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PubMed1985

Skin irritancy from nonanoic acid.

100 hospitalized patients with skin disease were patch tested with graded dilutions of nonanoic acid (NON), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and benzalkonium chloride (BENZ). Smooth dose-response curves were obtained. The concentration needed to produce a discernible irritant reaction in 50% of the population (ID50) was found to be lower in cases of irritant than of allergic contact dermatitis; this finding warrants further study. Björnberg's observation that it is not possible to predict the strength of the reaction to one irritant by knowing the strength of the reaction to another was confirmed. Benzalkonium chloride caused a high frequency of pustular and/or bullous reactions with scarring as a sequela. It is suggested that this irritant could be replaced by nonanoic acid in experimental studies of topical irritancy, since the test reactions from nonanoic acid were reproducible, easy to read and left no staining or scarring.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Identification and classification of skin sensitizers: identifying false positives and false negatives.

The first step in regulatory evaluation of substances involves the identification of their intrinsic hazards, including the potential for skin sensitization. This is, quite properly, entirely different from assessment of the risks to human health, which might arise from incorporation of substances in products. EU guidance on regulations concerning the classification of skin sensitizers suggests a range of sources of information be deployed in the hazard identification process. These include chemical structure, predictive animal tests, and various types of human data. Where the information is clear-cut, then uncertainties rarely arise. However, for some materials, discordant information arises, perhaps because the substance is on the borderline of test sensitivity and classification (sensitizing materials of insufficient potency do not classified according to the EU scheme), due to conflicting results in predictive tests or for other reasons. In this study, we review data on a number of substances where a classification decision is complicated by such discordances and seek to use these examples to demonstrate how best to make a weight of evidence decision on whether a substance should, or should not, be classified as a skin sensitizer.

Allergens↗
PubMed1978

Glucose and cation transport in rat jejunum, ileum and colon in vivo: control experiments, and effect of cationic surfactant.

Osmotically balanced solutions of glucose (0.5-300 mM) and sodium chloride, containing cetrimonium bromide (cetrimide, 0.8-4.1 mM), were instilled into the jejunum, ileum and colon of anaesthetized rats. Net transport of glucose, sodium and potassium was studied by their disappearance from, or accumulation into the intestinal lumen during 15 min incubation. Cetrimide caused the following shifts in normal jejunal and ileal glucose absorption: At low luminal glucose levels, absorption was strongly depressed and may be converted to net secretion. At intermediate levels, inhibition was less pronounced, and at high luminal glucose levels absorption was enhanced. Similar changes were seen in the colon. Furthermore, cetrimide caused a three-fold change in the regression lines relating net sodium fluxes to the initial sodium concentration: The lines became steeper, the correlation was improved and the sodium concentration value corresponding to zero net transport was elevated. Net potassium secretion was increased. These changes are all consistent with the view that surfactants cause an increase in passive permeability. Quantitatively, the effect of cetrimide increased with localization in the order colon greater than ileum greater than jejunum. Benzalkonium chloride (0.5-1.7 mM) was tested in the ileum only, and caused quite similar effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Inhibitory effects of nasal drops components on granulocyte chemotaxis.

A possible toxic effect of components in nasal drops on chemotaxis by human granulocytes was studied. The vasoactive substances oxymetazoline chloride and xylometazoline chloride gave a successive reduction of chemotaxis down to zero for a concentration of 500 mg/l which is around that used in commercial preparations. The preservative benzalkonium chloride which is used in nasal drops in a concentration of 200 mg/l was deleterious for chemotaxis at a concentration of 0.8 mg/l. Thiomersal was deleterious for chemotaxis at a concentration of 1 mg/l which should be compared with a concentration of 24 mg/l used as preservative in nasal drops. Together with previous studies the present results indicate that the addition of preservatives in nasal drops should be questioned especially as they can be safely distributed without any risk of bacterial contaminations nowadays.

Administration, Intranasal↗