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PubMed1978

[Experimental study on the effect of ephedrine in an anger-provoking situation].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ephedrine-induced sympathetic arousal on emotional reactions in an anger-provoking situation. The effects of ephedrine were compared with a placebo condition while the effects of the anger-situation were compared to a neutral control situation. 60 male students were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions of the two-factor design. The dependent variables were various peripheral-physiological measures and self rating of physical and emotional states. Both independent variables were found to be effective. Contrary to expectation, ephedrine decreased subjective emotional reactions to the anger-provoking situation rather than increase it. Methodological problems and possible conclusions about the role of sympathetic arousal for emotional reactions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Learning a therapeutic verbal response to anger.

Those responsible for nursing inservice education should consider developing verbal as well as physical skills of all levels of nursing personnel who must deal frequently with a patient's anger. As evidenced by this study, 65% of the responses given by nursing assistants before classroom instruction would more than likely intensify the anger rather than resolve it. However, following instruction, nursing assistants were able to recognize and choose significantly more therapeutic responses to anger.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Anger theory and management: a historical analysis.

Ancient and medieval views on anger--its desirability, causes, and control--are reviewed and compared with modern accounts. Although some differences emerge, for example with respect to women's anger, the modern accounts bear a marked resemblance to the older ones. There is also an early concern with the practice of anger management.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Anger and Gender Effects in Observed Supervisor-Subordinate Dyadic Interactions.

This study investigates the effects of a supervisor's anger and supervisor's and subordinate's gender on evaluations made by observers of interacting supervisor-subordinate dyads. In a laboratory experiment, 370 undergraduates viewed one of eight video-tapes representing the conditions of the 2 (gender of supervisor) x 2 (gender of subordinate) x 2 (presence or absence of anger) design and then completed evaluations of the supervisor and the subordinate. A field study using 265 employees from three organizations replicated the laboratory results. In spite of constant dialogue in the interactions across all eight conditions, supervisors expressing anger were rated lower and female supervisors were rated higher by observers. Subordinates were rated higher when interacting with an angry supervisor and when interacting with a male supervisor. Main effects of supervisor's gender may reflect over-evaluation of unexpected, albeit average, performance. The joint supervisor and subordinate effects are interpreted as reflecting a dyadic rating effect in which high ratings assigned to one member of the dyad are accompanied by lower ratings assigned to the other member. Copyright 1997 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

The importance of examining blood pressure reactivity and recovery in anger provocation research.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the moderating relationship of hostility on emotional and physiological arousal due to acute anger provocation; stress reactivity and recovery were measured. METHOD: Forty-five participants completed a measure of trait hostility (CMHQ) and performed a mental arithmetic (serial 7s) task while receiving scripted comments at set intervals designed to provoke anger (harassment). The impact of trait hostility (high, medium or low) on arousal and recovery was examined. RESULTS: Participants low in self-reported hostility showed greater HR reactivity to the task but recovered quickly. Participants high in hostility showed noticeably slower recovery in SBP maintained after task completion. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the importance of examining both reactivity and recovery data in anger provocation research because the apparent influence of trait hostility on cardiovascular functioning would have been missed if recovery had not been systematically studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The early years with Hal Anger.

In the course of your day, when you interpret or count a radioimmunoassay or a sample of blood or body fluid, you will probably use a variant of the well counter invented by Hal O. Anger in the early 1950s. If you obtain or read a patient image, it probably came from some type of his gamma camera. If yoy do or see a single photon emission computed tomography study, Hal Anger showed the feasibility. Even if you are working with positrons, some of the early imaging work was done by devices Hal Anger invented. This article deals primarily with the years I spent with Hal, 1962 to 1964. I was fortunate to have the opportunity to spend this time with him when he had just completed the development of his 11-in gamma camera, the first multipurpose camera suitable for diverse clinical examinations. In retrospect, it is easy to see why Hal was honored by the Society of Nuclear Medicine as one of its pioneers and why he was the first recipient of the Ben Cassen Prize. However, it was not always clear that Hal's creative road would lead to such deserved distinction. I have tried to portray the beginnings of this journey to the best of my recollections.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1999

The CAD triad hypothesis: a mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity).

It is proposed that 3 emotions--contempt, anger, and disgust--are typically elicited, across cultures, by violations of 3 moral codes proposed by R. A. Shweder and his colleagues (R. A. Shweder, N. C. Much, M. Mahapatra, & L. Park, 1997). The proposed alignment links anger to autonomy (individual rights violations), contempt to community (violation of communal codes including hierarchy), and disgust to divinity (violations of purity-sanctity). This is the CAD triad hypothesis. Students in the United States and Japan were presented with descriptions of situations that involve 1 of the types of moral violations and asked to assign either an appropriate facial expression (from a set of 6) or an appropriate word (contempt, anger, disgust, or their translations). Results generally supported the CAD triad hypothesis. Results were further confirmed by analysis of facial expressions actually made by Americans to the descriptions of these situations.

Culture↗
PubMed2003

Pharmacologic denervation of frown muscles enhances baseline expression of happiness and decreases baseline expression of anger, sadness, and fear.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with intense frowning are commonly perceived as expressing negative emotions. Anger, fear, and sadness are associated with corrugator ("frown") muscle activity. OBJECTIVE: We sought to study how faces were perceived by others after denervation of frown muscles with localized botulinum toxin injections for treatment of facial frown lines. METHODS: Facial photographs were taken from volunteers before and after botulinum toxin injection. These photographs were shown to viewers who were naive to the procedure and asked to rate the expressed intensity of anger, sadness, fear, and happiness. As reference for this task we used a standard set of pictures of facial affect displaying different intensity levels for each emotion tested. RESULTS: Of 40 viewers, 39 were able to discriminate different intensity levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of emotional affect in the control task. According to their ratings faces with denervated frown muscle activity expressed relatively less anger (-40%), fear (-49%), sadness (-10%), and more happiness (+71%). CONCLUSION: Frown muscle activity is essential for both negative and positive emotional expressions. Temporary denervation using botulinum toxin enhances the facial expression of positive emotion resulting in a shift rather than a loss of facial affect.

Anti-Dyskinesia Agents↗
PubMed1994

Quantitative imaging of holmium-166 with an Anger camera.

The objective of this study was to develop a quantitative Anger camera imaging approach for 166Ho in the skeletal system of patients. A dual energy window method was designed to subtract the interference from septal penetration and bremsstrahlung events in Anger camera images acquired with the 80 keV x-rays emitted by 166Ho. The validity of this scatter subtraction method for 166Ho images was demonstrated as improvements of the line spread function and modulation transfer function. Camera sensitivity was found to be nearly independent of source-to-collimator distance only for images acquired with a high-energy collimator. Studies in an Alderson abdominal water phantom demonstrated scatter subtraction can provide quantitative Anger camera images of 166Ho with a scatter multiplier of k = 1.0 and a correction for attenuation. Attenuation correction factors derived from a transmission image were measured for the phantom and verified with water-equivalent blocks of known thickness. Whole-body scan images of 166Ho localized in the skeletal system of patients were significantly improved with this simple scatter subtraction method, and when used to estimate the activity distribution within separate bone regions of the skeleton.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1978

Comparison of the Anger tomographic scanner and the 15-in. scintillation camera for gallium imaging.

The Anger longitudinal emission multiplane tomoscanner and a 15-in. Anger camera with multipeak spectroscopic capability were compared in a series of 51 patients. The tomoscanner was preferred in 49%, the camera in 12%, and 39% were equivalent. The tomoscanner preference is statistically significant (p less than .025). These data support the conclusion that the Anger multiplane tomographic scanner is the instrument of choice for gallium-67 imaging.

Gallium↗
PubMed2006

Decreased striatal D1 binding as measured using PET and [11C]SCH 23,390 in patients with major depression with anger attacks.

This study assessed striatal dopamine 1 (D1) receptor binding in patients with major depressive disorder and anger attacks (MDD+A) and healthy volunteers. We used positron emission tomography with [(11)C]SCH 23,390 to compare 10 patients with MDD+A to 10 healthy volunteers. [(11)C]SCH 23,390 binding in bilateral striata was significantly lower in the MDD+A group when compared to healthy volunteers. These results implicate striatal D1 receptor dysfunction in MDD+A and further suggest an association between dopaminergic transmission and anger or aggression.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Visual discrimination and recognition of facial expressions of anger, fear, and surprise in 4- to 6-month-old infants.

On the assumption that the ability to discriminate facial expressions has adaptive value to infants during early social exchanges, ethologically based theorists have argued that this ability is innate. Guided by this perspective, we investigated the ability of infants, 4-6 months old to recognize and discriminate facial expressions of anger, fear, and surprise. Results obtained with an infant-controlled habituation-recovery procedure showed that infants both discriminated and recognized these expressions when portrayed by several adult female models. In addition, infants spent more time looking at expressions of anger and surprise than at fear expressions. These results suggest that infants can abstract configurations of features that give affective meaning to facial expressions. It is suggested that the differences in habituation to each expression might be the result of their distinct functional signification for the infant.

Anger↗
PubMed2006

Effects of a group forgiveness intervention on forgiveness, perceived stress, and trait-anger.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 6-week forgiveness intervention on three outcomes: (a) offense-specific forgiveness, (b) forgiveness-likelihood in new situations, and (c) health-related psychosocial variables, such as perceived stress and trait-anger. Participants were 259 adults who had experienced a hurtful interpersonal transgression from which they still felt negative consequences. They were randomized to a forgiveness-training program or a no-treatment control group. The intervention reduced negative thoughts and feelings about the target transgression 2 to 3 times more effectively than the control condition, and it produced significantly greater increases in positive thoughts and feelings toward the transgressor. Significant treatment effects were also found for forgiveness self-efficacy, forgiveness generalized to new situations, perceived stress, and trait-anger.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A stress inoculation approach to anger management in the training of law enforcement officers.

Consultation with law enforcement personnel in the area of conflict-management has typically been concerned with interpersonal rather than intrapersonal conflict. An approach to anger management that is based on cognitive self-control techniques is described as it has been used in the training of police officers. The approach follows a procedure called "stress inoculation" that has been applied to anxiety and pain (Meichenbaum, 1975). Data are presented on the anger experiences of policemen, and suggestions are offered for the selection of police candidates regarding their proneness for provocation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Self-control in hyperactive boys in anger-inducing situations: effects of cognitive-behavioral training and of methylphenidate.

The effects of cognitive-behavioral intervention and methylphenidate on anger control in hyperactive boys were investigated in two studies. The anger-inducing stimuli in both studies involved verbal provocation from peers. Study 1 assessed a brief intervention using self-control strategies, while Study 2 employed a longer training period and a control intervention that focused on enhancement of empathy. Both studies included methylphenidate versus placebo comparisons. Methylphenidate reduced the intensity of the hyperactive boys' behavior but did not significantly increase either global or specific measures of self-control. Cognitive-behavioral treatment, when compared to control training, was more successful in enhancing both general self-control and the use of specific coping strategies. There was no advantage for the combination of methylphenidate plus cognitive-behavioral intervention. Implications for intervention to ameliorate the social and interpersonal difficulties of hyperactive children are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Anger control in response to verbal provocation: effects of stimulant medication for boys with ADHD.

Although stimulant medication reduces hyperactive children's aggression in naturalistic settings, stimulant effects on anger control have not been demonstrated. We therefore assessed the role of methylphenidate in enhancing response to verbal provocation from familiar peers and from role-playing adults. Twenty-four boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aged 6-12, received small-group cognitive-behavioral intervention in anger management skills. During posttraining assessments, the children were randomly assigned to placebo versus .6 mg/kg of methylphenidate. In the peer provocations, methylphenidate enhanced self-control, decreased physical retaliation, and marginally increased the display of coping strategies. Medication and prompting were minimally beneficial in the delayed, adult-administered generalization assessments. Among the issues discussed are (a) differences between peer and adult provocation and (b) the roles of medication dosage and multimodality intervention for promoting socially competent behavior in children with ADHD.

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

Effects of background anger, provocation, and methylphenidate on emotional arousal and aggressive responding in attention-deficit hyperactivity disordered boys with and without concurrent aggressiveness.

We investigated the effects of background anger, provocation, and methylphenidate on emotional, physiological, and behavioral responding in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without concurrent aggression. Our study revealed that ADHD boys showed more emotional and physiological distress when exposed to an interaction in which an administrator chastised each boy's favorite counselor, compared to a friendly interaction between the two adults. The background anger manipulation did not affect the aggressive behavior of the boys against an opponent in an aggressive game. High-aggressive (HA) ADHD boys were more likely to respond to provocation with aggression than low-aggressive (LA) ADHD boys, but only LA boys showed increased physiological reactivity with increasing provocation. Methylphenidate resulted in increased heart rates under all conditions and did not interact with any of the other findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Anger management training with mild essential hypertensive patients.

Casual blood pressures and measures of cardiovascular and behavioral reactions to neutral and confrontive interactions were obtained from 13 essential hypertensive patients who received training in anger management and 9 no-treatment control patients. At pre- and posttraining, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured (a) at rest and (b) during role-play interactions consisting of neutral and confrontation scenes. Behavioral responses were also coded for each interaction. For treatment subjects, a 6-week program in anger management was conducted, which included relaxation training, self-statement modification, and role-play assertiveness training. Treatment subjects exhibited significantly lower casual DBPs at posttraining (M = 90.2 mm Hg) than control subjects (M = 95.7 mm Hg). Posttreatment casual SBPs for treatment and control subjects were not significantly different. Treatment subjects exhibited significantly more assertive skill and lesser DBP reactivity at posttreatment than their control counterparts during the confrontive interaction but not during the neutral role-play interaction.

Adult↗