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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Hepatotrophic activity in mouse serum infected with plerocercoids of Spirometra erinacei.

To investigate the mechanism by which liver weight increases during plerocercoid infections as well as the possible existence of a hepatocyte-growth-factor (HGF)-like substance in the serum of mice infected with Spirometra erinacei plerocercoids, liver DNA synthesis was measured in vivo and in vitro. Infection with S. erinacei plerocercoids significantly stimulated DNA synthesis in mouse parenchymal hepatocytes prior to the increase in liver weight, at least partly by stimulating the induction of the salvage pathways of pyrimidine biosynthesis. Furthermore, infected mouse serum directly stimulated DNA synthesis in cultured mouse parenchymal hepatocytes. These results suggest that an HGF-like substance is present in the serum of mice infected with S. erinacei plerocercoids.

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PubMed2001

Metacestodes of the family Dilepididae (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) parasitising fishes in Mexico.

A survey of metacestodes of dilepidid tapeworms (Cyclophyllidea) occurring in fish from Mexico is presented. They belong to the following species (those first reported from Mexico marked with an asterisk): Cyclustera capito (Rudolphi, 1819); (*)Cyclustera cf. ralli (Underwood & Dronen, 1986); Dendrouterina pilherodiae Mahon, 1956; (*)Glossocercus auritus (Rudolphi, 1819); (*)G. caribaensis (Rysavy & Macko, 1973); (*)Paradilepis caballeroi Rysavy & Macko, 1973; (*)Paradilepis cf. urceus (Wedl, 1855); (*) Paradilepis sp.; Parvitaenia cochlearii Coil, 1955; (*)Parvitaenia macropeos (Wedl, 1855); (*)Valipora campylancristrota (Wedl, 1855); (*)V. mutabilis Linton, 1927; and (*)V. minuta (Coil, 1950). Metacestodes of Dendrouterina papillifera (Fuhrmann, 1908), previously reported from the gall-bladder of the pimelodid catfish Rhamdia guatemalensis from Mexico by Scholz et al. (1996), belong actually to V. minuta. Data on the morphology of metacestodes, their fish hosts and rate of infection, site and distribution in Mexico are provided.

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PubMed2005

Ants as first intermediate hosts of Mesocestoides on San Miguel Island, USA.

This study tested the hypotheses that ants (Formicidae) function as a first intermediate host of Mesocestoides (Cestoda: Mesocestoididae) and that deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) develop metacestode infections after ingesting cysticercoid or procercoid-infected ants. Field studies were conducted at an island fox (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) breeding facility located on San Miguel Island, California Channel Islands National Park, USA, where > 40% of captive foxes were infected with adult Mesocestoides. Eight percent (8%) of deer mice at the fox pen site were infected with Mesocestoides metacestodes while none were infected at a distant site where foxes were absent (campground), thereby indicating the potential localized presence of a first intermediate host. To test whether ants from San Miguel Island contained Mesocestoides DNA, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay was developed using nested primers that could detect a single hexacanth larva within pooled samples of ten ants. Ants (Lasius niger and Tapinoma sessile) collected near the fox breeding facility were tested using the nested-PCR assay. Seven of 223 pooled samples of L. niger (3.1%) and 2 of 84 pooled samples of T. sessile (2.4%) tested positive for Mesocestoides DNA, while none of the ants were positive at the campground site. Positive samples were sequenced and found to match DNA sequences from Mesocestoides obtained from island fox and deer mice. Finally, to determine whether ants function as a first intermediate host for Mesocestoides, colony-raised deer mice (n = 47) were fed L. niger (n = 3860) or T. sessile (n = 339) collected from the San Miguel Island fox breeding facility. No mouse became infected with Mesocestoides metacestodes after ingesting ants. While both L. niger and T. sessile from SMI were positive for Mesocestoides DNA, they were not infective to deer mice in the laboratory.

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PubMed2001

Effects of Schistocephalus solidus infection on brain monoaminergic activity in female three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus.

The three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus is an intermediate host of the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. Changes in predator avoidance, foraging and shoaling behaviour have been reported in sticklebacks infested with S. solidus, but the mechanisms underlying parasite-induced behavioural changes are not understood. Monoamine neurotransmitters are involved in the control of behaviour and central monoaminergic systems are sensitive to various stressors. Thus, the behavioural effects of S. solidus infestation might be a reflection of changes in brain monoaminergic activity in the stickleback host. The concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and their metabolites 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanilic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured in the telencephalons, hypothalami and brainstems of parasitized and non-parasitized female sticklebacks held in the laboratory. The ratios of 5-HIAA:5-HT were significantly elevated in both the hypothalami and brainstems of infected sticklebacks. The concentrations of 5-HT and NE were significantly reduced in the telencephalons of infected fish as compared with controls, but there was no elevation of metabolite concentrations. The results are consistent with chronic stress in infected fish, but may also reflect other alterations of neuroendocrine status resulting from parasite infection.

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PubMed1994

The morphology of hymenolepidid and dilepidid cestodes from common and pygmy shrews (Soricidae) in southeast England.

One hundred and six of 109 common shrews (Sorex araneus) and 62 of 72 pygmy shrews (S. minutus), obtained by Longworth trapping in Southeast England, were infected with cestodes. Ten species were recovered: Choanotaenia hepatica and Hymenolepis prolifer (found in S. araneus); Choanotaenia crassiscolex, Hymenolepis furcata, H. jacutensis, H. schaldybini, H. scutigera, H. singularis, H. diaphana and H. infirma (in both hosts). The morphology, taxonomy and ecology of these species are discussed and the findings of the present study are discussed with reference to previous studies of the helminth fauna of British shrews. Cysticercoids of C. crassiscolex were found in the snail, Vitrina pellucida, and cysticercoids of H. schaldybini in the staphylinid beetle, Anthobium unicolor.

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PubMed1996

Host response to initial and challenge infections, following treatment, of Gyrodactylus bullatarudis and G. turnbulli (Monogenea) on the guppy (Poecilia reticulata).

The host response of Poecilia reticulata Peters against two species of Gyrodactylus (G. bullatarudis Turnbull, 1956 and G. turnbulli Harris, 1986) was investigated by comparing the dynamics of infrapopulations arising from initial infections, challenge infections begun 1 day after formalin treatment of 3-day-old initial infections and challenge control infections. The primary host response of P. reticulata to Gyrodactylus was shown to be non-(Gyrodactylus)-species-specific. Observations of differences in host-site specificities of initial and challenge infection infrapopulations indicated that the host response is largely localised to areas of heavy infection. The exact nature of the response remains unknown.

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PubMed2002

Oribatid mites as intermediate hosts of Thysanosoma actinioides (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae): a preliminary study.

Thysanosoma actinioides Diesing, 1834 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) parasitizes domestic and wild herbivores, and its life cycle has not yet been completely elucidated. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of oribatid mites as intermediate hosts of T. actinioides. The work was carried out at a Merino sheep breeding farm situated in the Pre-Cordillera region near Bariloche City, Río Negro Province, Argentina. The proglottids of T. actinioides were obtained from feces of infected sheep. In the laboratory, they were placed in the plastic wells with oribatid mites. The species of oribatids used in this experimental trial were Zygoribatula striassima Hammer, 1962 (Family Oribatulidae) and Oribatella spp. Banks, 1895 (Family Oribatellidae). Both species became infected with larval stages of T. actinioides. However, the infective cysticercoid stage did not develop.

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PubMed1998

Killing of Gyrodactylus salaris (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) mediated by host complement.

Gyrodactylus salaris, an important pathogen of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, has been shown to be highly sensitive to factors in host serum and mucus, being killed rapidly (50% within 1 h) by serum at a dilution of 1:200. The time needed for killing was inversely proportional to serum concentration. Similar effects were noted using host mucus, which contained approximately 1/20th of the anti-Gyrodactylus activity of serum. Serum activity was abolished completely by heating at 45 degrees C for 30 min, and by addition of EDTA, but not by EGTA + 1 mM magnesium ions. Activity was not dependent on whether the serum was from infected or naive fishes, nor was it species specific. Attempts to pre-coat parasites in salmon anti-Gyrodactylus antibodies also failed to enhance the activity of fresh serum. These observations suggest that killing is due to the complement system of the host, acting via the alternate pathway. G. salaris appears to be exceptionally sensitive to complement, being killed at concentrations which could be experienced in vivo. The role of complement in the protection of fishes against gyrodactylid infection therefore deserves further investigation.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Wormy mice in a hybrid zone.

As one approach to analysing the genetic barriers between species, we studied the numbers and types of parasitic worms in two species of house mice (Mus musculus and M. domesticus) and in their natural hybrids. Where the ranges of these two species meet in southern Germany, there is a zone of hybridization less than 20 kilometres across, in which about 98% of the mice have backcross genotypes. Fourteen of the 46 mice tested from within the zone have over 500 pinworms per gut, a number far exceeding the mean of 40 per gut for other mice inside and outside the zone. Other nematodes have a similar, non-random distribution. The number of mice bearing 9 or more tapeworms per gut is also excessive in the hybrid zone. These extraordinarily wormy mice may be unusually susceptible to parasitism; the different species may have different genes for resistance, and recombinant backcross animals may lose both. Our findings support the view that the hybrid populations may have reduced fitness and thereby act as a genetic sink, interfering with the flow of genes between the two species. The possibility that environmental or ecological peculiarites in the zone of hybridization make the mice more liable to infection is not supported.

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