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PubMed1986

Non-verbal behaviour and body organ fantasies. Their relation to body image formation and symptomatology.

A deliberate analytic approach to various non-verbal manifestations may in some cases be a point of departure for exploring idiosyncratic representations of body organs and body image. Relevant clinical material is presented to illustrate how such representations may be developed. Further, I have attempted to suggest how the roots of body image formation reflect early levels of concept formation influenced by primary process and derived from an amalgamation of what has been called enactive and imagic modes of thinking (McLaughlin, 1984). The enactive mode comprises a combination of affective processes entwined with proprioceptive, visceral, motoric and sensory feeling. The imagic mode refers to visual, auditory, tactile and gustatory impressions (Horowitz, 1983). The pre-oedipal and oedipal determinants of an analysand's symptomatology and of his body image pathology are examined. Moreover, the pre-oedipal antecedents of his Oedipus and castration complex are illuminated. The psychic and somatic implications of his particular 'testicularization' of his body and of his body image fantasies are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Ethnic differences in indices of body mass and body fat distribution in Israel.

Ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease have been demonstrated in the Jewish population in Israel. Different measures of body fat have been shown to be directly and indirectly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. It is not known to what extent lifestyle and genetic factors contribute to the distribution of body fat. The aim of this study was to examine ethnic differences in the distribution of body fat among Israelis. Between 1985 and 1989, a sample of 2154 males and 1395 females employed in Israeli industry were screened for selected risk factors for cardiovascular disease, in the framework of the Israel CORDIS study. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, three circumferences (waist, hip, chest) and two skinfolds (subscapular and triceps skinfolds). In univariate analysis of six anthropometric variables, highly significant differences (P < 0.001) between ethnic groups were found in both sexes. The subjects of European origin had the highest amount of fat in the upper part of the body (WHR) for both sexes. After adjustment for factors such as cigarette smoking, education and sporting activity, the discrimination between ethnic groups remained statistically significant (P < 0.001) for all anthropometric indices except the triceps skinfold. Body mass index was not the best discriminating variable. Chest-to-waist ratio was the most powerful discriminator in males, but the subscapular-to-triceps ratio was the most powerful in females. These findings suggest that differences in body fat distribution are derived from both genetic and lifestyle factors.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Relationship between body weight, body position, support surface, and tissue interface pressure at the sacrum.

This descriptive, comparative study examined the relationship between three body positions, body weight, and tissue interface pressure measurement on three support surfaces among residents who were 65 years of age or older. The support surfaces included the Sof. Care bed cushion, Biogard foam mattress, and hospital mattress. Subjects included 12 ideal body-weight and six less-than-ideal body-weight individuals from a long-term care facility in a Mid-western state. Results indicated no significant difference in sacral tissue interface difference between ideal body weight and less-than-ideal body weight subjects. However, the sacral measurements were significantly greater in the supine position than those taken in the Fowler's and semi-Fowler's positions. A significant interaction was found between position and support surface with subjects in Fowler and semi-Fowler positions on the Sof. Care Surface exhibiting the lowest mean tissue interface pressure at the sacrum.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Effects of anatomic site, oral stimulation, and body position on estimates of body temperature.

BACKGROUND: A prior investigation characterized the range of body temperature in healthy young adults and established the importance of diurnal variations in defining the febrile state. METHODS: Sequential rectal, oral, and tympanic membrane temperature measurements were performed on 22 healthy subjects to determine the quantitative effects of anatomic site, oral stimulation, and body position on estimates of body temperature. RESULTS: Mean rectal temperatures exceeded concurrent oral readings by 0.4 degrees C +/- 0.4 degrees C (0.8 degrees F +/- 0.7 degrees F), which, in turn, exceeded concurrent tympanic membrane readings (obtained with a digital thermometer [IVAC Corp, San Diego, Calif]) by 0.4 degrees C +/- 1.1 degrees C (0.7 degrees F +/- 2.0 degrees F). Tympanic membrane readings were significantly more variable (both intrasubject and intersubject) than rectal or oral readings, especially when cerumen was present in the external ear canal being examined (P<.05). Mastication and smoking both caused significant increases in oral temperature that persisted for greater than 20 minutes. Drinking ice water caused a significant but more transient decrease in oral temperature. Of these activities, only mastication appeared to influence tympanic membrane readings. Body position exerted a modest effect on rectal temperature readings, but did not significantly affect oral or tympanic membrane readings. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that, in addition to diurnal fluctuations in body temperature, the effects of anatomic site, oral stimulation, and body position should be considered in establishing criteria for the febrile state.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Association between bone mineral density (DXA), body structure, and body composition in middle-aged men.

The association between bone mass, body structure, and body composition was explored in 156 men, 40 years of AGE. Bone mineral density (total body, lumbar spine, left arm, and left leg) was obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Hologic QDR 4500A). Body structure was determined from a battery of anthropometric dimensions with a principal components analysis. Body composition was estimated with DXA. From the 24 anthropometric dimensions, three components were extracted and identified as muscle, fat, and skeletal length. Significant correlations between the muscle component and all BMD measurements (r = 0.28-0.44) were obtained. Except for BMD of the left arm, which correlated significantly, but negatively, with the fat component (r = -0.16), no significant relations were found between the fat component and BMD. There were significant correlations between lean mass, fat mass, and BMD measurements. The correlations were higher between lean mass and BMD (r = 0.22-0.44) than between fat mass and BMD (r = 0.08-0.24). The multiple regression analysis revealed that except for BMD of the left arm only lean mass or the muscle component, and not fat mass or the fat component, were independent predictors of BMD. It is concluded that the principal anthropometric determinant of BMD in middle-aged men is lean mass or muscle.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1987

Normalizing the thermal effects of radiofrequency radiation: body mass versus total body surface area.

The current guideline for exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) was developed through assessment of the biological effects data collected primarily from the rat. The consensus that a lack of hazardous biological effects occurred below a whole-body-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4.0 W/kg led to the proposition of a 0.4 W/kg guideline with a built-in safety factor of 10. This paper demonstrates that if the RFR absorption rate in the rat had been normalized with respect to total body surface area rather than body mass, the exposure guideline would be 2.3 W/m2, which translates to an SAR of approximately 0.06 W/kg for an adult human. It is further shown that a given RFR absorption rate, normalized as a fraction of a species' heat loss per unit of surface area, is independent of body mass over a range of 0.03-100 kg; however, a normalization of the RFR absorption rate to heat loss per unit of body mass is highly dependent on the species' mass. Normalizing the rate of RFR absorption to the surface area of the rat indicates that the current RFR exposure guideline of 0.4 W/kg may be too high.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Changes in body chemical composition with age measured by total-body neutron activation.

Total-body levels of calcium and phosphorus (reflecting skeletal mass) and total-body levels of potassium (reflecting muscle mass) were measured by neutron activation analysis in 39 men and 40 women ages 30-90 yr. In order to intercompare the total body calcium (TBCa) values in a heterogeneous population, such as this, it was necessary to normalize the data for skeletal size. The normalization consisted of dividing the absolute calcium level by the predicted calcium level for each individual matched to a set of critical parameters. The parameter used in the computation of normal values were age, sex, muscle mass, i.e., total body potassium (TBK) and height. For the calcium data of the women, it was necessary to add an age correction factor after the age of 55 yr. The calcium ratio(mean ratio of the predicted to measured TBCa) in men was 1.000 +/- 7.8% and in women 0.996 +/- 7.1%. The TBCa of normal males and females can thus be predicted to +/- 13% (at the 90% confidence level). An exception to this was found in males (70-90 yr) who exhibited a mean calcium ratio greater than 1.13. The derivative of TBCa with time was determined for this population of men and women by taking into account the dependency of calcium on three time dependent variables, height, TBK, and an explicit age correction factor in the case of the women. The mean rate of loss of TBCa in women was 0.37% and 1.1% per year before and after menopause (50 yr). In the males, the average rate of loss of TBCa was 0.7% per year after 50 yr of age. The pattern of total body phosphorus (TBP) loss with age paralleled that of TBCa as the ratio of TBP/TBCa was rather constant with age. The constancy of the ratio suggests that the mineral composition of bone does not change significantly with age. The rate of loss of TBK with age was also related directly to that of TBCa. The mean ratio of TBK/TBCa was 9.9 in females and 8.0 in males and this ratio remained relatively constant from 30-70 yr. Thus, the mechanism responsible for the loss of bone with age, whether nutritional deficiency or decreased gonadal function and physical activity may also be responsible for the loss of muscle mass with age.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Validation study of a total body electrical conductive (TOBEC) instrument that measures fat-free body mass.

Validation of the model SA-2's (EM-SCAN, Inc.) ability to measure fat-free body mass (FFM) and indirectly predict body fat mass using total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) methodology was investigated. To simulate changes in FFM (6.8 to 27.2 g) and fat mass (5 to 20 g), saline and oil, respectively, were injected into multiple sites of male Sprague-Dawley rats in separate trials. Two identical experiments were conducted; only the body weights differed. In Experiment 1 the rats' starting body weight averaged 171.8 +/- 3.4 g, while it averaged 214.0 +/- 2.8 g in Experiment 2. In Experiments 1 and 2, model SA-2 was used, and theoretical changes in FFM had correlations of r = 0.88 and r = 0.82, respectively. There was a tendency of the machine to consistently overpredict FFM as greater amounts of saline were injected. In Experiment 1, when oil was injected, FFM remained extremely stable, whereas in Experiment 2, it consistently overpredicted the amount of fat added in these heavier rats. Because the overpredictions in both the cases were consistent, an adjustment to the prediction equation can possibly correct these problems. Until this is done, caution must be used in interpreting data gather from the model SA-2.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Body composition in normal weight, overweight and obese children: matched case-control analyses of total and regional tissue masses, and body composition trends in relation to relative weight.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is defined on the basis of weight and height, using body mass index (BMI). There is little detailed information on the body composition characteristic of overweight and obesity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate total and regional body composition in overweight, obese and control children aged 7-14 years. DESIGN: Body composition was measured by the four-component model and dual X-ray absorptiometry in 38 age- and sex-matched pairs of obese and control children. Body composition trends were also evaluated by quintile of BMI standard deviation score (SDS) in these and 31 other children (n=107; BMI SDS range -1.0 to 4.3). RESULTS: Obese children were taller than controls (Delta=0.6 SDS; P=0.01) and had greater hydration of fat-free mass (FFM) (Delta=1.8 %, P<0.0001). After adjusting for these variables, obese children had greater FFM, fat mass (FM) and mineral (P<0.0001). Regional analyses showed that these differences were apparent in the arm, leg and trunk, but the three tissues had different proportional distributions of the excess. Fat was primarily in the trunk, but mineral in the leg. FM, FFM, hydration and mineral mass all increased across BMI SDS quintiles (P<0.0001), but the trend for FM was much the steepest. DISCUSSION: The greater weight of obese children is due to excess FFM including mineral as well as excess fatness. Increasing weight has a strong continuous relationship with increasing FM across the whole spectrum of weight.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2006

The use of a simulated body shape for determination of patient dosimetry within whole body ultraviolet treatment cabinets.

Details are described of a simulated body shape utilized to determine patient dosimetry within whole body ultraviolet treatment cabinets. The body shape was designed to have a shape characteristic of the patient group undergoing treatment and was utilized in several Waldmann whole body treatment cabinets and with irradiance measurements undertaken using a Bentham DM150C spectroradiometer. It was considered that the rigid defined structure of the body shape allowed satisfactory reproducibility of measurements in such cabinets and also allowed additional parameters to be identified for evaluation of performance of such units.

Body Size↗
PubMed1997

A longitudinal study of changes in body mass index and total body composition after radioiodine treatment for thyrotoxicosis.

Patients treated for thyrotoxicosis often complain of increases in body weight after treatment of their thyroid disorder. The objective of this study was to define the extent of changes in body mass and composition following treatment of thyrotoxicosis with radioiodine 131I. We prospectively measured body mass index (BMI) in 75 patients (18 males, 57 females), ranging in age from 15-88 years treated for thyrotoxicosis with 131I (doses ranging from 5.2 to 25.7 mCi) between 1978 and 1994. BMI pre- and post-radioiodine treatment were recorded for up to 10 years after treatment. Body composition studies were performed on a subgroup of 9 patients (1 male, 8 females), aged 24 to 74 years treated with 6.0 to 12.2 mCi 131I. Bone mineral content, lean mass, and fat content were determined prior to and following 131I treatment through whole body scanning with a Hologic QDR-1000/W dual energy x-ray densitometer. Sustained increases in BMI averaging 2.33 kg/m2 above baseline (p < .01) were observed from the initial 6 months through the first 5 years after 131I therapy. BMI was no different from pretreatment levels over the remainder of the 10-year follow-up period. Lean mass increased significantly (p = .0004) by an average of 7.2 kg. Although both fat and mineral content appeared to increase, these changes were not statistically significant. Weight gain occurs within the first year after 131I treatment of patients with thyrotoxicosis and is predominantly due to increased lean mass (20.2%, p < .0005) although bone mineral content increased only marginally (4.62%, p = .10).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Body composition of Peruvian children with short stature and high weight-for-height. I. Total body-water measurements and their prediction from anthropometric values.

Total body water (TBW) was measured by 18O dilution in 139 undernourished, preschool Peruvian children with high weight-for-height. Values for TBW as a percent of body weight were relatively high, averaging 67.4 +/- 6.4%. Depending upon the method of calculation, mean values for the sample population for percent fat ranged from 9.4-18.5%. Regression of TBW on lean body mass suggested that hydration of the fat-free body was higher than for normally nourished children of comparable age. Thus, the increased weight-for-height in these children did not result from increased fat tissue, but from increased hydration of the fat-free body. TBW was most highly correlated with height and weight, both with r = 0.95. Equations predicting TBW from either height or weight were significantly different from those developed by other investigators to predict TBW for normal, well-nourished American children.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2005

Body fat distribution, body composition, and respiratory function in elderly men.

BACKGROUND: Most population studies have reported weak or nonsignificant associations between body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) and lung function. OBJECTIVE: This study focused on the distinct effects of fat distribution and body composition on lung function and examined these relations in elderly men. DESIGN: The study was a cross-sectional evaluation of 2744 men aged 60-79 y who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer and were drawn from general practices in 24 British towns. Anthropometric and body-composition [including fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and percentage body fat (%BF) evaluated with bioelectric impedance] measurements were made, and lung function was examined by using spirometry. RESULTS: Height-standardized forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was diminished only in lean (BMI < 22.5) and obese (BMI > or = 30) men, but forced vital capacity (FVC) tended to decrease with increasing BMI (P < 0.01). All other measures of adiposity [ie, waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), FM, and %BF] were significantly and inversely related to FEV1 and FVC after adjustment for confounders, including age and cigarette smoking (all: P < 0.05). This was seen both in nonobese (BMI < 30) and obese men. FFM was positively associated with FEV1 (P = 0.03) and to a lesser extent with FVC. Higher BMI and FFM were both associated with reduced odds of a low FEV1-FVC ratio (ie, <70%). CONCLUSION: Total body fat and central adiposity are inversely associated with lung function, but increased FFM reflecting increases in muscle mass is associated with increased lung function and lower odds of low FEV1:FVC in the elderly.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Tracking of body size from birth to late adolescence: contributions of birth length, birth weight, duration of gestation, parents' body size, and twinship.

Birth weight has correlated positively with adult body mass index (BMI), but rarely have birth length, duration of gestation, or parents' body size been taken into account. The authors examined tracking of birth length and weight, adjusted for gestational age, to late adolescence, with special reference to parents' height and BMI. Longitudinal information from a nationally representative sample of Finnish twin adolescents (birth cohorts 1975-1979) and their parents was collected via questionnaires mailed when the twins were aged 16 years (n = 4,376; 2,062 males, 2,314 females) and 18 years (n = 3,917; 1,742 males, 2,175 females). The twins showed significant tracking of body size from birth to late adolescence, which was greatly influenced by their parents' body size. Height in adolescence was predicted by length and weight at birth and by parents' height, whereas BMI was predicted by birth weight and parents' BMI. An especially high risk for overweight was found for subjects of average length but a high weight at birth. These findings suggest that the intrauterine period has enduring effects on later body size but leave unresolved whether these effects are genetic or environmental.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Determination of body composition in growing rats by total body electrical conductivity.

Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC), measured with an Em-Scan SA-1 analyzer, was evaluated as a means of estimating fat-free mass and total body water content noninvasively in small laboratory animals. Ninety-four rats whose weight ranged from 5.53 to 170.84 g at 0-50 days of age were studied. The animals were killed by intraperitoneal injection of a pentobarbital overdose. After weight, crown-rump length (CRL) and TOBEC were measured, and the animals were minced with scissors and desiccated to constant weight in a convection oven. Fat was extracted by multiple bathings in petroleum ether followed by Soxhlet extraction. Fifty-four rats were used to determine the relation between fat-free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW), and TOBEC# (E) by regression analysis. The best correlations were observed between FFM and (E x CRL)1/2 (r = 0.995, p less than 0.0001). Forty rats were used to determine the predictive value of TOBEC estimates. With this instrument, TOBEC tended to underestimate FFM by an average of 3.9% and TBW by 5.3%. Accuracy was questionable for animals smaller than 13 g and TOBEC did not provide useful estimates of total body fat. Subject to these limitations, TOBEC instruments should prove to be useful for sequential in vivo estimations of body composition during growth and development of small animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of the body composition of pigs of 90- to 130-kilograms body weight.

We used the pig as an in vivo model for evaluating the effects of extreme body depth on the measurement of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). One group of 17 pigs weighed an average of 90 kg and had a maximum body depth of approximately 30 cm; another group of 54 pigs weighed 123 kg on average and had a maximum body depth of about 35 centimeters. In the larger pigs, DXA tended to measure a higher percentage of total body fat relative to the chemical analysis than in the smaller pigs. In both groups, but more predominantly in the larger pigs, there were areas in the bone of extreme thickness and/or density that were excluded from the analysis, which caused underestimation of bone mineral content and total tissue mass.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body mass index and agreement between bioimpedance and anthropometry estimates of body compartments in anorexia nervosa.

BACKGROUND: In 74 women with anorexia nervosa (body mass index [BMI] 10-17.5 kg/m(2)), a progressive disagreement between anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) estimates of fat (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) was documented with a BMI <15 kg/m(2). Below this threshold, an abnormal body composition was detected with vector BIA independent on body weight (useful tool at the bedside). Both anthropometry and BIA are used for body composition assessment. We evaluated the agreement between their estimates of FFM and FM in extremely lean subjects with anorexia nervosa. METHODS: Observational study in 74 women (age 15-45 years; BMI 10.0-17.5 kg/m(2)) with anorexia nervosa. Anthropometry FM and FFM were estimated by skinfold thicknesses. Whole-body impedance vector components, resistance (R) and reactance (X(c)), were measured at the same time (BIA-101 analyzer, 50-kHz frequency; Akern/RJL Systems, Clinton Twp., MI). BIA estimates of FFM and FM were obtained with Sun's equations (BMI 14-39 kg/m(2)). Vector BIA was performed with the RXc graph method. The frequency of disagreement between anthropometry and BIA was evaluated as a function of increasing BMI (receiver operating characteristic curve). RESULTS: The correlation coefficient between methods was 0.80-0.90. The BMI cutoff value of 15 kg/m(2) predicted disagreement of FM and FFM in patients with a BMI <15 kg/m(2). In the RXc graph, the distribution of vectors from patients with disagreement was significantly shifted out of the right border of the reference tolerance ellipses. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometry and BIA equations should not be used in anorexic patients with a BMI <15 kg/m(2). The distribution of vectors from patients with disagreement of methods was shifted out of the right border of the reference tolerance ellipses and was superposed to vectors from patients with a BMI <15 kg/m(2). The identified impedance pattern for anorexia could be useful for feedback in individual patient refeeding (vector back into the 75% reference ellipse).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Whole-body composition of Xenopus laevis larvae: implications for lean body mass during development.

Body composition in developing animals has been extensively investigated in fish larvae and bird embryos. However, no studies to date have attempted to determine whole-animal body composition or lean body mass (MLB) in developing amphibians. The present study investigates how body composition changes during development in Xenopus laevis and the potential implications of MLB for substrate turnover, energy stores, oxygen consumption and other physiological measures. Whole-animal composition was determined during development from eggs (NF stage 1) to 2 weeks post-feeding (NF 50-51), which represents two-thirds of the developmental period. Wet and dry masses were found to be highly correlated, with water content remaining constant at 93 % of wet mass. Whole-animal nucleic acid content was linearly correlated with both wet and dry masses, and declined relative to mass as development progressed. Similarly, total protein content was linearly correlated with wet and dry masses; however, total protein content increased with developmental stage. Amounts of individual neutral lipids were variable although, overall, total neutral lipid content declined progressively with development. The stoichiometric energy balance paralleled the changes seen in mass-specific .MO2, with the energy primarily from lipids fueling respiration up to NF 44-45. Quantification of total body composition revealed that lipid stores greatly influenced the calculations of MLB and therefore had profound underestimating effects on the mass-specific expression of numerous physiological measures through development.

Animals↗