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PubMed2005

Do venlafaxine XR and paroxetine equally influence negative and positive affect?

BACKGROUND: We assessed the therapeutic effects of venlafaxine XR and paroxetine on mood and anxiety symptoms derived from the tripartite model of mood. We hypothesized that the two antidepressants would have largely similar effects on symptoms of negative affect because both agents influence serotonergic systems. However, based on evidence indicating linkages between catecholaminergic activity and the emotional dimension of positive affect, we hypothesized that the catecholaminergic effects of venlafaxine XR would yield particularly pronounced effects on symptoms of positive affect. METHODS: Twenty depressed outpatients were randomly assigned to treatment with either venlafaxine XR (225 mg/day) or paroxetine (30 mg/day) during a 12-week treatment trial. Weekly mood ratings were collected using the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire [Watson, D., Clark, L.A., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J.S., Strauss, M.E., McCormick, R.A., 1995. Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 104 (1), 15-25] [Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J.S., Clark, L.A., Strauss, M.E., McCormick, R.A., 1995. Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 104 (1), 3-14]. RESULTS: Consistent with predictions, analyses revealed that there were no significant differences between venlafaxine XR and paroxetine on measures of negative affect. However, contrary to predictions, the two medications produced similar changes on measures of positive affect. LIMITATIONS: Replication and extension using a larger sample size are mandated. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest that two antidepressants that appear to have dissimilar mechanisms of action may nevertheless have similar effects on the positive and negative affective components of depression. Alternatively, paroxetine may have a clinically relevant noradrenergic effect at the dose tested.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Positive and negative affect within the realm of depression, stress and fatigue: the two-factor distress model of the Global Mood Scale (GMS).

BACKGROUND: The Global Mood Scale (GMS; [Denollet, J., 1993a. Emotional distress and fatigue in coronary heart disease: the Global Mood Scale (GMS). Psychol Med 23, 111-121., Denollet, J., 1993b. The sensitivity of outcome assessment in cardiac rehabilitation. J Consult Clin Psychol 61, 686-695.]) was originally developed as a measure of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) in cardiac patients. The purpose of this study was to examine its two-factor affect model in the realm of stress, depression, and fatigue in working adults. METHODS: Affect, stress, depression, and fatigue were assessed with validated questionnaires in a sample of 228 adults (49.6% male; mean = 41.4 +/- 9 years) from the working population. RESULTS: The GMS PA and NA scales were internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha = .94 and alpha = .93, respectively), and correlated in the expected direction with their corresponding mood scales from the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Factor analyses of the 40 mood terms comprising the GMS and PANAS yielded one common PA-dimension, but two NA-dimensions reflecting emotional exhaustion (GMS) and anxious apprehension (PANAS) as different components of the stress process. A relatively high mean NA score of the GMS suggested that these working adults perceived terms that refer to malaise/deactivation as being relevant to describe their negative affective status. The GSM-NA scale was related to stress, depression and fatigue while the GMS-PA scale was positively associated with quality of life. LIMITATIONS: This study is based on a cross-sectional design. CONCLUSIONS: The association between the PA (negative correlation) and NA (positive correlation) scales of the GMS and perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and fatigue supports the validity of its two-factor model. Assessment of both PA and NA may benefit a better understanding of emotional distress in adults from the working population.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Stress influences the level of negative affectivity after forehead cold pressor pain.

The purpose of this study was to investigate simultaneously a stress manipulation and an experimental pain manipulation to determine how stress and pain interact to influence negative affectivity. One hundred healthy subjects completed a counterbalanced repeated measure crossover design in which stress (speech task) versus a nonstress control condition (magazine reading) was manipulated. Each session was immediately followed by a 2-minute forehead cold pressor task. Measures of affectivity (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule), pain ratings, cardiovascular measures (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate), and salivary cortisol were obtained during each session. Regression analysis showed that the stress manipulation influenced the level of anger and that change in anger predicted post-pain negative affectivity independently of the contribution of maximum pain (model R(2) =.31), with 45% of the total model variance accounted for by change in anger and 17% of the total model variance accounted for by maximum pain intensity. In the nonstress condition only level of pain intensity was an independent predictor of negative affectivity (model R(2) =.16), with 69% of the total model variance accounted for by maximum pain intensity. These results show that stress significantly amplifies post-pain negative mood beyond that accounted for by the level of pain intensity alone.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Acquisition of affective dispositions in dementia patients.

In this study, we investigated the acquisition of affective dispositions towards neutral faces in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia. Participants viewed four affectively neutral male faces from the International Affective Picture System. Biographical information about the depicted persons was presented, which described them in terms of positive or negative traits varying in intensity. Participants were asked to rate the pictures with respect to emotional valence, arousal, and preference prior to and after the presentation of the biographical information. Following a retention interval of 180 min, pictures were rated again and the biographical information was presented once more. Final ratings were obtained after another interval of 1300 min. As expected, healthy control participants identified the faces and recalled parts of the information in the delayed recall test. They showed pronounced changes in affective ratings. Patients did not recognize the faces in a recognition test after the retention intervals, but valence, arousal, and preference ratings were systematically altered by the affective content of biographies. The results suggest that acquisition and maintenance of implicit affective dispositions are preserved in dementia even when explicit memory is impaired.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Higher levels of pain readiness to change and more positive affect reduce pain reports--a weekly assessment study on arthritis patients.

The objective of the study was to analyze the relationships between Pain Readiness to Change, weekly measures of positive and negative affect and pain over eight subsequent weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Factor analysis based on data from three different samples of patients with rheumatic diseases and other chronic pain conditions suggested a three factor solution for the Norwegian version of the Pain Stages of Change questionnaire (PSOCQ) representing Precontemplation, Contemplation, and Action/Maintenance (ACT) stages from the original Transtheoretical Model. Multilevel analyses on the weekly assessed data from a sub sample of 40 patients with RA revealed that higher levels of Pain Readiness to Change represented by high ACT scores were associated with more positive affect from week to week while no association was found between Readiness to Change and weekly pain. However, there was an interaction effect between Pain Readiness to Change and weekly positive affect on weekly pain, indicating that those persons having a higher level of Readiness to Change reported less pain in weeks when they also experienced increased positive affect. This may imply that a combination of cognitive factors and positive affect is most effective in relation to pain reduction. Results encourage continued investigation of apparent interactions between chronic pain, affect, and pain self-management.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Salivary cortisol response after a medical interview: the impact of physician communication behaviour, depressed affect and alexithymia.

OBJECTIVE: To explore if - and possibly how - a medical interview may affect adrenocortical activity in musculo-skeletal pain patients with and without alexithymia. METHODS: Female patients (N = 54) recruited from a patient organization for fibromyalgia completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and subgroups with, respectively, low and high scores were selected for participation. Seven physicians conducted consultations attempting to vary their communication in accordance with given guidelines. All consultations were videotaped and analysed by The Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) to evaluate the actual content of the consultations. RESULTS: An increase in depressed affect from pre- to post-interview was associated with relatively high cortisol levels 24 h after the consultation, but only in patients with alexithymia. Psychosocial questions from the physician were associated with increased depressed affect immediately following the interview, but not with cortisol responses at any time. CONCLUSION: In patients with deficient affect regulation, increase in depressed affect after a medical interview may be associated with delayed effects in adrenocortical activity, possibly mediated by rumination. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Providers should be sensitive to potential deficits of affect regulation in their patients.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2005

Affect asymmetry and comfort food consumption.

It is proposed that the emotional triggers of comfort food consumption can reliably be predicted by factors tied to affect asymmetry whereby negative affects dominate one's experience, decision making and behaviors in some instances while positive emotions prevail in others. Specifically, we relate three of these factors (age, gender, and culture) to differences in the emotional triggers of comfort food consumption and we further explore the possibility that the type of food eaten during comfort-seeking episodes can also be tied to affect asymmetry. Two hundred and seventy-seven participants completed a web-based survey conducted to assess the emotional antecedents and consequences of comfort food consumption. Consistent with expectations, results indicate that men's comfort food consumption was motivated by positive emotions whereas women's consumption was triggered by negative affects. Consumption of comfort foods alleviated women's negative emotions but also produced guilt. Positive affect was a particularly powerful trigger of comfort food consumption for older participants and for participants with French cultural background. Younger participants and participants with English background reported more intense negative emotions prior to consuming comfort foods. Foods high in sugar and fat content were more efficient in alleviating negative affects whereas low-calorie foods were more efficient in increasing positive emotions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Affective semantic priming in patients with schizophrenia.

Affective semantic priming was examined in normal controls and patients with schizophrenia using a lexical decision task with four affective categories of related word pairs: neutral, happy, fearful and sad. Results demonstrated a striking and reliable effect of affective category upon semantic priming. Neutral and happy prime targets yielded significant semantic priming. Fearful and sad pairs showed no or modest semantic priming facilitation. Schizophrenia patients did not differ from normal controls on their priming scores to any of the four affective categories. These results support the notion that the associative mechanisms that bind negative valence words are distinct in nature; they also clarify that patients with schizophrenia do not show increased sensitivity to affect, and more specifically negative affective context during priming paradigms. This study further indicates the importance of replicating novel findings and reporting negative results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Differentiation between the sensory and affective aspects of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma.

Respiratory symptom perception research has focused mainly on respiratory sensations. Because dyspnea is multidimensional, affective aspects should be investigated. Patients with asthma (N=25) underwent a histamine provocation until a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV(1)). After each dose level, 6 symptoms of dyspnea intensity and 6 symptoms of dyspnea affectivity were rated. Individual perceptual sensitivity was determined by calculating the linear slope between the fall in FEV(1) and the increase in the total symptom score, and for affective and sensory symptoms separately [Bijl-Hofland, Folgering, van den Hoogen, et al. Perception of bronchoconstriction in asthma patients measured during histamine challenge test. Eur Respir J 1999;14:1049-54]. Trait anxiety, baseline state anxiety, daily asthma symptoms and catastrophizing during an asthma exacerbation were also assessed. Sensitivity was unrelated to physiological indices of disease severity (i.e., baseline FEV(1) and histamine dose level at 20% fall in FEV(1)), whereas it was positively related to trait anxiety, state anxiety, daily asthma symptoms and catastrophic thinking during an asthma exacerbation in daily life. These relationships were overall much stronger for affective than for sensory symptom slopes. In stepwise multiple regressions, state anxiety was the best predictor of the affective symptom slopes, whereas catastrophic thinking during an asthma exacerbation was the best predictor for the sensory symptom slopes. The differentiation between sensory and affective components of dyspnea adds to the understanding of respiratory symptom perception in asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Facial affect recognition: a mediator between cognitive and social functioning in psychosis?

BACKGROUND: Facial affect recognition has been implicated in the relationship between cognition and social functioning. This 1-year longitudinal study tested the hypothesis that facial affect recognition mediates the relationship between cognitive and social functioning. METHOD: Three groups were included: 50 first-episode of psychosis (FE) subjects, 53 multi-episode schizophrenia subjects (ME) and 55 non-psychiatric controls (NPC). Subjects were assessed on two facial affect recognition tasks, a comprehensive cognitive battery and a measure of social functioning. FE subjects were assessed on admission to a comprehensive FE program and 1 year later. The ME and NPC groups had two assessments 1 year apart. RESULTS: Both the FE and ME subjects were clearly impaired relative to NPCs in cognition, social functioning and facial affect recognition. There were significant associations among facial affect recognition, cognition and social functioning in all three groups. For ME and FE subjects, but not NPCs, there was evidence that facial affect recognition did partially mediate the relationship between cognitive and social functioning. CONCLUSION: This study provides some first steps in understanding the complex relationship between cognition and outcome and has potential implications for the design of remediation strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

An exploration of self-reported negative affect by adolescents as a reason for smoking: implications for tobacco prevention and intervention programs.

BACKGROUND: Negative affect is related to initiation and maintenance of smoking among youth and understanding its role is important when developing effective prevention and cessation programs. This study investigates the relationship between adolescent negative affect and smoking dependence, behaviors, attitudes, and self-efficacy in order to shed light on differences in adolescent smoking maintenance and cessation. METHODS: 721 smoking youth participated in a cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation program. Reasons for smoking were categorized (alpha = 0.87) and youth were placed into one of two groups based on presence or absence of negative affect. One-way repeated measures ANOVA determined if differences existed between the groups on smoking behaviors, attitudes, and self-efficacy. One-way ANOVA determined if differences existed on Fagerström Nicotine Tolerance Dependence (FTND) scores. RESULTS: Adolescents indicating negative affect for smoking were significantly more likely to have future smoking intentions and had significantly less self-efficacy to quit smoking than adolescent reporting other reasons. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the need to address negative affect among adolescents participating in prevention and cessation programs. An examination of negative affect will provide program developers and facilitators with information to improve their interventions, assist with cessation, and provide an avenue to access other needed health services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Attributions of responsibility and affective reactions to decision outcomes.

Immediate affective reactions to outcomes are more intense following decisions to act than following decisions not to act. This finding holds for both positive and negative outcomes. We relate this "actor-effect" to attribution theory and argue that decision makers are seen as more responsible for outcomes when these are the result of a decision to act as compared to a decision not to act. Experiment 1 (N = 80) tests the main assumption underlying our reasoning and shows that affective reactions to decision outcomes are indeed more intense when the decision maker is seen as more responsible. Experiment 2 (N = 40) tests whether the actor effect can be predicted on the basis of differential attributions following action and inaction. Participants read vignettes in which active and passive actors obtained a positive or negative outcome. Action resulted in more intense affect than inaction, and positive outcomes resulted in more intense affect than negative outcomes. Experiment 2 further shows that responsibility attributions and affective reactions to outcomes are highly correlated; that is, more extreme affective reactions are associated with more internal attributions. We discuss the implications for research on post-decisional reactions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Processing of affective stimuli in alcoholism.

Investigations of neuropsychological functioning in alcoholism have revealed executive and memory deficits which have been interpreted in the light of the "frontal lobe hypothesis" which asserts that the frontal lobes are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of alcohol. Inspite of the known involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the processing of affective stimuli, only few studies concerning affective processing in alcoholism have been conducted so far. Alcoholics and healthy controls were compared by using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery which included the measurement of facial affect as well as affective prosody perception. Analysis revealed impairments of alcoholics with respect to naming prosody with incongruent semantic content and matching affective prosody to facial expression. Alcoholics showed deficits of affective prosody processing which became evident in ambiguous situations in which no additional cues could be used simultaneously for the interpretation of emotional prosody. These deficits could contribute to interpersonal problem solving and should thus be considered in the therapy of alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Seven sins in the study of emotion: correctives from affective neuroscience.

This brief commentary highlights seven sins in the study of emotion that are explicitly treated in contemporary affective neuroscience. These sins are (1) Affect and cognition are subserved by separate and independent neural circuits; (2) Affect is subcortical; (3) Emotions are in the head; (4) Emotions can be studied from a purely psychological perspective; (5) Emotions are similar in structure across age and species; (6) Specific emotions are instantiated in discrete locations in the brain; and (7) Emotions are conscious feeling states. Each of these is briefly discussed and evidence from affective neuroscience that bears on these sins is noted. The articles in this Special Issue underscore the vitality of research in affective neuroscience and illustrate how some of these sins can be addressed and rectified using concepts and methods from affective neuroscience.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Cognition and affective style: Individual differences in brain electrical activity during spatial and verbal tasks.

Relations between brain electrical activity and performance on two cognitive tasks were examined in a normal population selected to be high on self-reported measures of Positive or Negative Affectivity. Twenty-five right-handed women, from an original pool of 308 college undergraduates, were the participants. EEG was recorded during baseline and during psychometrically matched spatial and verbal tasks. As predicted, participants who were high in Positive Affectivity performed equally well on the verbal and spatial tasks, while participants who were high in Negative Affectivity had spatial scores that were lower than their verbal scores. There were no group differences in baseline EEG. Both groups exhibited left central activation (i.e., alpha suppression) during the verbal and spatial tasks. When EEG data were analyzed separately for the group high in Positive Affectivity, there was evidence of parietal activation for the spatial task relative to the verbal task. The EEG data for the group high in Negative Affectivity had comparable EEG power values during verbal and spatial tasks at parietal scalp locations. These data suggest that, within a selected normal population, differences in affective style may interact with cognitive performance and with the brain electrical activity associated with that performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Bi-directional changes in affective state elicited by manipulation of medullary pain-modulatory circuitry.

The rostral ventromedial medulla contains three physiologically defined classes of pain-modulating neuron that project to the spinal and trigeminal dorsal horns. OFF cells contribute to anti-nociceptive processes, ON cells contribute to pro-nociceptive processes (i.e. hyperalgesia) and neutral cells tonically modulate spinal nociceptive responsiveness. In the setting of noxious peripheral input, the different cell classes in this region permit bi-directional modulation of pain perception (analgesia vs hyperalgesia). It is unclear, however, whether changes in the activity of these neurons are relevant to the behaving animal in the absence of a painful stimulus. Here, we pharmacologically manipulated neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla and used the place-conditioning paradigm to assess changes in the affective state of the animal. Local microinjection of the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine (50.0 microg in 0.5 microl; to activate ON cells, primarily), combined with local microinjection of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist U69,593 (0.178 microg in 0.5 microl; to inhibit OFF cells), produced an increase in spinal nociceptive reactivity (i.e. hyperalgesia on the tail flick assay) and a negative affective state (as inferred from the production of conditioned place avoidance) in the conscious, freely moving rat. Additional microinjection experiments using various concentrations of methoxamine alone or U69, 593 alone revealed that the rostral ventromedial medulla is capable of eliciting a range of affective changes resulting in conditioned place avoidance, no place-conditioning effect or conditioned place preference (reflecting production of a positive affective state). Overall, however, there was no consistent relationship between place-conditioning effects and changes in spinal nociceptive reactivity. This is the first report of bi-directional changes in affective state (i.e. reward or aversion production) associated with pharmacological manipulation of a brain region traditionally associated with bi-directional pain modulation. We conclude that, in addition to its well-described pain-modulating effects, the rostral ventromedial medulla is capable of modifying animal behavior in the absence of a painful stimulus by bi-directionally influencing the animal's affective state.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1999

Cortisol fluctuates with increases and decreases in negative affect.

Prior studies have reported cortisol secretion to be primarily influenced by negative affect, but less is known about cortisol activity during states of activation involving increased positive affect and decreased negative affect. On separate days, 30 healthy young men experienced: an activating and humorous video; a speech stressor; and a resting control period. Cortisol was measured in saliva before and after each 30-min mood induction. Positive affect (activation) was increased similarly by both the video and the speech compared to rest (p < .0001). Negative affect increased during the speech and decreased during the video (p < .001). Cortisol increased only during the speech (p < .0001). Following the video, however, cortisol was decreased significantly (p < .0001). Rest day cortisol revealed no differences across periods (p > .1). These results suggest that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis is a dynamic system influenced by changes in negative affect irrespective of the experience of generalized activation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Melatonin sensitivity to dim white light in affective disorders.

Both dim and bright light has been shown to suppress the nocturnal secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin. Early reports suggests that an abnormal response to light occurs in patients with bipolar affective disorder, where as patients with major depressive disorder respond similarly to controls. It has been suggested that this abnormal sensitivity of the melatonin response to light could be a trait marker of bipolar affective disorder. However reports lack consistency. Hence, we investigated the melatonin suppression by dim light (200 lux) in patients with bipolar affective disorder, seasonal affective disorder and major depressive disorder. Results suggest that a supersensitive melatonin suppression to light in bipolar affective disorder (p < .005), and seasonal affective disorder (p < .05), whereas patients with major depressive disorder display similar suppression to controls. The supersensitivity may be a mechanism where by phase-delayed rhythms, are resynchronised to a new circadian position. Conversely, an abnormality may exist in the pathway from the retina to the suprachiamatic nucleus.

Adolescent↗