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PubMed2003

The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant Thai women.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection. It can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and subsequently result in tubal infertility. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy can also cause neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia. This descriptive study showed that Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the cervix among pregnant women, more than 37 weeks of gestation, attending the prenatal clinic at King Chulalongkorn Memorial hospital was found in 10 per cent by means of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and 2 per cent by using culture method. The present study demonstrated that all the 182 newborn infants had no neonatal Chlamydia trachomatis infection by using multiplex PCR and culture method. All the babies had Apgar's score of more than 7. At 2 months follow-up, 155 infants were evaluated and had no evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women seeking termination of pregnancy 1985-2000].

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyse trends for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a population of women seeking termination of pregnancy, and to assess whether socio-demographic characteristics are predictive of such infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since 1983 women seeking abortion in the university hospital in Trondheim have been systematically tested for Chlamydia trachomatis. Data on 11,376 abortions (1985-2000) were included in the study and results were analysed with logistic regression. RESULTS: Age-adjusted prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis decreased from 9.0% to 5.0% in 1999-2000. The prevalence was highest among the youngest women. Single and cohabiting women had a higher prevalence of chlamydial infections than married women. INTERPRETATION: Women terminating their pregnancy are an excellent population for sentinel surveillance of Chlamydia trachomatis infection because of their young age, high proportion of singles, and relative inconsistent use of contraception. Even though the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis has decreased over the 16-year study period, it is still high for women seeking abortion, especially in the youngest age groups.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chlamydia trachomatis infection in sexually active adolescents and young women.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections among Polish teenagers is unknown. Sexually active adolescents are at a greater risk for sexually transmitted infections, including Chlamydia trachomatis (ChT). Most inflections are asymptomatic and therefore untreated. Early detection and treatment of cervical chlamydial infections can prevent pelvic inflammatory disease and has a strong protective effect against infertility. AIM: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of Chlamydia trachomatis infections among sexually active female adolescents attending the outpatient gynaecological clinic of the Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 249 sexually active girls, 16-19 years old, attending the outpatient clinic of the Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw were enrolled in this study from December 2002 to May 2004, The participants filled out a questionnaire containing informations on age, purpose of the visit, level of education, age of the first intercourse, number of lifetime sexual partners, number of current partners (in the last 3 months), number of sexual partners in the past (patients' partner), contraceptive methods, use of condoms at the first and the last intercourse, past history of STD and obstetric history at first visit. Pelvic examination was done for the following reasons: checking vaginal discharge, presence of abnormalities of the cervix such as ectopy, erythroplakia and uterine tenderness and taking a Pap smear and a cervical swab for Chlamydia trachomatis detection. Cervical swabs for Chlamydia trachomatis were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The prevalence of ChT genital infection in the studied group was 3.2%. Adolescent females infected by ChT less frequently reported the use of condom and more often did not use any contraception in comparison with the girls without ChT genital infections (42.8% and 42.8% vs. 49% and 12.8%), The existence of other STDs was more frequently noted in adolescents with Chlamydial infection in comparison to healthy girls (14.2% vs. 8.3%). There were no statistically significant differences in results of the Pap smears and the incidence of cervical ectopy between the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Latent Chlamydia infections as the cause of health disorders in swine, cattle and sheep breeders in Czechoslovakia].

For a twelve year period the health condition of a large group of pig-, cattle- and sheep-breeder was controlled and at the same time an inquiry was carried out why these people suffer from high occurrence of specific health problems which among the rest of the population appear in smaller extent. The performed investigation shows that the primary cause of the specific problems is a latent infection caused by the chlamydia microorganism, namely by the Chlamydia trachomatis group, that can be transferred from animals on people. These microorganisms survive permanently and parasite in the living cells of animals and people and they cause a wide range of specific health difficulties, often subjective, painful and very unpleasant ones, without any manifestation of clinical symptoms which could suggest an infectious disease. These properties of the agent and the fact, that neither human nor veterinary medicine inquire the problems of the relationship between the latent infection and the health of people, makes Chlamydia an extremely dangerous factor affecting people's health. Our paper includes anamnestic data of specific health problems of 746 breeders from 31 farms and results of serological examinations of a group of people with antigens Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis. The paper also includes a biological experiment which the rise of antibodies of a guinea pig kept and fed with table scraps in the family of one the afflicted breeders as well as the results of serological examinations of a group of animals, the most frequent health problems at the latent course of disease, the course of the disease itself and the author's opinions on necessity of further investigation of the human medicine problems.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2005

[Detection of Chlamydia infection and estimation of immune reactivity in sportsmen by blood leukocyte culture method].

New method of the diagnosis and cultivation of Chlamydia trachomatis using peripheral blood leukocyte cultures is worked out and implemented in the clinical practice. This method was used for the diagnosis of asymptomatic chlamydial infection in sportsmen. Among 48 sportsmen Chlamydia trachomatis was diagnosed in 28 persons. Morbidity in these sportsmen was significantly higher, than in sportsmen without chlamydial infection. Number of macrophage-lymphocyte rosettes in leukocyte cultures that reflects immune reactivity of organism was significantly low in sportsmen with Chlamydia trachomatis than in the group without this infection. Results of our studies showed that leukocyte culture method is the most useful and reliable for the detection of latent or asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection. The diagnosis of this infection in sportsmen helps to reveal the reason of different clinical symptoms to carry out the appropriate regimen of treatment. Microphotographs of Chlamydia trachomatis colonies in the blood leukocyte culture and electron microphotographs of different stages of chlamydial life cycle in the host cell in vitro are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[DNA sequence polymorphism of Chlamydia trachomatis omp1 gene].

A method for detection and genotyping of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections based on omp1 gene amplification and sequencing was developed, and the character of omp1 gene of Chlamydia trachomatis was analysed. Urethral or endocervical specimens were collected from 323 patients attending STD clinics in Hengyang, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Jiangmen from November, 2003 to May, 2004. DNA was extracted by usual method, and an approximately 980bp fragment from the major outer membrane protein (omp1) gene of Chlamydia trachomatis was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). The PCR products were purified by DNA agarose gel purification system and the sequence of the omp1 gene was determined by using an ABI PRISM 3700 Genetic Analyser, and genotyping was performed by BLAST similarity search. Multiple alignment was performed with CLUSTAL package (CLUSTAL X), and a phylogenetic tree was constructed by Mega3 software to illustrate the evolutionary relationships between clinical isolates and reference strains of C. trachomatis obtained from GenBank. All variable sequences were submitted to GenBank by Banklt programe. The overall prevalence of urogenital chlamydial infection was 29.7% (96 of 323). All the 96 C. trachomatis-positive cases were sequenced, and 10 genotypes and 28 genetic variants were detected. The most prevalent genotype was E(34.4%), followed by J(25.0%), D(12.5%), F(8.3%), G(7.3%), H(3.1%), Ba(3.1%), K(3.1%), Da (2.1% ), 1 (1.1%). The distribution of C. trachomatis genotypes in the four cities in sourth China was similar to other countries in the world. The omp1 gene was highly conserved for genotype E and F, but appeared slightly less conserved for other genotypes, where the sequences displayed one or several nucleotide substitutions relatived to the corresponding reference sequence. And a similar recombination was found between genotypes Ba and D in CD1. Phylogenetic tree showed that Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes were mainly divided into three clusters, according to previous grouping in the B, F-G, and C complexes. Clusters F-G and C were characterized by small genetic distances within each cluster, but clusters B displayed larger genetic distances. And the clinical isolates were highly related to the reference strains. It is concluded that the isolated Chlamydia trachomatis strains exhibit remarkable omp1 DNA sequence polymorphism, which can encourage for vaccine design and infection control.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed2006

Chlamydia and Mycoplasma serology in respiratory tract infections of children.

One of the challenges in planning the treatment of respiratory tract infection in children is identifying the causative agent. The objective of the present study was to investigate the incidence of Mycoplasma and Chlamydia in the etiology of respiratory tract infections of children. The present study included 100 children, three months to 12 years of age, admitted to the outpatient department of pediatrics with such respiratory symptoms as fever, cough and respiratory distress. Following a detailed clinical history and physical examination, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, peripheral blood smear and chest X-ray were obtained from each patient. At admission, IgG and IgM for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci were determined serologically. Positive antibody titer was found for Chlamydia and Mycoplasma in 18 (18%) of the patients. It was found that 2% of the patients had acute C. pneumoniae infection. When the subjects who had infections in the past or had re-infection were also considered; 6% were infected with C. pneumoniae, 3% with C. trachomatis, 1% with C. psittaci and 8% with M. pneumoniae. The presence of eosinophilia (> or = 4%) or the presence of siblings in the house were considered as factors favoring Chlamydial infections. High antibody titers for M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae were found more frequently after the age of two. Patients older than two years should be evaluated carefully for antibiotic treatments against atypical agents in pediatric lower respiratory tract infections.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and risk factors of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

The aim of the study was to provide a survey and generalization of literature data on the epidemiological situation of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in various countries, preventive screenings and risk factors of the infection. We performed a survey of articles published during 1998-2005 and selected from bibliographical medical search databases presenting data on the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and the main risk factors for this sexually transmitted infection. Chlamydial infection is the most common among sexually transmitted genital infections worldwide. It has been found that the main risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection are age, irregular and/or accidental sexual relationships and change of sexual partners, failure to use or erratic use of barrier contraception during intercourse, and insufficient knowledge about sexual life and care for one's sexual health. Most countries do not have national preventive screening programs or exhaustive information about the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. The comparison of the prevalence and incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among different countries is complicated due to the different diagnostic methods and sample selection techniques applied; however, in order to decrease the prevalence of chlamydial infection and its impact on the reproductive health of the society, significant attention should be paid to sexual education, preventive screening of people in high-risk groups, as well as to early diagnostics and timely treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[The value of symptoms and findings in urethral Chlamydia trachomatis infection].

The history and the results of clinical investigations in 74 patients with and 262 men without urethral Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis infection were evaluated: symptoms such as dysuria, discharge and/or burning/itching in the genital region were reported by 77% (n = 57) of the patients with an infection and 63.4% (n = 166) of the men without an infection. Upon clinical investigation, discharge was found in 55.4% (n = 41) of the chlamydia-positive patients and in 47.7% (n = 125) of the chlamydia-negative men. Only when yellow, whitish yellow and clear discharge were distinguished from one another was the difference between the two groups of patients (56.1% versus 12%) significant. Microscopic signs of urethritis, i.e. significant numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (greater than 4 per high-power field and oil immersion) were detectable in the smears of 59.5% (n = 44) of the chlamydia-positive patients, in contrast to 15.6% (n = 41) in the smears of chlamydia-negative men. Overall, 67.6% (n = 50) of the patients with a C. trachomatis infection reported symptoms in the anamnesis combined with signs of urethritis upon clinical and microscopic investigation. There were 9.5% (n = 7) of the patients who either mentioned symptoms or showed clinical signs, and 13.5% (n = 10) who neither mentioned symptoms nor showed clinical signs. These results indicate that microbiological detection of the infectious agent is obligatory for diagnosis of urethral infection with C. trachomatis.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1989

Detection of Chlamydia in postmortal formalin-fixed tissue.

A procedure to detect Chlamydia in postmortal formalin-fixed tissue is described. Monoclonal antibodies against a genus specific chlamydia epitope were used in immunofluorescence to detect chlamydia inclusions in formalin-fixed tissue sections. Lung sections from chlamydia-infected mice were examined and the effect of autolysis and tetracycline treatment was evaluated. Furthermore, lung tissue from two patients who died of ornithosis was examined. Inclusions detected in lung sections showed a bright apple-green fluorescence, and had a characteristic and easily recognizable morphology. Background and non-specific fluorescence were reduced by treating the tissue sections with trypsin, rabbit serum and Evans blue counterstain. Besides giving an exact diagnosis at autopsy, the method provides the possibility of determining the occurrence of chlamydia infections in various tissues, based on retrospective investigations in formalin-fixed tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Correlation of positivity for serum anti-chlamydia antibodies and tubal damage as a cause of infertility. Preliminary study].

Chlamydia Trachomatis is one of the most frequently bound aetiological agents in acute salpingitis. Chlamydia infection often runs asymptomatically or with slight symptomatology, so patients do not call in their doctor. This hypothesis is backed by the observation that serum antibody positivity for Chlamydia and tubal infertility are often found together. The purpose of the present study was to determine the positivity of serum antibodies for Chlamydia in infertile women observed at this Centre and compare it with a control group of non-sterile patients. Further, in those patients in whom antibody positivity exists, it was also proposed to seek tubal lesions at hysterosalpingography or coelioscopy. The antibody titre in infertile women is compared with that of the control group. The study was carried out in 30 sterile women and in 30 patients in the definitely fertile control group. The "Ipazyme" (Sorin) immunoperoxidase test was used to seek IgG and IgA anti-Chlamydia antibodies. The geometric mean of the antibody titre was calculated in those women with a titre equal to or greater than 64 for IgG antibodies and equal to or greater than 16 for IgA antibodies. It is now intended to study whether the titre is higher in infertile women compared to the control group and if positivity is more significant in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Chlamydia infections and pelviscopic findings].

Contact infections by chlamydia trachomatis have been observed more frequently in the last years, may be by better isolation methods. 1985 in all pelviscopies a cervical swab and cul-de-sac secretion have been examined using immunofluorescent test for chlamydia. In non selected 80 patients a positive cervical test could be found in 11 cases (13.8 per cent). In cul-de-sac secretions only 3 cases (3.8 per cent) in result was positive. We saw wide spread adhesions near the adnexa, which could be the reason of sterility, in 3 chlamydia positive cases and in 6 chlamydia negative cases. Results of chlamydia examinations are discussed with regard to sterility and the necessity of treatment with tetracyclines or erythromycin including the sexual partner.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1988

Patterns of immunoenhancement and suppression induced by Chlamydia trachomatis in vivo and in vitro.

We investigated the cycle of immune enhancement and suppression seen in mice infected with Chlamydia trachomatis by using in vivo and in vitro model systems. BALB/c mice injected intravenously with chlamydia reveal a three- to seven-fold increase in numbers of plaque-forming cells producing antibodies against sheep red blood cells (SRBC), when immunized with SRBC 0 to 5 days after chlamydia infection. When mice are injected with SRBC 10 to 15 days after initial chlamydia infection, the specific anti-SRBC plaque-forming cell response is suppressed two- to three-fold. In vitro, low numbers (2 to 5 X 10(6) bacteria/ml) of chlamydia stimulate potent proliferative responses by B lymphocytes while high numbers (25 X 10(6) bacteria/ml) of bacteria generate strong, general T suppressor activity. This model has important implications for regulation of immune responses that arise at different times during chlamydial infections, as well as for the potential effectiveness of chlamydial vaccines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1987

Vaginal Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence in sexually abused prepurbertal girls.

The prevalence rate of Chlamydia trachomatis in the vagina of prepubertal sexually abused children was examined. Additionally, the culture technique was compared to direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) for diagnosing chlamydial infections in the vaginas of prepubertal children. The study group included 50 consecutive prepubertal girls examined for sexual abuse in an urban pediatric hospital's emergency room. Vaginal swabs were obtained for culture and direct immunofluorescence assays of C trachomatis and for gonorrhea culture. Of these, 8/47 (17%) of the Chlamydia cultures, 4/43 (9.3%) of the direct immunofluorescence assay specimens, and 0/49 gonorrhea cultures were positive for Chlamydia. All patients with positive findings by direct immunofluorescence assay also had positive chlamydial cultures. Of the four other patients with positive cultures for Chlamydia, two had negative findings by direct immunofluorescence assay and two had inconclusive results reported. Twenty-nine patients had a syphilis serologic study performed, and all had negative results. There was no significant difference between the Chlamydia-positive and -negative groups with regards to age, race, nature of the abuse, frequency of abuse, and symptoms or findings on physical examination. Although not statistically significant, children with cultures positive for C trachomatis reported rectal penetration five times and vaginal penetration twice as often as those children with C trachomatis-negative results. This study demonstrates a significant prevalence of vaginal chlamydial infections in sexually abused children. Vaginal cultures for C trachomatis should be included in the medical evaluation of sexually abused girls. The culture technique was superior to the direct immunofluorescence assay in this group of patients.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1982

Biology of Chlamydia.

The genus Chlamydia consists of two species, Chlamydia trachomatis and C. psittaci. The former includes (a) the trachoma/inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) agents, subdivided into the serotypes A-K; (b) the lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) agents, subdivided into the serogroups (L 1-3); and (c) the mouse penumonitis agent. The major characteristics differentiating the two species are sulfonamide susceptibility and the formation of distinct inclusion granula in host cells, in the case of C. trachomatis, whereas C. psittaci is resistant to sulfonamides and forms less dense inclusions. Chlamydiae are characterized by a special growth cycle. The infective form of Chlamydia is the elementary body (EB), which stimulates its own phagocytosis by the host cell, an event followed by the EB's transformation into the reticulate body (RB). The RB forms small buds which subdivide by simple fission to produce several RB within the host cell cytoplasm. The growth cycle is completed by transformation of the RB into the infective EB from before liberation of the latter from the host cell. The chlamydiae are deficient in independent energy metabolism. Thus, their supply of ATP and essential building blocks must be obtained from the host cell cytoplasm. The TRIC agents have neuraminidase localized to the surface structures. Receptors of the microbe are temperature-sensitive, whereas the host cell is trypsin-sensitive.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of enzyme immunoassay for the detection of anogenital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

BACKGROUND--Infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is now recognised as the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in many parts of the world. Anorectal infections caused by C. trachomatis is not uncommon. Enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) detects an antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of C. trachomatis directly in clinical specimens. OBJECTIVE--Our aim was to compare an enzyme immunoassay, Wellcozyme Chlamydia (WZ04) with cell culture for the diagnosis of chlamydial infection of the anogenital tract. METHOD--Rectal swabs were taken from 100 prostitutes (80 females and 20 males) for chlamydia culture, WZ04 and direct immunofluorescence (DIF). In addition, endocervical specimens were obtained from the females for the above three tests. MAIN FINDINGS--All the positive rectal specimens were from females. Nine patients had a positive chlamydia culture from the rectum but negative WZ04 and DIF. Two patients had false positive results by WZ04 but negative culture and DIF. For cervical specimens, WZ04 identified 43% (3/7) of the culture positive cases. Specificity was 98.6%. WZ04 identified an additional specimen as positive which was also confirmed as positive by DIF. CONCLUSION--Our study shows that in our hands enzyme-linked immunoassays such as Wellcozyme Chlamydia are neither sensitive nor specific in detecting C. trachomatis infection of the rectum. For cervical infections, the sensitivity of WZ04 was 43% and the specificity 98.6% as compared to culture, with a positive predictive value of 75% and a negative predictive value of 94.7%.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Identification of T-cell stimulatory antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis using synovial fluid-derived T-cell clones.

Chlamydia trachomatis is a major cause of sexually transmitted disease, infertility and reactive arthritis in the Western world, and of trachoma in the developing world. There is evidence that the chronic inflammatory reaction seen in diseases associated with chlamydiae represents a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to chlamydial antigens. Little is known about which chlamydial antigens elicit T-cell responses yet such information could have important implications in terms of both immunopathological understanding of these diseases and immunoprophylaxis design. In this study, 61 chlamydia-specific T-cell clones have been produced from the synovial fluid of an individual with sexually acquired reactive arthritis (SARA). Ten clones have been characterized in detail and used to identify T-cell stimulatory antigens of chlamydiae by means of T-cell immunoblotting. Two distinct antigenic fractions have been identified, one recognized by three of the clones (molecular weight 18,000), the other recognized by six of the clones (molecular weight 30,000). The fractions are distinct from the major outer membrane protein, the 57,000 MW stress protein and the 60,000 MW cysteine-rich membrane protein of chlamydiae. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction of the response to these antigens differed: clones recognizing the 18,000 MW antigen required antigen-presenting cells expressing DR1 subtype DRB1*0101 or DRB1*0102 which only differ at amino acids 85 and 86 on the DR beta-chain; by contrast clones recognizing the 30,000 MW antigen were presented to only by antigen-presenting cells from DRB1*0101 individuals, reflecting extreme sensitivity of these clones to the polymorphism at positions 85 and 86 on the DR beta-chain.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in chronic prostatitis by in situ hybridization (preliminary methodical report)].

(Preliminary methodical report). In situ hybridization of Chlamydia trachomatis in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded specimens from the Urology Clinic were performed in 2nd Department of Pathology Semmelweis University of Medicine by a biotin labelled DNA probe. Chlamydia trachomatis is suspected to be responsible for the chronic abacterial inflammation of the prostate besides Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasmae. According to our retrospective study out of 79 biopsy specimens 34 had the diagnosis of chronic abacterial prostatitis. We examined 11 specimens of them. Bacteria were not identified. Three specimens were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis which were improved by transmission electron microscope. The age of patients was between 59 and 81 years. The detection of chlamydia infection rises the suspicion of a "healthy" career and especially at younger age could cause Chlamydia trachomatis associated genital disease. The undiagnosed and untreated diseases may lead to infertility.

Adult↗