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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Long-term follow-up and consequences for severe road traffic injuries-treatment costs and health impairment in Sweden in the 1960s and the 1990s.

The purpose of this study is to provide information from two prospective long-term follow-ups for severe road traffic injuries in Sweden. The long-term consequences, in terms of loss of health and costs of care, are presented for severe injuries in Sweden in the early 1990s and are compared with information on injury severity and health care utilisation 25 years ago. The follow-up in the 1990s show that, 1 year after the accident 38% of the non-fatal adults were suffering of some functional disability, pain and distress. Adults suffering from long-term loss of health decreased to 23% on average 3.7 years after the accident. The average health care cost was estimated to SEK46200 (in 1995 prices), and the average in-patient care was 10 days. However, when also including subsequent expected life-long care for three severely injured patients, the average incidence-based health care cost was estimated to SEK100300. In the 4-5 year follow-up 25 years ago, severe traffic injuries were treated on average 21 days in hospital and 38% of the adults were still suffering from long-term physical effects. Conclusions to be drawn are that treatment in hospital of severe traffic injuries has shortened by half and long-term consequences have not been worsened. Our results indicate that long-term effects do not cause as serious loss of health nowadays as they did 25 years ago.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

CYP2A6 genetic variation and potential consequences.

Human cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) has been shown to have large interindividual and interethnic variability in levels of expression and activity. This is thought to be largely due to genetic polymorphisms. In recent years, 13 genetic variants (CYP2A6*1-*11 and the gene duplication, *1 x 2) of CYP2A6 have been identified and a number of these have been shown to result in altered CYP2A6 enzyme activity. For example, there are alleles which result in variants that are in inactive (e.g. due to a gene deletion), have decreased activity (e.g. altered enzyme structure or transcriptional activity) or have increased activity (e.g. due to gene duplications). The resulting interindividual variation in metabolic activity may affect the metabolism of CYP2A6 substrates including nicotine, cotinine (the major metabolite of nicotine), several tobacco-specific procarcinogens, coumarin and many toxins. The frequencies of the CYP2A6 alleles vary considerably among different ethnic populations, which may partially explain the interethnic variability found in CYP2A6-related metabolic activity (e.g. nicotine metabolism), behaviors (i.e. smoking) and disease (i.e. lung cancer). Investigations of the genetic variation of CYP2A6 and its resulting effects on metabolism and health consequences are still fairly early; this review summarizes what is presently known about CYP2A6, its genetic variants and their clinical consequences.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases↗
PubMed2002

Acute 3rd-ventricular amylin infusion potently reduces food intake but does not produce aversive consequences.

In this study, a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm was used to assess the possibility that 3rd-ventricular (i3vt) administration of the pancreatic hormone amylin produces aversive consequences that secondarily reduce food intake independently of the normal regulation of energy balance. After 1-h daily access to water for 7 days, rats were given 1-h access to a 0.15% saccharin solution, followed immediately by i3vt amylin (100 pmol) in one group (n=7) and i3vt CSF vehicle in another (n=7). As positive control for the formation of a CTA, a third group of seven rats received intraperitonial (i.p.) lithium chloride (LiCl). Saline was given i.p. to a fourth group (n=7) as control for i.p. LiCl. As expected, the LiCl rats exhibited a marked aversion to the saccharin in a subsequent two-bottle intake test. In contrast, although the 100 pmol i3vt amylin dose is substantially higher than that required to reduce food intake, no evidence of a CTA was observed in the rats that had received i3vt amylin. In summary, these data are consistent with the conclusion that acute i3vt amylin infusion does not reduce food intake by producing aversive consequences.

Amyloid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pinealectomy: behavioral and neuropathological consequences in a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model.

This experiment determined if pinealectomy (PX) affects the consequences of chronic, moderate brain ischemia. Rats were pinealectomized at 25 days of age and trained at 9 months on a tactile radial maze. They then underwent permanent occlusion of the common carotid arteries (2VO) or sham surgery, followed by maze retraining and then neurohistological assessment at 16 months. Combined PX + 2VO rats committed more working memory errors on the maze. 2VO itself caused a 10% reduction in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell number. PX alone caused a 21% reduction. Combined PX and 2VO caused the greatest reduction (32%) of CA1 cells. Similar results were seen for CA4. PX also increased glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in both CA1 and CA4. Thus PX not only augmented the consequences of chronic brain ischemia but notably, PX itself caused hippocampal damage. These effects seemed not to result from the small cortical lesion caused by the PX procedure. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous melatonin is a neuroprotectant in the aging brain.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Anti-retroviral treatment interruptions in HIV-infected adults: causes, clinical, immunological and virological consequences].

INTRODUCTION: This retrospective study analyses causes as well as clinical, immunological and virological consequences of antiretroviral treatment interruptions (Ti) of more than 30 days in HIV-1 infected adults. METHODS: This causes were classified as related to drug toxicity, therapeutic or adherence failure. We studied therapeutic regimens before Ti and after treatment reinitiation (TR), clinical events related to Ti, CD4 cells and viral loads before Ti and at months 3, 6, 9, and 12 after TR. RESULTS: Out of 188 Ti analysed, 42.6% were related to therapeutic failure, 33.5% to drug toxicity, and 23.9% to adherence failure. Eight Aids defining clinical events were reported during Ti, in patients with low CD4 cells and high viral load (P < 0.05). Viral loads evolution after TR was better if Ti was related to treatment failure (P < 0.05), was prolonged (P < 0.05), and if CD4 cells were high before Ti and at TR (P < 0.05). Median CD4 cells was of 296/mm(3) at month 12 after TR vs 382 before Ti. CONCLUSIONS: Ti consequences are strongly related to CD4 cells, which decrease sharply during Ti, increasing Aids defining events probability. Prospective randomised clinical studies are needed to define usefulness of Ti.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Atmospheric transport patterns and possible consequences for the European North after a nuclear accident.

The main purpose of this study is to examine possible impacts and consequences of a hypothetical accident at the Kola nuclear plant in north-west Russia on different geographical regions: Scandinavia, central Europe, European FSU and Taymyr. The period studied is 1991-1996. An isentropic trajectory model has been used to calculate forward trajectories that originated over the nuclear accident region. Atmospheric transport patterns were identified using the isentropic trajectories and a cluster analysis technique. From the trajectory model results, a number of cases were chosen for examination in detail using more complete transport models. For this purpose, the models MATHEW/ADPIC, DERMA and a newly developed FOA Random Displacement Model have been used to simulate the radionuclide transport and contamination in the case of a nuclear accident and their results have been compared with those of the trajectory modelling. Estimation of the long-term consequences for populations after an accident has been performed for several specific dates by empirical models and correlation between fallout and doses to humans on the basis of the Chernobyl accident exposures in Scandinavia.

Air Movements↗
PubMed2002

Is low self-esteem an inevitable consequence of stigma? An example from women with chronic mental health problems.

It is often assumed that membership in a stigmatized group has negative consequences for the self-concept. However, this relationship is neither straightforward nor inevitable, and there is evidence suggesting that negative consequences may not necessarily occur (Psychol. Rev. 96(4) (1989) 608). This paper argues that the relationship has not been sufficiently theorized, and that a more detailed analysis is called for in order to understand the relationship between stigma and the self. The paper presents a critical examination of modified labeling theory (Am. Sociol. Rev. 52 (1987) 96), with examples from a study examining perceptions of stigma and their relationship to self-evaluation in women with chronic mental health problems. Open-ended interviews and qualitative analyses were used in preference to global measures of self-esteem. It was found that although the women were aware of society's unfavorable representations of mental illness, and the effects this had on their lives, they did not accept these representations as valid and therefore rejected them as applicable to the self. The participants did not deny their mental health problems, but their acceptance of labels was critical and pragmatic. Labels were rejected when they were perceived as carrying an unrealistic and negative stereotype, or when the women felt that their symptoms did not fit with the diagnostic criteria. The research illustrates the importance of considering people's subjective understandings of stigmatized conditions and societal reactions in order to understand the relation between stigma and the self.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Causes and health consequences of environmental degradation and social injustice.

Worldwide the greatest effects on the health of individuals and populations results from environmental degradation and social injustice, operating in consort. This paper describes the national and global causes and health consequences of these phenomena. Causes include overpopulation, pollution, deforestation, global warming, unsustainable agricultural and fishing practices, overconsumption, maldistribution of wealth, the rise of the corporation, the Third World debt crisis, and militarization and wars. Consequences include increased poverty, overcrowding, famine, weather extremes, species loss, acute and chronic medical illnesses, war and human rights abuses, and an increasingly unstable global situation that portends Malthusian chaos and disaster. Because of their scientific training, and due to their privileged socioeconomic status, physicians are in a unique position to recognize these phenomena and to act at all levels, from interactions with their patients, to volunteerism, to service and intervention in areas of great need, to direct political activism and involvement. Specific suggestions for action are discussed.

Capitalism↗
PubMed2003

The importance of multiphase and multicomponent modeling in consequence and risk analysis.

The ability to accurately predict the consequences of hazardous fluid release is dependent on three things: the knowledge of the modeler, the quality of the model that is used, and the quality of the input parameters. One of the most difficult problems in consequence modeling is the prediction of post-release multiphase behavior, especially when a multicomponent mixture is involved. Releases from gas/oil wells often fit this description. The wellstream will produce a light crude oil and a gas stream when flashed into a separator. If accidentally released to the atmosphere, the gas, aerosol, and liquid fractions rarely match the phase separations in the separator, or the expectations of the modeler. And, since the wellstream has a wide range of hydrocarbon components, the need to accurately predict the multicomponent behavior becomes more important. Over the years, modelers have used several "rules of thumb" to provide the source term input parameters for modeling multiphase/multicomponent releases and subsequent dispersion. These modeling assumptions can lead to hazard predictions that are very different from reality. The biggest problem with rules of thumb is their inability to account for thermodynamics; thus, they cannot approximate the phase splits and composition changes that do occur. The aim of this paper is to improve the knowledge of the modeler by providing some insight into the selection of the proper input parameters for multiphase releases of multicomponent fluids. The application of a multiphase release model with multicomponent thermodynamics to a wellstream release is used to illustrate the importance of good modeling techniques.

Hazardous Substances↗
PubMed2000

Consequence analysis in LPG installation using an integrated computer package.

This paper presents the prototype of the computer code, Atlantide, developed to assess the consequences associated with accidental events that can occur in a LPG storage plant. The characteristic of Atlantide is to be simple enough but at the same time adequate to cope with consequence analysis as required by Italian legislation in fulfilling the Seveso Directive. The application of Atlantide is appropriate for LPG storage/transferring installations. The models and correlations implemented in the code are relevant to flashing liquid releases, heavy gas dispersion and other typical phenomena such as BLEVE/Fireball. The computer code allows, on the basis of the operating/design characteristics, the study of the relevant accidental events from the evaluation of the release rate (liquid, gaseous and two-phase) in the unit involved, to the analysis of the subsequent evaporation and dispersion, up to the assessment of the final phenomena of fire and explosion. This is done taking as reference simplified Event Trees which describe the evolution of accidental scenarios, taking into account the most likely meteorological conditions, the different release situations and other features typical of a LPG installation. The limited input data required and the automatic linking between the single models, that are activated in a defined sequence, depending on the accidental event selected, minimize both the time required for the risk analysis and the possibility of errors. Models and equations implemented in Atlantide have been selected from public literature or in-house developed software and tailored with the aim to be easy to use and fast to run but, nevertheless, able to provide realistic simulation of the accidental event as well as reliable results, in terms of physical effects and hazardous areas. The results have been compared with those of other internationally recognized codes and with the criteria adopted by Italian authorities to verify the Safety Reports for LPG installations. A brief of the theoretical basis of each model implemented in Atlantide and an example of application are included in the paper.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1998

Response to challenge infection with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in dairy goats. Consequences on milk production.

The objective of the study was to examine the ability of dairy goats to develop a response to nematode parasites of the digestive tract after a previous contact with the worms. One hundred dairy goats were initially divided into 2 groups. One remained free of parasites (not previously infected: NPI). The second group was infected thrice at 50 days interval with a mixture of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis (previously infected: PI). After this initial exposure to nematodes, the goats were drenched with fenbendazole to eliminate the worms and remained free of parasites for 2 months around kidding. One month after kidding, 24 lactating dairy goats from each initial group were challenged with a mixture of H. contortus and T. colubriformis and parasitological, pathophysiological and milk production parameters were measured fortnightly to assess the effects of challenge infection and the response of the goats. No difference in parasite egg excretion was found between group NPI and PI after challenge infection. Similarly, no difference in worm counts was detected in 5 culled goats from each group killed one month post challenge. In contrast, differences between both groups were detected when considering the pathophysiological parameters (packed cell volume, inorganic phosphate and pepsinogen concentrations) with consequences of infection being more severe in the previously infected animals. Moreover, the milk production was also depressed in the PI group when compared to the NPI one. These results indicate that the response developed by adult dairy goats after the challenge infection was unable to limit the worm populations but could have pathophysiological repercussions and consequences on production.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Behavioral, neuroendocrine and serotonergic consequences of single social defeat and repeated fluoxetine pretreatment in the Lewis rat strain.

We have analysed some behavioral, neuroendocrine and serotonergic consequences of a single (30-min) social defeat followed by 14-18 h of sensory contact with the aggressor, in Lewis rats, an inbred strain highly sensitive to chronic social stressors [Berton O. et al. (1998) Neuroscience 82, 147-159]. In addition, we have investigated how the aforementioned consequences are affected by pretreatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine (7.5 mg/kg/day for 21 days). A single social defeat triggered hypophagia and body weight loss, and increased anxiety in the elevated plus-maze. It did not affect baseline plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels and renin activity, but decreased plasma corticosterone levels. On the other hand, the responses of the latter variables to subsequent acute forced swim stress were blunted (corticosterone) or amplified (adrenocorticotropic hormone, renin activity) by prior defeat. The density of hippocampal serotonin transporters, but not that of hippocampal serotonin-1A and cortical serotonin-2A receptors, was decreased by a single social defeat; in addition, neither tryptophan availability and serotonin synthesis/metabolism, nor serotonin-1A autoreceptor-mediated functions (inhibition of serotonin synthesis, hyperphagia) were affected. Fluoxetine pretreatment diminished social defeat-induced hypophagia, body weight loss and anxiety without affecting these variables in control animals. This pretreatment increased plasma corticosterone levels in resting and acutely stressed rats, but abolished social defeat-elicited corticosterone hyporesponsiveness to acute forced swim stress. Except for a decrease in midbrain serotonin transporter density, fluoxetine did not affect the other serotonergic indices analysed herein, i.e. serotonin-1A and serotonin-2A receptor densities, serotonin synthesis/metabolism. A single social defeat in Lewis rats produces behavioral and endocrine alterations that may model some aspects of human anxiety disorders. In this paradigm, prior fluoxetine treatment is endowed with adaptive behavioral, and possibly neuroendocrine, effects without affecting the key elements of central serotonergic systems analysed herein.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1997

Behavioural and physiological consequences of a single social defeat in Roman high- and low-avoidance rats.

The behavioural and physiological consequences of a single social defeat were studied in Roman high-avoidance (RHA) and Roman low-avoidance (RLA) rats, two rat lines with a genetically determined difference in the way of responding to or coping with stressors. Animals were subjected to social defeat by placing them in the cage of an aggressive male conspecific for 1 h. In both RHA and RLA rats, social defeat induced a profound increase in body temperature during the circadian resting phase, lasting for up to 10 days after the conflict. The increase in resting temperature was paralleled by a slight decrease in spontaneous home cage activity. Food intake and growth were suppressed for a number of days, resulting in a long-lasting lower body weight compared to non-stressed control animals. An open field test 2 days after defeat showed a social stress-induced decrease in locomotion in a novel environment. Despite the well-known differentiation between RHA and RLA rats in their behavioural and neuroendocrine response pattern to acute environmental challenges, the present study did not show major differences in the long-term consequences of social defeat.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Anti-sexual and anxiogenic behavioral consequences of corticotropin-releasing factor overexpression are centrally mediated.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) acts as a neurotransmitter in brain to promote behavioral responses such as flight and immobility, which have adaptive value in the context of exposure to environmental stressors. CRF also suppresses behavioral repertoires such as mating, which are incompatible with such threat-related coping responses. In this study, we employed transgenic (Tg) mice which overexpress CRF in brain and exhibit a constitutive and persistent phenotype of emotionality in order to determine the consequences of long-term CRF excess on indices of reproductive success, male sexual performance and female sexual receptivity. Sexual performance of CRF Tg males was relatively intact, whereas female receptivity was masked in CRF Tg mice by active rejection of sexually experienced male counterparts. This impairment in social interaction was only partially normalized by the serotonin antagonist, methysergide, which enhanced olfactory exploration of the still non-receptive CRF Tg females. Moreover, the anxiogenic-like character of CRF Tg mice is likely to be centrally mediated, since attenuation of hypercorticosteronemia by adrenalectomy did not alter either impaired sexual receptivity or fear-like behavior in an animal model of anxiety. Thus, overexpression of CRF in the brain results in a variety of adverse consequences including diminished social interactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Consequences of voice impairment in daily life for patients following radiotherapy for early glottic cancer: voice quality, vocal function, and vocal performance.

PURPOSE: To assess consequences of voice impairment in daily life for patients following radiotherapy for early glottic cancer, by means of a multidimensional analysis protocol including voice quality, vocal function, and vocal performance measures. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 60 men treated with radiotherapy (66 Gy/33 fractions, 60 Gy/30 fractions, 60 Gy/25 fractions) for early T1 glottic cancer and 20 matched control speakers filled in questionnaires on vocal performance. Furthermore, perceptual analyses of voice quality and stroboscopic measures of vocal function were performed. There was a longitudinal group of 10 patients from whom data were collected before, as well as 6 months and 2 years after, radiation. Furthermore, data were collected on 5 separate groups of 10 patients each: before, 6 months after, 2 years after, 3-7 years after, and 7-10 years after radiation. RESULTS: High correlations were found between self-ratings of vocal performance and several voice measures. Patients before radiotherapy experienced poor voice characteristics that improved 6 months to 10 years after treatment, and became comparable to vocal performance of control speakers in 50% of the patients. Following radiotherapy, deviant voice characteristics and consequences in daily life occurred significantly more often for patients in whom initial diagnosis consisted of stripping the vocal cord instead of biopsies and for patients who continued smoking after treatment. CONCLUSION: Voice characteristics of patients diagnosed with early glottic cancer improved after radiotherapy, and became normal in half of our patients. Stripping the vocal cord for initial diagnosis and continued smoking after treatment decreased deviant voice characteristics.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Frontal syndrome as a consequence of lesions in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: a short theoretical review.

In this review, it is argued that the consequence of bilateral damage to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) in experimental animals is the production of a form of frontal syndrome. Frontal syndrome is a term used to describe the behavioural consequences of damage to the frontal lobes in human patients. These behavioural changes can be classified as disinhibition of behaviour (a release of behavioural control), the production of inappropriate behaviour (which in patients can be either inappropriate actions or verbal behaviour), and the production of perseverative behaviour (the maintenance of an action beyond the point at which it should have been terminated). The psychological changes which underlie these behavioural changes are thought to involve executive functions, which include such things as the prospective planning of sequences of actions, attentional shifting and working memory. In this review, I attempt to demonstrate two things: first, that there are significant anatomical connections from frontostriatal systems to the PPTg. The motor cortex projects directly to the PPTg while the prefrontal cortex contacts it via striatal circuitry, forming clear routes by which the frontal lobes can communicate with the PPTg. Second, having established the existence of connections between frontostriatal systems and the PPTg, behavioural data are described. Experimental animals bearing bilateral lesions of the PPTg have been examined in a wide variety of tasks. Animals bearing such lesions are not impaired in basic processes of feeding, drinking, locomotion, or grooming and simple observation of lesioned rats' normal behaviour reveals no obvious gross impairment in function. However, the results of more subtle tests reveal a wide variety of deficits in various tasks. The outcome of these experiments are in many ways contradictory, but in the vast majority of cases, the changes can be described as involving disinhibition of behaviour, the release of inappropriate behaviour, and the production of perseverative behaviour. Anatomical and behavioural data support the conclusion that there are functional connections between frontal systems and the PPTg. This review also discusses what psychological processes might be served by such connections.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Social stress of variable intensity: physiological and behavioral consequences.

Stress effects in humans depend on stress type, intensity, and duration. Animal models of social stress serve as good ways to mimic stress experienced in humans. However, the available stress paradigms pay little attention to the relationship between the intensity and the type of social stressors. The aim of the present work is to study behavioral and endocrinological consequences of social stress by varying the intensity and type of agonistic social contacts. Subjects were exposed to the attacks of an experienced fighter resident rat once a day for 4 consecutive days. Mild versus strong effects were studied by varying the length of daily confrontations (30 min vs. 4 h). The type of social confrontations was varied by ceasing or maintaining sensory contacts among contestants between encounters. Endocrinological variables were measured on the 5th day. Anxiety was assessed by means of the elevated plus-maze. The stress state depended on the length of daily encounters: 30-min encounters did not, whereas 4-h encounters did result in weight loss and chronic elevation of plasma corticosterone. The type of contacts between subjects and dominants also affected the resulting stress state: adrenal hypertrophy was obtained only when contacts between contestants were maintained between encounters. Although the mildest stress procedure (30-min encounters on 4 consecutive days) did not affect endocrinological variables, it resulted in subtle behavioral modifications that changed the anxiety-related effects of additional acute stressors. Thus, anxiety-related behavioral changes resulting from repeated mild stressors may be hidden factors that can have long-term consequences on the development of anxiety-like behavioral deficits. Results outline the necessity of studying the effects of social stressors of different intensities and different types.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1996

Life-threatening cardiovascular consequences of anger in patients with coronary heart disease.

Anger is the affective state most commonly associated with myocardial ischemia and life-threatening arrhythmias. The scope of the problem is sizeable-at least 36,000 (2.4% of 1.5 million) heart attacks are precipitated annually in the United States by anger. The lethal cardiovascular consequences in ischemic heart disease are attributable to the unique physiology of this state, which activates high-gain central neurocircuitry and the sympathetic nervous system, leading to acute sinus tachycardia, hypertension, impaired myocardial perfusion, and a high degree of cardiac electrical instability. Exciting new tools have emerged from the fields of epidemiology, behavioral medicine, and cardiovascular physiology that offer considerable promise in accelerating our understanding of the pathophysiology of anger and in developing means to sever the link between anger and its life-threatening consequences.

Anger↗