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Frontal functions in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
The authors investigated cognition in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), focusing on frontal functions as suggested by maximal spatial distribution of epileptiform activity seen over frontocentral regions. Fifteen patients with JME (mean age, 34.3 years; mean estimated IQ 101) were administered a battery of tests sensitive to frontal dysfunction. The number of patients with impaired test performance and the frequency of impairment per test were calculated. Performance on selected tests was compared with that of 15 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who were matched for estimated IQ using paired t-tests. Although the performance of the group with JME was not uniform--some patients showed marked impairment whereas others showed little or no deficit--a high frequency of impairment was found on tests of concept formation-abstract reasoning and mental flexibility, cognitive speed, and planning and organization. Significant differences were found between the group with JME and the group with TLE on tests requiring mental flexibility and concept formation-abstract reasoning. In conjunction with studies demonstrating intractable seizures in approximately 20% of patients, the results from this study suggest that JME is not a uniformly benign condition. Frontal deficits may have maladaptive behavioral consequences suggestive of personality dysfunction, as described anecdotally by previous investigators.
SKIN CONDUCTANCE TRENDS DURING LEARNING BY BRIGHT, NORMAL, AND RETARDED CHILDREN.
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CONCRETENESS: A NEGLECTED VARIABLE IN RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY.
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THOUGHT DISORDERS IN THE PARENTS OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS: A FURTHER STUDY UTILIZING THE OBJECT SORTING TEST.
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PERCEPTUAL VERSUS VERBAL MEDIATION IN THE CONCEPT LEARNING OF CHILDREN.
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NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FACET DESIGN AND ANALYSIS.
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PATIENTS' CONCEPTIONS OF THERAPISTS.
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THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF SLUM CHILDREN: SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS.
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[Analysis of electroencephalogram formation in terms of the XX "EEG-quantum" concept].
Mechanism of EEG formation was studied in terms of "EEG quantum". The "quantum" approach gives the same results as that based on the cell dipole concept. EEG is created by partially correlated activity of vertically oriented pyramide neurons of the cortex; the value of correlation coefficient between EEG of two points of the cortex and its dependence on interelectrode distance are determined by an increased level of intercellular correlation in the cortex microvolumes by the value of intercellular correlation drop on the borders of these microvolumes and by the dimensions of these microvolumes. The advantage of the "quantum" approach lies in the fact that final expressions include the mean values of correlation coefficients between impulse currents generated by the cortical cells, i. e. the parameters which can be measured experimentally.
A perfusion bioreactor system capable of producing clinically relevant volumes of tissue-engineered bone: in vivo bone formation showing proof of concept.
In an effort to produce clinically relevant volumes of tissue-engineered bone products, we report a direct perfusion bioreactor system. Goat bone marrow stromal cells (GBMSCs) were dynamically seeded and proliferated in this system in relevant volumes (10 cc) of small sized macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds (BCP, 2-6 mm). Cell load and cell distribution were shown using methylene blue block staining and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) staining was used to demonstrate viability of the present cells. After 19 days of cultivation, the scaffolds were covered with a viable, homogeneous cell layer. The hybrid structures became interconnected and a dense layer of extracellular matrix was present as visualized by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). ESEM images showed within the extracellular matrix sphere like structures which were identified as calcium phosphate nodules by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). On line oxygen measurements during cultivation were correlated with proliferating GBMSCs. It was shown that the oxygen consumption can be used to estimate GBMSC population doubling times during growth in this bioreactor system. Implantation of hybrid constructs, which were proliferated dynamically, showed bone formation in nude mice after 6 weeks of implantation. On the basis of our results we conclude that a direct perfusion bioreactor system is capable of producing clinically relevant volumes of tissue-engineered bone in a bioreactor system which can be monitored on line during cultivation and show bone formation after implantation in nude mice.
A general model for the adaptive function of self-knowledge in animals and humans.
This article offers a general definition of self-knowledge that embraces all forms and levels of self-knowledge in animals and humans. It is hypothesized that various levels of self-knowledge constitute an ordinal scale such that each species in a lineage displays the forms of self-knowledge found in related species as well as new forms it and its sister species may have evolved. Likewise, it is hypothesized that these various forms of levels of self-knowledge develop in the sequence in which they evolved. Finally, a general hypothesis for the functional significance of self-knowledge is proposed along with subhypotheses regarding the adaptive significance of various levels of self-knowledge in mammals including human and nonhuman primates. The general hypothesis is that self-knowledge serves as a standard for assessing the qualities of conspecifics compared to those of the self. Such assessment is crucial to deciding among alternative reproductive and subsistence strategies. The qualities that are assessed, which vary across taxa, range from the size and strength of the self to its mathematical or musical abilities. This so-called assessment model of self-knowledge is based on evolutionary biological models for social selection and the role of assessment in animal communication.
Detection, significance, and mechanism of sister chromatid exchange formation: past experiments, current concepts, future challenges.
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The folding intermediate concept of prion protein formation and conformational links to infectivity.
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Cognitive factors in biofeedback therapy.
The role that the client's cognitions (viz., his self-statements and images) play in each of the various phases of biofeedback training is examined. Biofeedback training is conceptualized as including three phases: initial conceptualization, skills-acquisition and -rehearsal, and transfer of treatment. Cognitive-behavior modification procedures to alter or employ the clients' cognitions at each of these phases of treatment are described. A cognitive theory of self-control is offered, postulating a three-stage mediational change process whereby: (1) the client must become an observer of his behavior and physiological responses; (2) this recognition becomes the cue to emit incompatible cognitions and behaviors; and, finally, (3) the content of the client's cognitions following change influences the generalization and persistence of treatment effects. The implications of this theory for biofeedback training are discussed.
[Quality assurance in echocardiography. Three-level system in formation and qualifying and concept of an external quality review].
Measures of quality assurance in echocardiography can be categorized according to standard principles into measures of reviewing structure, processing, and results. This document contains 1) the description of a three level system for education and qualifying in echocardiographic examinations (quality of structure) and 2) the draft of an external quality assurance process for reviewing the results of one echocardiographic investigator or of one laboratory of echocardiography (quality of results). The document also contains a draft description of a nationwide independent institution for certification, which is needed for both projects.A level 1 investigator should be able to perform and interpret a basic investigation. A basic investigation allows to exclude most of all cardiac diseases that can be diagnosed by echocardiography, and pathological findings should be filtered out. A level 2 investigator is able to perform an extended examination, and a comprehensive echocardiographic diagnosis can be established after her or his examination. Additional specific training and experience is necessary to be certified for TEE and stress echo examinations. A level 3 echocardiographer has done research work in echocardiography and should have performed certified teaching courses in echocardiography. The external quality assurance process should provide the possibility to certify the results and reports of a single investigator or of an echo laboratory, according to standard principles of reviewing the records. The process of certification is exclusively performed on a voluntary basis. The nationwide institution of certification should be part of the academy of education in cardiology of the German Society of Cardiology.
How to assess different types of abstract concepts in brain disorders: A systematic review.
The clinical evaluation of semantic knowledge has predominantly relied on tools targeting concrete concepts, whereas abstract knowledge has historically received limited attention despite its importance in everyday communication. Only a few instruments have explored the internal subdivision of abstract knowledge, likely due to the intrinsic difficulty of defining specific types of concepts or dimensions, resulting in a fragmented and heterogeneous neuropsychological assessment framework that limits our understanding of this domain. This systematic review examined the tools used to assess various types of abstract concepts in clinical populations. A literature search has been performed on the electronic databases of PubMed and Google Scholar (last update: October 2025). A total of 17 tests is reviewed, differing in the test characteristics, i.e. ranging from automatic to controlled processes and varying in ecological validity, the type of stimuli employed, and the abstract dimensions explored. Most studies have focused on neurodegenerative patients, while comparatively few have examined other clinical conditions. The risk of bias of the reviewed studies was assessed using an ad hoc developed instrument. This review highlights the need for future research to extend investigations to additional abstract domains and clinical populations, while also identifying key challenges related to stimulus selection and the determination of the most appropriate assessment framework.
A novel concept of glomeruloid body formation in experimental cerebral metastases.
Glomeruloid bodies (GBs), tumor-associated vascular structures with a superficial resemblance to renal glomeruli, are important histopathological features of glioblastoma multiforme, but have also been described in other types of tumors and in cerebral metastases. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the pathogenesis of these lesions in an appropriate murine model of experimental brain metastases. To do so, we injected cells from 5 different tumor lines into the internal carotid artery of mice and investigated the development, composition, and fate of GBs growing within tumor nodules. Immunohistochemical analyses and 3-dimensional reconstruction of the cerebral vasculature showed clearly that the proliferating and migrating tumor cells pull the capillaries (and the adjacent capillary branching points) into the tumor cell nest. Initially, this process lead to the appearance of simple coiled vascular structures, which later developed into chaotic and tortuous vascular aggregates with multiple narrowed afferent and efferent microvessels. Despite the absence of sprouting angiogenesis, the very low level of endothelial cell proliferation index and the ruptures of the stretched and narrowed capillary segments observed frequently between the metastatic tumor nodules, necrosis was scarce in these lesions, implying that the blood supply from the multiple afferent microvessels and from the preexistent vascular bed sufficed to provide the tumor cells with oxygen and nutrients.