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PubMed1982

Sex of offspring of women using oral contraceptives, rhythm, and other methods of birth control around the time of conception.

Sex ratios were studied in a cohort of 33,205 newborns whose mothers had been questioned in early pregnancy about contraceptive use around the time of conception., The proportion of males was 0.517 (95% confidence limits [CL], 0.512 to 0.522). In the 9279 offspring of women who had used oral contraceptives (OC) in the 5 months prior to conception the sex ratio was 0.517 (0.507 to 0.527). There are sufficient numbers available for study for us to be 95% certain that OC causes no shift in sex ratio of 1% or more. Women who conceived within 2 months of stopping the pill had a small excess of males (0.528; 95% CL, 0.510 to 0.546), but this excess was probably due to chance. OC failures were followed by a raised sex ratio in the offspring (0.543; 95% CL, 0.509 to 0.577), and this excess of males was observed consistently in subgroups of maternal age, parity, race, and education. Failures of rhythm contraception were also associated with a consistent excess of male births (0.567; 95% CL, 0.514 to 0.620). No changes were observed after failures of IUDs, barrier, or chemical methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Cultural differences in a family planning clinic.

An analysis of the use of contraception in a multi-racial family planning clinic in relation to age, parity and ethnicity (Asian or non-Asian) was carried out in the London Borough of Newham. Whether follow-up appointments were given and kept and the taking of cervical smears were noted. Asian patients favoured the sheath (44%) and the IUD (31%); the Pill was less used at 20% with the cap little used at 3%. Non-Asian patients favoured the Pill (50%), and IUD (22%) with the sheath being used by 15% and the cap by 13%. Parity increased with age in both groups. The 16-20-year-old Asian patients chose the Pill (54%) in preference to the sheath (27%) whereas the older Asian patients chose the sheath in preference to all other methods. When follow-up appointments were given the failure rate was equal in both groups. 29% of the Asian patients had a cervical smear taken as against 45% of the non-Asian patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Changes in the plasma levels of vitamin K-dependent proteins C and S and of C4b-binding protein during pregnancy and oral contraception.

The plasma concentrations of protein S, protein C and C4b-binding protein (C4BP) were analysed during pregnancy, in the postpartum period and in women using oral contraceptives. Free protein S, measured after precipitation of the C4BP-protein S complexes with 5% PEG 6000, was found to be 8.3 mg/l in the control group, which represents 36.3% of the total plasma protein S content (average 23.5 mg/l). The concentration of protein S was significantly decreased during pregnancy, the lowest levels occurring in the second trimester (14.8 mg/l). The values returned to normal within a few days after delivery. The concentration of free protein S was also decreased, down to an average of 3.7 mg/l at delivery, and did not return to normal within the first week postpartum. The mean concentration of protein S in women using oral contraceptives decreased to 17.7 mg/l and the free fraction went down to 6.6 mg/l. Unlike that of protein S, the plasma concentration of protein C increased during pregnancy, reaching a maximum of 135% in the second trimester. Also, it was significantly higher in the postpartum period and in women using oral contraceptives, than in controls. The level of C4BP was increased throughout pregnancy, with a maximum of 143.4% at delivery. These changes in the plasma levels of proteins C and S during pregnancy indicate that the two proteins differ in the regulation of their synthesis. The major decrease in the level of free protein S may predispose to thrombotic episodes during pregnancy, whereas the increased level of protein C may have the reverse effect. These results indicate the importance of taking into account the normal changes in the plasma levels of protein C and S during pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives, when evaluating patients with increased risk of thromboembolic disease.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed1984

A prospective controlled study of the effect on blood pressure of contraceptive preparations containing different types and dosages of progestogen.

A prospective controlled study investigated the effects of oral contraceptives on blood pressure in 485 women who were between 17 and 46 years of age and had blood pressures of less than 140/90 mmHg at entry. The women were divided into seven groups depending on the chosen method of contraception: intrauterine device or barrier method (control group): ethinyl oestradiol 30 micrograms plus levonorgestrel 150 micrograms (Microgynon-30 or Ovranette); norethisterone 350 micrograms (Micronor); norgestrel 75 micrograms (Neogest); norethisterone oenanthate 200 mg intramuscularly every 2 months for the first 6 months, then every 3 months thereafter; ethinyl oestradiol 30 micrograms plus ethynodiol diacetate 2 mg (Conova-30); and ethynodiol diacetate 500 micrograms (Femulen). Blood pressures were measured every 3 months by the family planning clinic nurse under standardized conditions using an Elag-Köln automatic sphygmomanometer. After one year, blood pressure had risen significantly (P less than 0.05) in the 137 women taking ethinyl oestradiol plus levonorgestrel (mean systolic and diastolic rises 6.4 and 2.7 mmHg respectively) and in the 91 women taking ethinyl oestradiol plus ethynodiol diacetate (mean systolic and diastolic rises 6.2 and 3.0 mmHg respectively). The 94 women taking the progestogen-only preparations and the 143 women in the control group showed no increases in blood pressure. These data were confirmed after 2 years of follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Contraception after thirty-five.

Our knowledge about the safety, the incidence of side effects, and the effectiveness of contraceptive methods for women in premenopause, or during the last decade of their reproductive life, has not been a primary interest for research and development in fertility control. The main purpose of trials for the evaluation of new contraceptive methods is to test their effectiveness, and therefore only women below 38 years of age are accepted. Furthermore, when new methods are being tested, only healthy women are accepted, and those having health problems of almost any kind are excluded. Therefore our knowledge about the contraceptive methods in women over 40 years of age is scanty and comes from trials with a long-lasting follow-up on healthy women who can use the method without problems until they are 45 or reach menopause. We have very limited reported information on the use of contraceptives by women who have cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver problems, etc. Therefore the main body of experience in this review comes from healthy women between 35 and 44. On the other hand, one should remember that these women have a high motivation to use contraceptive methods and therefore the continuation rate in the trials is high. This compensates for the relatively small number of acceptors by giving more women-years in follow-up. Continuation rate and the proper use of methods are directly correlated to increase in age, socioeconomical status, and to education of users. Highly educated women in this age group have very low failure rate with almost any method.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Catholic perspectives on populations issues II.

This Bulletin discusses the history and current status of the population problem from a Roman Catholic viewpoint. While upholding human rights and admitting the right of couples to control the size of their families, the Catholic Church continues to prohibit the use of artificial methods of contraception as sinful. This position hinders the Church, with its some 750 million adherents, from taking an effective lead in confronting the growing threat of global overpopulation. Rhythm has been permitted since 1930 but Pope Pius 12 in 1958 forbade contraceptive use of the pill. Despite the liberal spirit engendered by Vatican Council 2 and against the recommendation of a papal birth control commission, Pope Paul 6 in his 1968 Encyclical Humanae vitae reaffirmed the ban on artificial contraception, apparently convinced that this was necessary to combat growing sexual immorality, family breakdown, and materialism. This stance has been upheld by Pope John Paul 2 and the 1980 Synod of Bishops. The decision ignores the pleas of a number of responsible churchmen speaking for their people at the Synod and of a growing majority of Catholic theologians and laity, that Church teaching must be updated to take account of the facts of modern life. Surveys reveal that Catholic married couples increasingly find Church-approved natural family planning methods unsatisfactory and feel obliged to turn to artificial methods to regulate their family size. On the world scale, Pope John Paul 2 and the Vatican, while insisting on human rights and the need for a reordering of unjust economic, social, and political structures, seem to be neglecting the threat of civilizational breakdown that looms with the prospect of too many people in too little space with too few resources.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

[Two out of three young women use the pill].

Data from the 1993 Netherlands Fertility and Family Survey are analyzed. Results show that "three out of every four women aged 18-42 years use some method of birth control. Some 10% is pregnant or wants to become pregnant, 5% is infecund and 10% does not use a method for other reasons. Compared with the previous surveys, held in 1982 and 1988, more women use the pill, whereas the popularity of the IUD has decreased.... Among women in their thirties sterilization has decreased, but that is related to the fact that women nowadays have their children at a later age....Furthermore it can be concluded that of the women who have no male partner, 50% used some reliable method of birth control (pill, IUD or condom)." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Gestodene: clinical experience with an innovative progestogen used in a combination oral contraceptive preparation.

The contraceptive efficacy, tolerance, and safety of a new monophasic oral contraceptive that combines 75 mcg gestodene (delta-15- levonorgestrel) and 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol were studied in 75 women (944 cycles) currently at risk for pregnancy. 20 women were nulliparous. No woman became pregnant during the trial, nor were vital signs of body weight affected by the drug. Cycle control was excellent, with no bleeding irregularities in 92% of the cycles. Serious complications did not occur. The low incidence of side effects, e.g. headache (9%) and breast tenderness (8%), indicated that the gestodene combination was well-tolerated. In a subgroup of 10 women, no changes in routine laboratory tests could be demonstrated after 12 cycles of treatment.

Belgium↗