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Results for “COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL”

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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

[Combined vaccines in veterinary medicine in the developing countries].

It is in the interest of developing countries to have combined vaccines in veterinary medicine, not so much because they reduce production costs, but rather because they increase convenience and efficacy concerning the logistics of prophylactic projects in the field, thus lowering the cost of these projects. Their drawbacks are basically due to the biological compatibility of immunogens (possible immunosuppression by some viruses) and to the interaction of the various components when mixed, or when lyophilization is carried out. Some examples of such associations of vaccines are: (1) cattle plague + pleuropneumonia and possibly anthrax, (2) anthrax + blackleg, (3) sheeppox + anthrax, (4) pleuropneumonia + blackleg, (5) Newcastle disease + fowlpox + fowl typhoid, (6) fowl typhoid + chicken pasteurellosis. Practical results have been most positive and include the eradication of cattle plague - a major scourge of almost all of the African continent - and control over peripneumonia as a first step towards its eradication.

Africa↗
PubMed2000

[Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases--a challenge for public health].

We have recently seen a worldwide explosion of infectious diseases: emerging diseases like the HIV/AIDS pandemic, or old diseases like cholera, tuberculosis, diphteria, plague, yellow fever, dengue, or malaria. These reemerging diseases are on the surge because of multiple factors: environmental changes, transformation of ecosystems, ongoing socioeconomic degradation and deterioration of public health systems in many countries. The increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics or virologic resistance to antiviral drugs are becoming a serious problem today. This global danger needs a global response. There must be a cooperation between the different actors in the field of public health. The general practitioner should look for good therapeutic compliance, control vaccinations, and give his patients health education, including prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

The threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently recognized infectious disease associated with severe morbidity and mortality. It presents with non-specific signs and symptoms and because no definitive laboratory test is readily available, it poses a great risk to healthcare workers as well as difficulty in quarantine. The global response has been coordinated and enthusiastic in trying to understand and control this disease. Severe acute respiratory syndrome poses a threat to the Caribbean because of easy and convenient travel and the vibrant tourist industry.

Canada↗
PubMed1995

[Infectious diseases from the hygienic viewpoint with special reference to environmental infections--a retrospective and prospective view].

Infectious diseases showed a considerable change in their epidemiologic significance during this century. Twenty years ago it seemed that infectious diseases would be definity under control. As a result there was a neglect of the efforts for prevention, recognition and controlling of infectious diseases, especially in the administration. Today we have to state that old and new infectious diseases have regained a new and partly dramatic epidemiologic importance, influenced by several factors like overpopulation, wars, hunger, migration in the underdeveloped countries and the increase of the old and the immunosuppressed people of the population in the developed countries. A review is given of the increasing significance of old and new infectious diseases in the last 2 decades. Transmissible diseases from the environment have a special importance because many people are affected hereby. Hygienic aspects of drinking and swimming water, air- and ground caused infectious diseases are treated. The political support is requested. The institutions have had an important role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases in the past like the public health departments, hygiene and medical microbiologic urgently need the support and promotion of the government.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2002

Biosecurity for arthropod-borne diseases.

Arthropod-borne diseases (ABD) of cattle include those pathogens transmitted mechanically and biologically from one bovine to another or from other species to cattle. This article provides examples of the more common ABD of North America and reviews strategies to prevent entry of ABD onto cattle operations and control transmission of ABD once established on cattle operations using an integrated approach.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2006

Integrating genomics against infectious disease.

The most recent National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Conference, entitled 'The Genomics Revolution: Implications for Treatment and Control of Infectious Disease', was held at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, California. It provided strategies and opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration and incentives to innovate.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1999

Efficiency of estimating vaccine efficacy for susceptibility and infectiousness: randomization by individual versus household.

In designing vaccine efficacy studies based on the secondary attack rate (SAR) or transmission probability in which both vaccine efficacy for susceptibility, VE(S), and vaccine efficacy for infectiousness, VE(I), are estimated, the allocation of vaccine and placebo within transmission units has an important influence on the efficiency of the study. We compared the following randomization schemes that result in different allocations of vaccine and placebo within two-member households: (1) randomization by individual for a mixed allocation, (2) randomization by transmission unit for concordant allocation, and (3) randomization of only one individual in each transmission unit to either vaccine or placebo. There is a complex interaction among the VE(S), VE(I), and the SAR that determines which allocation of vaccine and placebo within households provides the most information. In general, individual randomization with a mixed allocation of vaccine and placebo is better for estimating both VE(S) and VE(I) than is randomizing by household. However, for estimation of VE(I), at very low SARs and low VE(S), randomization by household is slightly more efficient than randomization by individual.

Biometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surveillance and control of infectious diseases: progress toward the 1990 objectives.

Great progress has been made in the United States in reducing infectious disease mortality. However, infectious diseases remain the greatest cause of morbidity in this country. Newer infectious diseases or agents have been recognized, but newer tools for surveillance and control have also been made available. Specific objectives for the reduction of infectious diseases by 1990 have been set by the Public Health Service. The opportunities appear to be good for achieving by 1990 objectives for nosocomial infections, Legionnaires' disease, tuberculosis, and surveillance and control of infectious diseases. Achievement of the 1990 objectives for hepatitis B, pneumococcal pneumonia, and bacterial meningitis, however, will require both scientific advances and additional resources.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1983

[Modern bacterial vaccines].

A well founded vaccination strategy is of crucial importance for controlling communicable diseases. The WHO Enlarged Vaccination Programme of 1976 provides to protect by vaccination all children in the world against six infection diseases - diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, poliomyelitis, and tuberculosis, a sure immunization prophylaxis being possible against them. The perspectives of further development of some classical vaccines as against cholera, typhoid fever, and pertussis are reviewed. Some recent bacterial vaccines are discussed being of special significance for controlling nosocomial infections and for protecting patients in intensive therapy and/or persons with lowered immunological defence. New ways for production of vaccine matters are shown such as capsule polysaccharides, membrane proteins, subcellular fractions, and vaccines with synthetic carrier molecules. Fundamental problems concerning the initiation of vaccination and the demands for an enlarged proof of innocence of vaccines are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[Immunologic foundations of new vaccination strategies].

Vaccines provide cost-efficient means for control of infectious diseases. Yet, several infectious diseases exist, for which efficacious vaccines are not available, as yet. Recent progress in immunology has led to the identification of the parameters which promote the development of the most appropriate immune response that develops against a given infectious agent. Major criteria are the conditions of intracellular antigen processing which regulate activation of CD4 or CD8 T-cells. CD4 T-cells play a major role in the control of intracellular bacteria, protozoa and fungi, and CD8 T-cells are of importance for combat of viruses and certain intracellular microbes that evade from the phagosome into the cytoplasm. Equally important are the conditions which dictate the development of T-cell populations secreting distinct cytokine patterns of Th1 or Th2 type with Th1 cells being responsible for combat of intracellular bacteria and Th2 cells playing a major role in the control of helminth infections. Understanding how the host regulates the development of the most appropriate defence mechanisms together with modern insights into molecular genetics for manipulation of microbial agents will promote the development of a novel generation of vaccines. Such vaccines will not only contribute to control of infectious agents, but also allow novel strategies towards therapy of tumors, autoimmune disease and allergy.

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed2005

Public response to infectious disease research: the UC Davis experience.

This summary of the experience of the University of California, Davis, in public communications describes the course of applying for funds to build a National Biocontainment Laboratory. Opponents of the project put forward a wide range of arguments falling into two main areas: (1) the safety of the facility and the perceived risk of release of biological agents by accident, theft, or terrorist acts; and (2) concerns that the laboratories would be used for military or secret research beyond the control of the university. The communications strategy in support of the proposal used a number of different tools, including public workshops, direct mail, web sites, and proactive media relations. Communicating in this type of environment is challenging and requires long-term commitments of time and effort, as well as efficient cooperation across departments within the university and externally with local, county, and regional governments, agencies, elected officials, and community members.

California↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experience in the work on prevention of infectious diseases in the Republic of Dagestan in 2002 in connection with a natural disaster].

Materials characterizing the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Republic of Daghestan which arose as the consequence of the emergency situation caused by the high flood and inundation in summer 2002 are presented. The work of the sanitary and epidemiological service, carried out in cooperation with the relevant departments, on the organization and realization of measures aimed at preventing the deterioration of the epidemiological situation on the territories of the republic, affected by the natural calamity, is described. As shown in the presented materials, all these measures made it possible to ensure the effective control on the sanitary, hygienic and epidemiological situation in the republic and to prevent the appearance and spread of the outbreaks of infectious diseases.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1993

The coming crisis of public health in the suburbs.

A process of urban decay, coupled with forced displacement and behavioral problems, affecting an increasing number of neighborhoods in large U.S. cities. The resulting social disintegration has intensified a nexus of deviant behaviors and conditions, including substance abuse, that are related to transmission of HIV and resurgence of other contagious diseases. These diseases will diffuse, or are already diffusing, along the transportation hierarchy from larger into smaller central cities, and radially from the central cities into the surrounding areas. A widespread program of urban reform is a critical precondition for the control of contagious disease in the United States. It also is important for housing, social services, housing-related public services, and public health across urban and suburban jurisdictions.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1997

[Basic principles of infection surveillance].

This paper reviews the ideas of Robert Koch in the context of infection surveillance of typhoid fever in Trier in 1902 and the actual epidemiological situation of infectious diseases in the world. The plan of the EC Commission for a network for surveillance and control of infectious diseases after the treaty Maastricht is presented. Definition, aim and critical points of infectious surveillance are discussed. Problem deficits in Germany associated with infection surveillance are also dealt with.

Communicable Disease Control↗