importance for the understanding of the dynamic situation involving Father, Mother and Child--must be sought elsewhere. Its philosophical value is nonetheless important and a testimony since ancient times and among very different peoples, of man's anguished and tragic quest for a Moral Law.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Identification and its vicissitudes in relation to the Nazi phenomenon.

The author has developed the following theoretical models: autistic encapsulation, loss of identifications under the effect of terror, the logical-pragmatic paradox, which can be applied to other similar ones, but taking into account that it is not an exhaustive mechanism to be applied in all cases. Carrying out an in-depth study of the subject, we would find two systems, one which we might define as the detachment-withdrawal model (loss) and the other, the model of autistic encapsulation. Part of the material seems to point to the former. In the encapsulation model, there is a shielding of early identifications which are later found fairly well preserved (Inge's language and grandparents, the name of Moshe and Judaism). As an explanatory model, I would suggest that there is a dialectic interplay between two systems: one aiming at encapsulating (which does not mean integration but preservation) and thus shielding identifications, and another which, in spite of everything, loses valuable identifications as a consequence of terror. The inner drama develops between these two mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Measuring dental students' ethical sensitivity.

This paper describes the development of stimulus materials and scoring procedures to measure an individual's ability to recognize the ethical issues often hidden within the dentist's professional problems. The importance of this ability is discussed as it relates to other abilities thought to be necessary conditions for ethical or moral behavior. Dental students completed the ethical sensitivity test and Rest's test of moral reasoning. The sensitivity test requires transcribing verbal responses to audio dramas, a technique that: (1) elicits sufficient data for making inferences about ethical sensitivity, (2) produces good interjudge agreement and interrater reliability, and (3) measures variability in student performance. Data indicate high internal consistency compared with previous efforts to measure components of sensitivity (e.g., empathy), acceptable test-retest reliability for a subsample. and the distinctiveness of sensitivity and reasoning scores. The results have broad application for the teaching of ethics and suggest new directions for the study of professional socialization.

Dentist-Patient Relations↗
PubMed1985

Family pathology and the infantile neurosis.

In this study we have attempted to investigate the connection (in the sense of a complex interplay) between the infantile and the adult neurosis where severe family pathology has been an important determining force. In the clinical illustrations of two female patients we tried to determine the fate (i.e. in terms of the compulsion to repeat) of the early infantile conflicts and experiences within the purview of their pathological family condition. In sorting this out, we distinguished between those repetitions viewed as passive reproductions and those repetitions viewed, as re-creative; the former finding their way essentially into the adult neurosis, the latter finding their way into parts of the personality under the aegis of their ego's organizing activity. The fashion in which the family pathology impinged upon the adult neurosis made the development of the transference in the analytic situation a most difficult arena for clarification, since there was a tendency to confuse past (early) events, past fantasy, current reality and current fantasy. In concluding we noted that both Oedipus complex and oedipal drama came together in these patients, revealing the link between the tragedy of their life-long family situation and what was termed a 'fate neurosis'.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[The myth of the Gaucho Martín Fierro].

The Gaucho Martín Fierro, written by José Hernández in 1872 and 1879, is today considered the most beautiful of the original productions of the River Plate literature. It is the one that best represents the mentality and the individual and social attitudes and customs of the common people. Hernández re-creates not only their rustic speech, but also the natural prosody peculiar to the peasant. Most especially, he gives vivid and pathetic shape to the myth of the gaucho in his context: the rural community in its early stages. This paper analyzes the epic nature of the poem (its glamour of adventure, courage and destiny), its nature as a national epic (depecting the values and aspirations of a developing society) and especially its character as a mythical prototype (referring to origins, to destiny and to a "primitive crime"). This myth is embodied by a stoic and conflictive figure, product of an ethnic mixture, but more essentially of transculturation. The conflict and dissociations are revealed as much by the two contrasting parts of the poem as by the vicissitudes of Hernández' own life. The psychological, historical, social and political effects of the poem are analyzed. Argentines have identified themselves on several planes with this mythical hero, since Martín Fierro represents the drama of dissociation, trikery, and unsuccessful attempts at social integration or compromise throughout Argentina's dramatic history.

Argentina↗
PubMed1979

[Abdominal manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis].

The most frequent abdominal complaints in chronic pyelonephritis are analyzed and one patient is described, who with the exacerbation of the disease manifested the clinical picture of acute abdomen. The involvement of visceral-dermal reflexes with hyperalgesia, muscular defense, vomiting, meteroism and disturbances in intestinal motility imitated the picture of acute abdominal drama, forcing the surgical intervention. The varied abdominal symptomatics in about 20 per cent of the cases with chronic exacerbated pyelonephritis, should be critically assessed by the therapeutists.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1979

[The truth of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis].

The concept of truth in Freud's Metapsychology is a modern idea: a subject-related and pragmatic modification of the traditional concept of correspondence. But more important is the proof of a new implicit understanding of truth which becomes clearer in reation to the archaic conception of truth (alétheia) in the Oedipus tragedy. Freud finds in this drama not only the Oedipus complex, but also the tragic process of disclosure represented in the tyrant's struggle to uncover the reality (being) behind appearances which exhibits a certain similarity to the progress of psychoanalytic therapy.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1984

Attitudes toward nursing as expressed by nursing and non-nursing college males.

One way to address the increasingly critical shortage of nurses in the health care system is to recruit more men into nursing. To do so effectively one must understand the attitudes that potential male recruits have toward nursing as a career. This investigation was undertaken to determine differences in attitudes toward nursing as a career held by men in various majors. The Attitudes Toward Nursing Scale (ATNS), developed by the investigators, was used to measure five categories of attitudes toward selecting nursing as a career frequently cited in the literature. A sample of 247 male non-nursing and 94 male nursing community college students completed the scale. Analysis of demographic variables revealed that the nursing students were more likely to be older, married, and have military corpsman experience than were the non-nursing students. Additional statistical analysis revealed that communication majors (i.e., English, Drama, Speech) were most similar and mathematics majors were least similar to nursing majors in various attitudes. Also, a substantial percentage of non-nursing majors were potential recruits for nursing in that they indicated interest in nursing as an alternative career. Recruitment of men into nursing programs will not solve the current shortage of nurses. However, men as a viable source should not be treated lightly. Recruitment efforts should focus on recognizing interested students, and recruiting those who have attitudes toward nursing as a career which are similar to those of nursing majors.

Attitude↗
PubMed1982

[Catathymic image experience as a psychotherapeutic imagination procedure--principles and practical approach].

The catathyme image experience conceived by Leuner is introduced as a psychotherapeutic imagination method structured into many standard motives. The general basic principles, the so-called direction principles as well as the special therapeutic techniques of the day dream technique mainly recommended as a short time therapy are explained. Further information on the use of the symbol drama in groups and the indication finding is given. Modification and combination opportunities with other psycho therapeutic methods is referred to.

Fantasy↗
PubMed1983

[Adolescence and parental authority].

Family crisis induced by a crisis of adolescence creates a drama involving 7 characters (adolescent, two parents and four grandparents), not counting family Ancestors and Phantoms. The author underlines the positive aspects of this crisis, for the adolescent himself as well as for his close relations. This crisis, indeed, may be maturative for all concerned, if the parents know how to construct and defend a family framework and an intergeneration-boundary. The author then describes three types of family structures (derived from the parent's families origin, or created by the parents, or re-created by the adolescent) which can impede the establishment of this intergenerational boundary; preventing the crisis from occurring; preventing its development and resolution. This leads to recurrent or chronic crisis. Finally, the author indicates precautions which general practitioners should take when dealing with family or adolescent crises.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Reflections on Dora: the case of hysteria.

It is with Dora that psychoanalysis becomes what we know it to be: the problem of the transference is introduced for the first time in her case. Although the number of papers written on this case is astonishing we still want to know more and more about her. Maybe this is a characteristic of the hysteric: it tantalizes us, waving a cape--like a bullfighter--that hides nothing behind it. In the second part of this paper, I refer to certain changes in psychoanalytic theory which would account for the apparent 'disappearance' of hysteria. In the third part, I relate hysteria to femininity. I suggest there is an hysterical stage in the development of women, characterized by divalence. Whilst ambi-valence describes a situation in which the subject has to decide whether he loves or hates his object, divalence would describe the situation in which the subject is confronted with the choice between mother and father, within the context of the oedipal drama. This is specifically feminine because it is the woman who has to change from one to the other in her development. When the subject gets 'fixed' to this stage, we find an hysteric who cannot determine the object of her desire, and she will always remain in the middle, unable to choose between mother or father, incapable of defining herself as a woman or a man--in spite of her apparently sexualized 'feminine self'.

Female↗
PubMed1982

Vietnam and madness: dreams of schizophrenic veterans.

1. Vietnam veterans who still suffer from post-traumatic stress and delayed-stress disorders may respond to psychotherapy. Dreams that have recurred as often as every night for 8 to 15 years may be depotentiated. 2. In the records of the Vietnam veterans whom I have seen on my ward, almost without exception there has been no documentation of the contents, frequency and nature of their dreams and nightmares, and no precise record of their military experience in Vietnam. 3. By creating special group therapy, a Dream Seminar, and by individual analytical psychotherapy, a way has been found to work with these dreams as part of the post-traumatic stress disorder. 4. Three case histories have been presented to highlight the nature of these dreams and how they may respond to therapy. 5. In a larger perspective, the dreams of Vietnam offer a unique record of the unconscious history of Vietnam, uncontaminated by the waking ego, by conscious motivations or distortions. There cases have led to an extensive in-depth study of 125 randomly selected Vietnam combat veterans, which will be reported later. 6. Combat dreams recurring in identical form for years may change and evolve in a therapeutic drama.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stage managing change: supporting new patient care models.

The scope and accelerated pace of change is providing high drama in health care organizations today. The Central DuPage Hospital experience of transitioning to patient-focused care was driven by aggressive targets and tight timelines. Providing practical, adaptable change management strategies to key players ensured a well-staged transition to the new models of patient care.

Hospital Restructuring↗