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PubMed1985

Failed induction of labour.

Over a 15-month period 1,057 consecutive inductions of labour were performed representing a 10% induction rate; 174 (16.5%) of these patients were delivered by Caesarean section of which 74 (7.0%) were for failed induction of labour, 58 (5.5%) for fetal distress, 19 (1.8%) for cephalopelvic disproportion, 6 for malposition and 17 for other reasons. The mean cervical score at induction of labour was 5.7 and 5.5 for cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) and malposition respectively but was 4.0 for failed induction. The mean cervical dilatation at the time of Caesarean section was 5.7 cm and 6.6 cm for CPD and malposition respectively whereas it was 3.5 cm for failed induction. Mean maximum dose of oxytocin was 19.2 milliunits per minute (mu/min) and 22.5 mu/min for CPD and malposition respectively whereas it was 24.7 mu/min for cases of failed induction. Nulliparas with a cervical score of 3 or less had a 65.4% Caesarean section rate of which more than two-thirds were for failed induction of labour. Analysis of indications for induction of labour revealed that a fair number of inductions had debatable obstetric indications. Tailoring induction of labour to the cervical score and indication might reduce the Caesarean section rate for failed induction of labour. Rational management to ensure an adequate dose of oxytocin and sufficient time in the first stage of labour is important. Failed induction of labour may be differentiated from failure of labour progress due to CPD or malposition.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Peritoneal T cell responses can be polarized toward Th1 or Th2 in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis.

Peritoneal T cell responses can be polarized toward Th1 or Th2 in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Previous studies on the peritoneal immune system described the presence of activated T lymphocytes in peritoneal effluents from subjects on chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD). Since Th1/Th2 polarized response can influence the outcome of specific infectious diseases, we investigated if activated Th1/Th2 cells can be detected in peritoneal effluents during peritoneal dialysis, in order to better understand the role of T cells in the mechanisms of peritoneal defense. We have studied 8 children (4 males, 4 females, mean age 5.8 +/- 5.7 years, range 0.3-13.4) on CPD. Peritoneal cells have been isolated from peritoneal effluents by centrifugation. Immunofluorescent staining of intracellular cytokines for flow cytometric analysis was used to detect the percentage of T cells producing either IFN-gamma (Th1) or IL-4 (Th2). In the initial study 3 months after CPD initiation, high percentages of IFN-gamma positive peritoneal T cells (38% and 63%) were detected in two subjects; this finding is consistent with a Th1 polarization of peritoneal T cells. In another subject, high percentages of IL-4 positive T cells (31%) were detected, suggesting a Th2 polarization of peritoneal T cell response. Small amounts of either Th1 or Th2 T cells (2-4%) were also detected in the other subjects. At the 1 year follow-up, Th1 polarization persisted in one subject (18% IFN-gamma positive peritoneal T cells), in another a shift from Th1 to Th2 was observed, and in the other subject a down regulation of both T cell subsets occurred. The finding that a predominance of T cells producing either IFN-gamma or IL-4 was found in 3 out of 8 children strongly suggests that peritoneal T cell responses can be polarized toward Th1 or Th2. The decrease of Th1 and/or Th2 polarized T cells in the peritoneum of 4 out of 6 subjects (after 1 year) suggests that CPD can play an immunosuppressive role on T cell peritoneal responses. Further studies are needed in order to define whether different T helper activation patterns are associated with a higher risk of peritoneal infection or of peritoneal damage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Objective evaluation of binocular function with pattern reversal VER. IV. Effect of spatial and temporal frequency.

The effects of changing spatial and temporal frequencies on the amplitude of pattern reversal monocular and binocular visual evoked response (VER) were investigated. The pattern reversal VER and the degree of binocular summation (binocular VER amplitude/monocular VER amplitude) were lowest at the spatial frequency (check size) of 0.3 cycles per degree (CPD) and highest at the spatial frequency of 4.0 CPD. The largest VER amplitudes were observed at 1.2 CPD under both the binocular and monocular recording conditions. Regarding the effects of changing temporal frequency (alteration or reversal rate) on the pattern reversal VER, the transient condition (1.5 to 3.0 Hz) did not produce significant binocular summation. At the higher temporal frequencies (6 to 12 Hz), significant binocular summation was produced compared with the transient stimulus condition. At very high temporal frequencies, the degree of the binocular summation showed a decrease. From these results, we selected a pattern with an element around 1.2 CPD with a relatively swift temporal frequency for evaluating binocular function with the pattern reversal VER.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Kinetic isotope effects implicate a single oxidant for cytochrome P450-mediated O-dealkylation, N-oxygenation, and aromatic hydroxylation of 6-methoxyquinoline.

One major point of controversy in the area of cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated oxidation reactions is the nature of the active-oxygen species. A number of hypotheses have been advanced which implicate a second oxidant besides the iron-oxo species designated as compound I (Cpd 1). This oxygen is thought to be either an iron-hydroperoxy species (Cpd 0) or a second spin-state of Cpd 1. Very little information is available on what fraction of P450 oxidations is mediated by the two different oxidants. Herein, we report results on three cytochrome P450-mediated reactions: O-dealkylation, N-oxygenation, and aromatic hydroxylation, which occur by three distinct chemical mechanisms. We have used kinetic isotope effects to test for branching from O-demethylation to N-oxygenation and aromatic hydroxylation, using 6-methoxyquinoline and 2H3-6-methoxyquinoline as substrates for P4501A2. Identical large inverse isotope effects on Vmax/Km are obtained for the formation of both the N-oxide and the phenol. This indicates that all three reactions occur through the same enzyme-substrate complex and, thus, through a single iron-oxygen species. The nature of the iron-oxygen species is less certain but is more likely to be iron-oxo Cpd 1, given the energetics of these reactions.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2↗
PubMed1992

Orally administered cefpodoxime proxetil for treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in males: a dose-response study.

An open-label, dose-response study of cefpodoxime proxetil (CPD), an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin, was conducted with 58 males with uncomplicated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections with single doses of 600, 400, 200, 100, or 50 mg of CPD administered orally by tablet. CPD eradicated N. gonorrhoeae in all 50 evaluable patients (10 per group) at all doses studied. Eight of the isolates eradicated were beta-lactamase-producing organisms. Two patients reported three side effects, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which were mild and resolved without intervention or sequelae. There were no clinically remarkable drug-related changes in vital signs or clinical laboratory assays. Results show that single oral doses of CPD are an effective and well-tolerated treatment for uncomplicated N. gonorrhoeae infection in males at doses as low as 50 mg.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Self assessment in continuous professional development: a valuable tool for individual physicians and scientific societies.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the appreciation of self assessment (SA) by multiple choice question (MCQ) tests during continuous professional development (CPD) meetings and to evaluate the attitude towards the option of recertification. METHODS: A questionnaire was completed at a meeting of the Swiss Societies of Rheumatology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in 2003 (response rate 94.9% (223/235)). RESULTS: 60.9% of members found SA useful to assess rheumatological knowledge by MCQ tests; 71.3% thought it motivating to receive an anonymous feedback; 47.2% wanted an additional individualised feedback; 70.8% asked for SA to be continued every 2 years during CPD sessions; 26.3% favoured the option of recertification with identical standards to the Swiss certifying examination in rheumatology. Physicians in private practice less often chose the option of recertification than physicians employed by hospitals (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.18). No correlations between the type and duration of specialisation, personal reading time, frequency of attendance at CPD meetings, sex of the members, and the choices made were found. CONCLUSIONS: SA by MCQ tests during CPD meetings is highly accepted by Swiss rheumatologists. This reliable, valid, and economic method of learning needs assessment enables individual physicians and scientific societies to plan educational with specific goals in mind.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Hypercapnia invokes an acute loss of contrast sensitivity in untreated glaucoma patients.

BACKGROUND/AIM: It is widely accepted that hypercapnia results in increased retinal, choroidal, and retrobulbar blood flow. Reports of a visual response to hypercapnia appear mixed, with normal subjects exhibiting reduced temporal contrast sensitivity in some studies, while glaucoma patients demonstrate mid-peripheral visual field improvements in others. This suggests that under hypercapnic conditions a balance exists between the beneficial effects of improved ocular blood flow and some other factor such as induced metabolic stress; the outcome may be influenced by the disease process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contrast sensitivity response of untreated glaucoma patients and normal subjects during mild hypercapnia. METHODS: 10 previously untreated glaucoma patients and 10 control subjects were evaluated for contrast sensitivity and intraocular pressure while breathing room air and then again during mild hypercapnia. RESULTS: During room air breathing, compared with normal subjects, glaucoma patients had higher IOP (p = 0.0003) and lower contrast sensitivity at 3 cycles/degree (cpd) (p = 0.001). Mild hypercapnia caused a significant fall in contrast sensitivity at 6, 12, and 18 cpd (p < 0.05), only in the glaucoma group. CONCLUSION: Glaucoma patients with early disease exhibit central vision deficits as shown by contrast sensitivity testing at 3 cpd. Hypercapnia induces further contrast loss through a range of spatial frequencies (6-18 cpd) which may be predictive of further neuronal damage due to glaucoma.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1998

Effects of a microbubble contrast agent on breast tumors: computer-assisted quantitative assessment with color Doppler US--early experience.

PURPOSE: To evaluate objectively the effects of a microbubble contrast agent on the color Doppler ultrasound (US) examination of breast lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients aged 23-71 years underwent color Doppler US before and after intravenous injection of a microbubble contrast agent. A 3-minute computer-assisted assessment of the color pixel density (CPD) was used to evaluate objectively the increase in the number of color Doppler US signals, the transit time of the microbubble bolus, and the potential additional differential diagnostic information. RESULTS: Peak CPD at contrast agent-enhanced color Doppler US was 14.3% +/- 8.1 (mean +/- 1 standard deviation) for carcinomas and 9.3% +/- 4.9 for benign lesions (P = .04). The time to peak enhancement was shorter in carcinomas (38 seconds +/- 20) than in benign tumors (71 seconds +/- 48, P = .02). Final CPD was close or equal to baseline values. With the median of 13% for peak CPD as a threshold, the sensitivity for this parameter was 55%, the specificity was 79%, and the accuracy was 62% (P = .04). For a median time to peak of 50 seconds, the sensitivity was 84%, the specificity was 57%, and the accuracy was 76%. CONCLUSION: After microbubble contrast agent injection, carcinomas and benign lesions behave differently in degree, onset, and duration of Doppler US enhancement. High interindividual variability and temporal variations in the Doppler US signal still limit the value of these criteria for prospective diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Differential repair of the two major UV-induced photolesions in trichothiodystrophy fibroblasts.

Defects in nucleotide excision repair have been shown to be associated with the photosensitive form of the disorder trichothiodystrophy (TTD). Most repair-deficient TTD patients are mutated in the XPD gene, a subunit of the transcription factor TFIIH. Knowledge of the kinetics and efficiency of repair of the two major UV-induced photolesions in TTD is critical to understand the role of unrepaired lesions in the process of carcinogenesis and explain the absence of enhanced skin cancer incidence in TTD patients contrarily to the xeroderma pigmentosum D patients. In this study, we used different approaches to quantify repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PP) at the gene and the genome overall level. In cells of two TTD patients, repair of CPD and 6-4PP was reduced compared with normal human cells, but the reduction was more severe in confluent cells than in exponentially growing cells. Moreover, the impairment of repair was more drastic for CPD than 6-4PP. Most notably, exponentially growing TTD cells displayed complete repair 6-4PP over a broad dose range, albeit at a reduced rate compared with normal cells. Strand-specific analysis of CPD repair in a transcriptional active gene revealed that TTD cells were capable to perform transcription-coupled repair. Taken together, the data suggest that efficient repair of 6-4PP in dividing TTD cells in concert with transcription-coupled repair might account for the absence of increased skin carcinogenesis in TTD patients.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2006

Smoking rates and topography predict adolescent smoking cessation following treatment with nicotine replacement therapy.

Establishing measurement invariance of tobacco addiction among adolescents remains challenging. In adult smoking cessation trials, poor outcome is predicted by high cigarette consumption and large puff volume at baseline. We examined the predictive value of pretreatment smoking rates and topography variables for abstinence outcomes among 66 adolescents enrolled in a 3-month smoking cessation trial using nicotine replacement and cognitive behavioral therapy. Pretreatment variables included cigarettes per day (CPD), puff volume, puff duration, and several youth-adapted Fagerström-derived questionnaire scores. Outcome measures included prolonged abstinence at end of treatment and point-prevalent abstinence 3 months after the end of the trial. Logistic regression controlling for treatment group showed that increases in baseline CPD (odds ratio, 1.438; 95% confidence interval, 1.051-1.967) and average puff volume (odds ratio, 1.168; 95% confidence interval, 1.030-1.326) predicted continued smoking at the end of treatment. Puff volume (P=0.013), but not CPD, predicted abstinence at the 3-month follow-up. None of the youth-adapted Fagerström questionnaires predicted outcome on either abstinence measure. If confirmed in a larger sample, our findings suggest that puff topography, and possibly CPD, might predict cessation outcome better than Fagerström scores in adolescent smokers.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2000

Storage of platelets in additive solutions: effects of phosphate.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In a previous study, low adenine nucleotide levels and a reduced rate of glycolysis were found in platelet concentrates (PCs) prepared by apheresis and stored in a platelet additive solution (PAS). Our objective was to investigate whether the use of PAS with or without phosphate can influence platelet metabolism in a similar way. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vitro effects of storage in either plasma or a PAS (T-Sol or PAS-III, both containing citrate, acetate and sodium chloride, PAS-III containing also phosphate) of buffy-coat-derived pooled platelet concentrates (BC-PCs) and apheresis platelets were investigated. The use of PAS implies inclusion of some plasma (20 or 35%). Paired studies over 7 days included investigation of cell counts, pH, PO2, PCO2, bicarbonate, glucose, lactate, adenine nucleotides, and extracellular adenylate kinase activity as a marker for disintegration of platelets. The expected concentration of phosphate in T-Sol is 0.6-1.8 mmol/l (with CPD plasma) and 0.2-0.6 mmol/l (with ACD plasma), and in PAS-III, 15-25 mmol/l (calculated values). RESULTS: BC-PCs were compared during storage in 35% CPD plasma and 65% PAS (T-Sol or PAS-III) (experiment 1), or alternatively 20% CPD plasma and 80% PAS (T-Sol or PAS-III) (experiment 3). In both studies, PAS-III shows similar and significantly higher rates of glycolysis in terms of consumption of glucose (0.06 vs. 0.04 mmol/day/10(11) platelets) and production of lactate (0.11 vs. 0.07 mmol/day/10(11) platelets) compared with T-Sol. Levels of pH and adenine nucleotides were similar when 35% plasma was used. With only 20% plasma, significantly higher levels of adenine nucleotides were found with PAS-III compared to T-Sol. The storage of apheresis platelets in 35% ACD plasma and 65% PAS (either T-Sol or PAS-III) (experiment 5) gave significantly higher values for PAS-III compared to T-Sol with regard to consumption of glucose (0.08 vs. 0.06 mmol/day/10(11) platelets), production of lactate (0.14 vs. 0.11 mmol/day/10(11) platelets) and adenine nucleotide levels. CONCLUSION: With respect to apheresis PCs stored in media containing ACD plasma, our results suggest that the differences found are related to the concentration of phosphate. The results for BC-PCs stored in media containing CPD plasma suggest that PAS-III is preferable to T-Sol as the PAS at plasma concentrations below 35%. The mechanism behind the phenomena observed with BC-PCs is not known.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1992

Pattern electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials in idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

A subclinical visual dysfunction can be detected by psychophysical methods in early-stage papilledema associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). We recorded steady-state pattern electroretinograms (PERGs) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to sinusoidal gratings of variable spatial frequency [0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 2.2 and 4.8 cycles/degree (cpd)] in 18 patients with IIH and early papilledema and in 21 age-matched controls. Spatial frequency selective reductions in the mean PERG (at 1-4.8 cpd) and VEP (at 4.8 cpd) amplitudes were found in patients in comparison with controls. The response functions of amplitude versus spatial frequency of patients' PERG and VEP displayed a low-pass shape, whereas in normal subjects PERG and VEP functions showed a band-pass and a high-pass shape, respectively. PERG and VEP abnormalities were found in 14 (77.7%) and 10 (55.5%) out of 18 patients, respectively. Most of these abnormalities involved only selected spatial frequencies (1.4-4.8 cpd). These results indicate spatial-frequency-dependent functional losses on both PERG and VEP in early papilledema, and suggest a potential value of these responses for detecting subtle visual abnormalities in IIH.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Texture discrimination asymmetries across the visual field.

Texture discrimination is sometimes asymmetrical; texture A embedded in texture B is more easily detected than texture B embedded in texture A. Furthermore, texture discrimination often improves as the disparate texture is moved into the periphery; this has been referred to as the central performance drop (CPD). The interaction of these interesting and counter-intuitive aspects of texture discrimination has received very little attention. Using four stimulus pattern pairs that were previously shown to elicit asymmetrical texture discrimination, we examined texture discrimination asymmetries as a function of eccentricity. We found three patterns of results; (i) both texture arrangements (A in B, and B in A) elicit a CPD but do not show an asymmetry, (ii) both texture arrangements elicit a monotonic decrease in performance with eccentricity (i.e. no CPD) but an asymmetry is seen at each eccentricity and (iii) discrimination asymmetries are minimal at fixation and in the far periphery and maximal about 3 degrees from fixation with a CPD generally shown for the 'stronger' member of the pair. These results emphasize that one cannot talk about the 'discriminability' of a particular texture pair without reference to the arrangement of the two textures and the eccentricity of presentation.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Contrast-processing deficits in melanoma-associated retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hypothesis that patients with melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) have a selective functional loss within the magnocellular (MC) pathway of the cone system, with sparing of parvocellular (PC) pathway function. METHODS: Two patients with MAR, ages 57 and 61 years, with normal Snellen visual acuity, participated in the study. Contrast sensitivity was measured at spatial frequencies ranging from 0.25 to 8 cycles per degree (cpd), using two paradigms (steady pedestal and pulsed pedestal) designed to assess the functional integrity of the MC and PC pathways, respectively. Results in patients with MAR were compared with those in 10 visually normal observers, aged 23 to 57 years. RESULTS: Both patients with MAR showed a loss of contrast sensitivity compared to normal observers, but the pattern of loss differed for the two testing paradigms. For the steady-pedestal paradigm (presumed MC-pathway mediation), the patients' sensitivity loss was greatest at the lowest spatial frequency (0.25 cpd) and the sensitivity loss decreased systematically with increasing spatial frequency. For the pulsed-pedestal paradigm (presumed PC-pathway mediation), the sensitivity loss was greatest at an intermediate spatial frequency of 1 cpd. For both paradigms, the patients' sensitivities were within the normal range at the highest spatial frequency (8 cpd), consistent with their normal visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: The contrast sensitivity deficits of patients with MAR under photopic conditions are not specific to the MC pathway, as proposed previously, but instead are related to the spatial frequency of the test target. The overall pattern of contrast sensitivity loss shown by the patients with MAR is consistent with the dysfunction at the level of the retinal bipolar cells that is presumed to underlie the MAR syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Retinocortical gain in the foveal pathway: the effect of spatial frequency and stimulus size.

The amplitude and the phase of the simultaneously recorded steady-state pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) were evaluated in humans as a function of the vertical diameter (D) of unidimensional Gabor stimuli. In the other dimension, parallel to the horizontal gratings, the patterns all had constant diameter (see Methods and Materials). Spatial frequencies (SFs) of 1 cycle per degree (cpd) and 5.3 cpd were counterphase modulated at a rate of 6.8 Hz. After off-line artifact rejection, the response was subject to Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). Amplitude and phase of the first and second harmonics of both ERG and VEP were displayed for each SF and stimulus diameter. Both ERG and VEP amplitude were found to increase as a function of D. Using trend analysis we found that ERG amplitude increased linearly as a function of D. VEP amplitude was found to be both linear and cubic, as a function of D. We calculated the ratio of VEP amplitude and ERG amplitude at each D and termed it retinocortical gain (G). G normalized to stimulus area was high for small D and decreased with D independently of SF. Unity gain occurred at stimulus sizes of 6 degrees to 7 degrees. ERG phase was found to be more negative at 5.3 cpd than at 1 cpd. Although no significant difference was found between VEP phases at the two SFs tested, neither ERG nor VEP phase changed as a function of D. The results suggest that retinocortical gain is highest for the foveally centered low spatial frequency small patch Gabors. The results provide support for the notion of the "foveal window" in human vision.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Impacts of computerized physician documentation in a teaching hospital: perceptions of faculty and resident physicians.

OBJECTIVE: Computerized physician documentation (CPD) has been implemented throughout the nation's Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) and is likely to increasingly replace handwritten documentation in other institutions. The use of this technology may affect educational and clinical activities, yet little has been reported in this regard. The authors conducted a qualitative study to determine the perceived impacts of CPD among faculty and housestaff in a VAMC. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted using semistructured interviews with faculty (n = 10) and a group interview with residents (n = 10) at a VAMC teaching hospital. MEASUREMENTS: Content analysis of field notes and taped transcripts were done by two independent reviewers using a grounded theory approach. Findings were validated using member checking and peer debriefing. RESULTS: Four major themes were identified: (1) improved availability of documentation; (2) changes in work processes and communication; (3) alterations in document structure and content; and (4) mistakes, concerns, and decreased confidence in the data. With a few exceptions, subjects felt documentation was more available, with benefits for education and patient care. Other impacts of CPD were largely seen as detrimental to aspects of clinical practice and education, including documentation quality, workflow, professional communication, and patient care. CONCLUSION: CPD is perceived to have substantial positive and negative impacts on clinical and educational activities and environments. Care should be taken when designing, implementing, and using such systems to avoid or minimize any harmful impacts. More research is needed to assess the extent of the impacts identified and to determine the best strategies to effectively deal with them.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Assessment of pulmonary artery pressure by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases.

Doppler echocardiography was recently developed for obtaining a flow velocity profile at any point in the cardiac chamber. A pulsed Doppler technique combined with cross sectional echocardiography was used to examine the flow velocity pattern in the right ventricular outflow tract in 32 patients with chronic pulmonary disease (CPD) and in 15 healthy subjects as controls. All patients underwent cardiac catheterization. Pulmonary flow velocity profiles in the right ventricular outflow tract were recorded simultaneously with electrocardiograms and pre-ejection periods (PEP), right ventricular ejection time (RVET), acceleration time (AT), and calculated PEP/RVET, AT/RVET were determined. All normal subjects had "dome-like" flow velocity patterns with a peak flow at the midsystole. In patients with CPD, there was a significant correlation between log10MPAP (mean pulmonary arterial pressure) and AT/RVET, the coefficient being r = -0.623, between PVR (pulmonary vascular resistance) and AT/RVET (r = -0.52), and between SVI (stroke volume index) and PEP (r = -0.645). Complications of pulmonary hypertension in CPD were relatively mild, but the pulsed Doppler technique was found useful for evaluating pulmonary arterial pressure and other right heart hemodynamics of CPD patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Pregnancy dependence of mammary tumours in DDD mice congenic for Mtv-2, DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2.

Mammary tumours developed in 110 (95.7%) of 115 DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2 (DDD/1-Mtv-2) and 24 (47.1%) of 51 DDD/1fDDD/1-Mtv-2 (DDD/1fMtv-2) force-bred female mice during a one-year period. The mean tumour age +/- SE was 220 +/- 7 and 269 +/- 7 days, respectively. These tumours were examined for responsiveness to pregnancies by comparing their growth after transplantation between virgin and breeding recipients. Of 73 tumours from DDD/1-Mtv-2 mice, 9 (12%) were completely pregnancy-dependent (CPD), 3 (4%) pregnancy-dependent (PD), 9 (12%) pregnancy-responsive (PR), and 52 (71%) pregnancy-independent (PI), and of 25 tumours from DDD/1fMtv-2 mice, one (4%) was CPD, one (4%) PR, and 23 (92%) PI. Although most tumours were heterogeneous in morphology and there was no clear relation between morphology and PD properties, most CPD tumours were type P and considered to be connected with mammary plaques. When 9 CPD tumours from DDD/1-Mtv-2 mice were serially transplanted in breeders, 6, 2 and one progressed to lose pregnancy dependence within 3, 8 and 18 generations, respectively. DDD/1-Mtv-2 mice will provide a model for studies on progression of mammary tumours from hormone-dependent to autonomous states.

Animals↗