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PubMed1982

[Combined in vitro effect of new betalactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ].

The association of 11 betalactam antibiotics (carbenicillin, ticarcillin, azlocillin, piperacillin, mezlocillin, cefotaxim, cefoperazone, ceftriaxon, moxalactam, cefsulodin, ceftazidim) with each of the 3 aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin) were studied by the broth dilution method ("checkboard" technic) against 6 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa chosen as a function of their "phenotype". The coefficient of synergy (FIC and FBC) were calculated for the 198 combinations (33 combinations per strain). Bacteriostatic synergy was observed in 18 per cent of the cases and bactericidal synergy in 48 per cent. Synergic association were found to be a function of phenotype. Synergy was rarely observed against bacterial strains resistant to aminoglycosides. Synergy was most frequently observed with two antibiotics in intermediate potency, or an active aminoglycosides combined with an active betalactam antibiotic. The combination containing amikacin produced the most synergy.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1982

[Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriaemia: new clinical and therapeutic aspects ].

Fifty one cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriaemia observed during the last 12 years are reported. Thirty five patients were over fifty years old; 92 p. cent were admitted for several days and about 50 p. cent were in post-operative period. A previous antibiotherapy and an impaired status are promotive factors. The respiratory or peritoneal origins are the most frequent. All patients were feverish; 24 have had an infectious shock which was inaugural in 12 cases. Seven pneumonitis, 3 endocarditis, one pericarditis and 2 osteitis were observed. An ecthyma gangrenosum was noted in three patients. Mortality was 70 p. cent. Comparison between recovered and died patients improved bad prognosis of old age, post operative period, neoplasic, previous organica weakness and pulmonary or peritoneal origins. Used alone, colimycin has seemed to be more effective than aminosid antibiotics; but their association with betalactamins was better. An in vitro study of the susceptibility of 100 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains has proved the interest of piperacillin and cefsulodin; azlocillin, cefoperazone and ceftriaxone are just less effective.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

In vitro activity of modern penicillins and cephalosporins against enterococci.

The in vitro activity of nine penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics against enterococci was compared by MIC determination and killing curve experiments. To inhibit 90% of the 143 clinical isolates tested the following drug concentrations were required: mezlocillin, 1--2 micrograms/ml; azlocillin, 2 micrograms/ml; piperacillin, 4 micrograms/ml; cefazedone, 16 micrograms/ml; cefazolin and cefoperazone, 32 micrograms/ml; ticarcillin, 64 micrograms/ml. Cefotaxime and lamoxactam proved to be almost ineffective at 128 micrograms/ml which was the highest concentration tested. In killing curve experiments a reduction of viable cell count by 2--3 logs was achieved with all antibiotics except cefotaxime and lamoxactam. In general, the acylureido-penicillins exhibited a better bactericidal activity than the cephalosporins.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1982

[Investigations on antibacterial activity of apalcillin].

In 201 clinical isolates the antibacterial activity of (2S,5R, 6R)-6-[(R)-2-(4-Hydroxy-1,5-naphthyridine-3-carboxamido) -2-phenylacetamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0]heptane-2-carbonic acid (apalcillin, PC-904) a new semisynthetic broad spectrum penicillin, was tested. The activity was almost equal to piperacillin, the at present optimal penicillin derivative, but against pseudomonas apalcillin was clearly superior. Lack of activity as compared to the acylureidopenicillins was found in proteus species whilst its activity against E. coli and klebsiella species was higher. Antagonism was observed in pseudomonas aeruginosa for the combination of apalcillin and cefoxitin which also existed with azlocillin or piperacillin and cefoxitin.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of the in vitro activity of new beta-lactams and aminoglycosides against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

In vitro susceptibility of 338 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to twelve antipseudomonal antibiotics were determined. Correlation between antibiotic resistance and serotypes was also performed. It was shown that the newer beta-lactams cefsulodin, piperacillin, azlocillin and mezlocillin had high biological activity against carbenicillin-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa. The most active aminoglycosides against gentamicin-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were amikacin and netilmicin. Carbenicillin-resistant strains were most frequently observed among serotypes 4, 11 and NT group, and gentamicin-resistant strains among serotypes 3, 11 and NT group.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1980

[Sensitivity of Salmonella species to four "classical" antibiotics and seven new beta-lactamic antibiotics (author's transl)].

A study of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 200 strains of Salmonella sp. has been performed with the following beta-lactamic antibiotics: mezlocillin and azlocillin (penicillins), cephaclor, cephamandole, cephuroxime and cephotaxime (cephalosporins), and cephoxytine (cephamycin). The MIC has been compared with that of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole, all of them widely used antibiotics for the treatment of Salmonella infections in Spain. The different species and serotypes of Salmonella studied were all sensitive to all the beta-lactamic antibiotics tested. Of particular relevance is the fact that cephotaxime (HR 756) MIC was extraordinarily low even for strains resistent to the penicillins. The MIC of cephaclor, and oral cephalosporin, was similar to that of the parenteral cephalosporins.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

[Actual resistance of Staphylococcus aureus: beta-Lactamase production and susceptibility to various penicillins and erythromycin (author's transl)].

The actual resistance of Staphylococcus aureus from different clinics in Bielefeld was examined on the basis of 155 strains freshly isolated from clinical specimens during a period of two months. Sensitivity of these strains was assessed by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) as determined by agar dilution method. As expected oxacillin proved to be the most effective compound according to its stability to beta-lactamases. Ampicillin and amoxicillin were nearly as active as penicillin G, while propicillin exhibited a higher activity than penicillin G against those strains which were moderately sensitive to penicillin G. Mics of erythromycin were similar to those of propicillin and most of the highly penicillin resistant strains proved to be resistant to erythromycin too. When comparing the acylureidopenicillins and ticarcillin nearly identical MIC values resulted for azlocillin, mezlocillin and piperacillin; ticarcillin was found to be slightly less active. The qualitative assay for beta-lactamase activity performed after induction with methicillin demonstrated strong correlation between presence or absence of beta-lactamases and sensitivity of the bacteria to penicillin G. beta-lactamase activity could be found in almost all strains with MIC greater than or equal to 0.25 micrograms/ml for penicillin G. These results are discussed with respect to the recommendations for susceptibility testing.

Erythromycin↗
PubMed1980

[An experimental study on erythromycin in combination with beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics (author's transl)].

Combinations of erythromycin with penicillins (ampicillin, azlocillin, carbenicillin and mezlocillin) and with aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin and sisomicin) were tested for their efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the checkerboard technique. No antagonistic effect could be ascertained. Synergistic effects (inhibition with 25% of the effective antibiotic concentration after mono-application) were seen only in rare instances using the penicillin/erythromycin combinations. In over 30% of the tests the aminoglycoside/erythromycin combinations were synergistically effective against E. coli.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1980

[Bacteriological studies in vitro on cefsulodin, a new cephalosporin active against Pseudomonas (author's transl)].

In vitro comparison of MIC from cefsulodin, cefataxime, and azlocillin for 265 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrates that of the available beta-lactam antibiotics cefsulodin has the highest anti-pseudomonal activity. In the agar-diffusion test (30 micrograms disc) cefsulodin zone diameters greater than or equal to 12 mm (corresponding to MIC less than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml) are considered as showing susceptibility of the organisms.

Cefsulodin↗
PubMed1981

Binding characteristics of various penicillins in Staphylococcus aureus.

Binding studies with penicillins other than penicillin G are rare in staphylococci. Therefore the binding of a series of penicillins to the isolated cytoplasmic membrane of S. aureus H was examined indirectly by inhibition of (14C)-penicillin G binding. Biphasic inhibition curves were obtained with the beta-lactamase-insensitive penicillins as well as with ampicillin, ciclacillin, and 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) indicating that there are at least two types of targets. 60--75% of them were those with a high affinity of 10(7)--10(8) l/mol, the affinities of the second type of binding sites being in the range of 10(4)--10(5) l/mol (except 6-APA: 10(5) l/mol resp.). Monophasic binding curves were produced by penicillin G, penicillin V, propicillin, mezlocillin, azlocillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin and mecillinam. With both groups of penicillins reversible binding to some extent was found. From comparative analysis of the binding of particular penicillins it can be finally concluded that there exist four types of binding sites in staphylococcal membranes. This agrees with the current state of knowledge in the field of penicillin-binding proteins. A good correlation was found between the 50% binding value and the minimum inhibitory concentration for most of the penicillins. As half saturation also with the "biphasic" penicillins was always achieved by (irreversible) binding to the high-affinity targets, it may be suggested that the low-affinity binding sites are probably not related to the antibacterial action of penicillins in staphylococci.

Membranes↗
PubMed1981

[On the combination of clindamycin with beta-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides (author's transl)].

With the checkerboard-technique, it was found in vitro, that methyl-[7-chloro-6,7,8-tridesoxy-6-trans-(1-methyl-4-propyl-L-2-pyrrolidincarboxamido)-1-thio-L-threo-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside] (clindamycin) in combination with cefoxitin, cefotaxim, mezlocillin, azlocillin, gentamicin and amikacin has no antagonistic effects against common infective microorganisms such as staphylococci, enterococci and E. coli. In most cases the combination was found to be synergistic. If the results of the in vitro experiments are calculated with the FIC-indices (fractional inhibitory concentration), only the combination of clindamycin with cefoxitin and clindamycin with cefotaxime showed no synergistic efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. Only 20% of the enterococci strains were inhibited synergistically with the combination clindamycin and gentamicin or with amikacin, respectively. All the other strains tested were inhibited synergistically by the combinations of clindamycin with the antibiotics mentioned above. In clinical use clindamycin can be administered in combination with cefoxitin, cefotaxime, mezlocillin, gentamicin and amikacin, respectively, without any loss in its activity against the microorganisms tested in this study.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1980

In vitro activities of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics. A comparative study of 20 parenterally administered drugs.

In vitro susceptibilities of 552 recent clinical isolates to 20 parenterally administered beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics were studied. Newer beta-lactam antibiotics had no increased activity over well-known penicillins and cephalosporins against Gram-positive cocci. All showed greater activity, a broadened spectrum, or both against Gram-negative bacilli; azlocillin, mezlocillin, mecillinam, cefamandole, and cefoxitin each had unique advantages. Against Bacteroides fragilis, mezlocillin was more active than available penicillins, and cefoxitin was more active than available cephalosporins, but neither provided any advantages against other anaerobes. All the aminoglycosides studied were inactive against streptococci and anaerobes but had broad spectrums of activity against staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae. Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was variable. Sisomicin was the most active aminoglycoside against aminoglycoside-susceptible Gram-negative bacilli, but amikacin inhibited the largest percentage (99.2%) of Enterobacteriaceae and P aeruginosa.

Amdinocillin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Beta-lactamases of Campylobacter spp. and their use as epidemiologic markers].

The tests of 64 clinical strains of Campylobacter jejuni and 69 strains isolated from hens revealed beta-lactamases in 96.99 per cent of the cultures. The detected enzymes more frequently splitted oxacillin and ampicillin among 5 betalactams used as the substrates (ampicillin, azlocillin, oxacillin, cefoperazon and cefotaxime). On the whole 24 spectra of the beta-lactamase activity with the evident domination of the AmAzOxCfpCtx spectrum (29.69 per cent) were detected in both the clinical strains and the strains isolated from the hens. A marked correlation of the beta-lactamase spectra of the strains circulating in the humans and hens was observed. Two strains of C. jejuni isolated from the persons of the same family were studied and correlation of their beta-lactamase spectra was noted. The expediency of the determination of the beta-lactamase spectra for the interspecies typing of Campylobacter spp. was suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Nosocomial colonization and infection by multiresistant Enterobacter cloacae strains on a pediatric oncological unit].

A multiresistant E. cloacae strain spread during a six month period in a paediatric oncology ward amongst nine children, who had different tumors and malformations. Three children who had shared a room were especially affected. E. cloacae was isolated 122 times from the children with tumors and five times from their environment. Specimens from which the bacteria were isolated, included blood cultures, catheter tips, wound swabs, drains, skin and mucous membranes from most parts of the body. The majority of the E. cloacae strains were resistant to ampicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, azlocillin, doxycycline and cephalosporins of the second and third generation and sensitive to imipenem, aminoglycosides and quinolones. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of the E. cloacae strains from the paediatric oncology ward were compared to those isolated from other wards in the hospital. E. cloacae isolates from the intensive care unit had a reduced sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics, whereas the isolates from the other wards were, with the exception of ampicillin, sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics. The analysis of the E. cloacae strains from the paediatric oncology ward revealed the same antimicrobial resistance pattern, bacteriocin type, RFLP-type and an identical enzyme and whole cell profile. Isolates from other wards showed considerably deviating patterns. The systematic registration and isolation of patients, colonized or infected with multiresistant E. cloacae strains, together with infection control methods, lead to a significant reduction in infections.

Child↗
PubMed1994

[Comparative study of the effect of antibiotics on the vital activity of plague microbe absorbed by macrophages].

The influence of aminoglycosides (gentamicin, sisomicin and amikacin), cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefazolin) and semisynthetic penicillins (ampicillin and azlocillin) on the vital activity of macrophage-absorbed plague microbe was studied in a model of peritoneal macrophages of albino mice. It was shown that the aminoglycosides and betalactams added to the medium for the cultivation of the macrophages with the absorbed cells of the plaque microbe lowered the intensity of the plague microbe multiplication and promoted the phagocytosis completion when exposed for a prolonged time (24 hours). When the influence was body-mediated (albino mice), even a single administration of the antibiotics was sufficient to retard the vital activity of the macrophage-absorbed plague microbe during the first 6 hours of the observation period. It was also shown that the aminoglycosides were more active than the betalactams.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1994

[Synthesis and antibacterial action of new ureido- and dicarboxylic acid diamido- derivatives of acylpenicillins with and without catechol substituents].

New ureido, oxamoyl, fumaramoyl and terephthalamoyl derivatives of ampicillin or amoxicillin were synthesized by reaction of acylpenicillines with o-dihydroxy- or o-diacyloxy substituents containing aromatic amines bound over CO- or dicarboxylic groups. Corresponding compounds derived from 3,4-diacetoxyaniline showed significant increase of activity against pseudomonas and salmonella in contrast to derivatives without catechol substituents. No increase of activity was observed by corresponding derivatives of bi- and tricyclic amines. Derivatives with oxamoyl, fumaramoyl or terephthalamoyl groups were found to be more active than the corresponding ureido derivatives. Studies with mutants possessing higher membrane permeability have shown that the high activities of catechol containing derivatives are connected with the improved penetration through the outer membrane. Some new penicillin derivatives are more stable against beta-lactamases compared with azlocillin.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Achromobacter xylosoxidans keratitis following penetrating keratoplasty.

BACKGROUND: Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a bacterium not previously reported in a corneal infection. We present a case of infectious keratitis caused by this organism, occurring 1 month following penetrating keratoplasty. METHODS: Identification of the organism was accomplished by staining, culture, and sensitivity testing of the corneal scraping obtained from the involved area. The infection responded to subconjunctival ticarcillin, piperacillin eye drops, and I.V. azlocillin. RESULTS: Complete healing with a resultant corneal opacity involving mostly the anterior and middle stroma was achieved 1 month later. CONCLUSIONS: A. xylosoxidans should be considered as a potential pathogen in instances of early postkeratoplasty infectious keratitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strains isolated from patients treated in intensive care units.

The distribution according to specimens and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of 481 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strains isolated from patients treated in intensive care units were studied. They occurred most frequently in tracheal specimens and pus. Using disk diffusion test the strains proved to be multiple resistant to ampicillin (86.3%), azlocillin (86.7%), mezlocillin (84.0%), cefamandole (99.7%), cefoxitin (94.1%), cefuroxime (90.6%), cefoperazone (84.9%), cefotaxime (82.0%), ceftriaxone (81.0%), tobramycin (71.2%), gentamicin (86.2%), chloramphenicol (90.5%) and tetracycline (89.8%). Based on the lowest incidence of resistant strains imipenem (0%), netilmicin (2.6%), amikacin (4.9%), ampicillin+sulbactam (8.9%), amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (29.4%), pefloxacin (26.2%), ciprofloxacin (30.1%), ofloxacin (34.3%), cotrimoxazole (41.6%), carbenicillin (41.2%) or ceftazidime (55.4%) may be the drug of choice in nosocomial A. calcoaceticus infections.

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus↗