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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Clonal relatedness and conserved integron structures in epidemiologically unrelated Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing the VIM-1 metallo-{beta}-lactamase from different Italian hospitals.

Three epidemiologically independent Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, representative of the first VIM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase producers detected at three different hospitals in northern Italy, were investigated to determine their genomic relatedness and to compare the structures of the genetic supports for the VIM-1 determinants. The three isolates, all of serotype O11, appeared to be clonally related according to the results of genotyping by macrorestriction analysis of genomic DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Investigation of the genetic support for the bla(VIM-1) determinant revealed that it was carried on identical or almost identical integrons (named In70.2 and In70.3) located within a conserved genomic context. The integrons were structurally related to In70 and In110, two plasmid-borne bla(VIM-1)-containing integrons from Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Pseudomonas putida isolates, respectively, from the same geographic area (northern Italy) and were found to be inserted close to the res site of a Tn5051-like transposon, different from any of those described previously, that was apparently carried on the bacterial chromosome. The present findings suggest that the three VIM-1-producing isolates are members of the same clonal complex which have been spreading in hospitals in northern Italy since the late 1990s and point to a common ancestry of their bla(VIM-1)-containing integrons.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Antimicrobial peptide therapeutics for cystic fibrosis.

Greater than 90% of lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the majority of these patients subsequently die from lung damage. Current therapies are either targeted at reducing obstruction, reducing inflammation, or reducing infection. To identify potential therapeutic agents for the CF lung, 150 antimicrobial peptides consisting of three distinct structural classes were screened against mucoid and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Staphylococcus aureus. Five peptides that retained potent antimicrobial activities in physiological salt and divalent cation environment were further characterized in vivo using a rat chronic lung infection model. All animals were inoculated intratracheally with 10(4) P. aeruginosa mucoid PAO1 cells in agar beads. Three days following inoculation treatment was initiated. Animals were treated daily for 3 days with 100 microl of peptide solution (1 mg/ml) in 10 mM sodium citrate, which was deposited via either intratracheal instillation or aerosolization. Control animals received daily exposure to vehicle alone. At the end of the treatment the lungs of the animals were removed for quantitative culture. Four peptides, HBCM2, HBCM3, HBCPalpha-2, and HB71, demonstrated significant reduction in Pseudomonas bioburden in the lung of rats. Further in vivo studies provided direct evidence that anti-inflammatory activity was associated with three of these peptides. Therefore, small bioactive peptides have the potential to attack two of the components responsible for the progression of lung damage in the CF disease: infection and inflammation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Correlation of functional instability and community dynamics in denitrifying dispersed-growth reactors.

Understanding the relationship between microbial community dynamics and functional instability is an important step towards designing reliable biological water treatment systems. In this study, the community dynamics of two dispersed-growth denitrifying reactors were examined during periods of functional stability and instability. In both reactors during the period of functional instability, the effluent chemistry changed over time, with periods of high nitrate concentrations followed by periods of fluctuating nitrite concentrations. Community structure was examined by clone library analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Community dynamics were investigated with terminal restriction fragment (T-RF) length polymorphism, and the functional diversity represented by T-RFs was assessed through nitrate reduction assays of representative isolates. During the period of functional instability, the community structure changed considerably, and the dynamics correlated significantly with effluent chemistry. The nitrite concentration was significantly correlated with the relative abundances of the nitrate-reducing Delftia- and Achromobacter-like T-RFs. The isolate representing the Acidovorax-like T-RF reduced nitrate directly to nitrogen in batch assays without the accumulation of any intermediates. The Acidovorax-like T-RF relative abundance was significantly negatively correlated with nitrite concentration, indicating that it was associated with good functional performance. The results of this study reveal a clear relationship between community dynamics and functional instability and the importance of diversity among nitrate-reducing populations within a denitrifying community.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1976

Effects of thermoradiation on bacteria.

A 60Co source was used to determine the effects of thermoradiation on Achromobacter aquamarinus, Staphylococcus aureus, and vegetative and spore cells of Bacillus subtilis var. globigii. The rate of inactivation of these cultures, except vegetative-cell populations of B. subtilis, was exponential and in direct proportion to temperature. The D10 (dose that inactivates 90% of the microbial population) value for A. aquamarinus was 8.0 Krad at 25 degrees C and 4.9 Krad at 35 degrees C. For S. aureus, D10 was 9.8 and 5.3 Krad at 35 and 45 degrees C, respectively. Vegetative cells of B. subtilis demonstrated a rapid initial inactivation followed by a steady but decreased exponential rate. The D10 at 25 degrees C was 10.3 Krad, but at 35 and 45 degrees C this value was 6.2 and 3.8 Krad, respectively. Between 0 and 95 Krad, survival curves for B. subtilis spores at 75 degrees C showed slight inactivation, increasing in rat at and above 85 degrees C. The D10 values for spores at 85 and 90 degrees C were 129 and 92 Krad, respectively. Significant synergism between heat and irradiation was noted at 35 degrees C for A. aquamarinus and 45 degrees C for S. aureus. The presence of 0.1 mM cysteine in suspending media afforded protection to both cultures at these critical temperatures. On the other hand, cysteine sensitized B. subtilis spores at radiation doses greater than 100 Krad. The combined effect of heat and irradiation was more destructive to bacteria than either method alone.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1976

Bacteria within ovules and seeds.

Surface-sterilized ovules and seeds of 27 species of plants were cultured in the water of syneresis of a nutrient medium low in agar content. Bacteria were obtained from 30% of the ovules, 15% of the seeds of herbaceous plants, 16% of the seeds of woody plants, 5.4% of the overwintered noncereal seeds, and 13.5% of overwintered cereal seeds. In no instance did every ovule or seed of a plant species contain bacteria. No bacteria were obtained from the hard, waxy seeds of mimosa or yellowwood. They were not obtained from ovules with unbroken coats or from seeds with coats that were not ruptured during the swelling of the seed. Only one species of bacteria was recovered in 93% of the instances in which bacteria were obtained. Bacteria were obtained from seeds that were embedded in the acidic parenchyma of the lemon or surrounded by the thickened flesh of the cucurbits. The bacteria were distributed among 19 genera and 46 species. The species isolated in greatest numbers were Bacillus megaterium, B. cereus, Erwinia herbicola, Flavobacterium devorans, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Bacteria recovered less frequently were in the genera Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Cytophaga, Leuconostoc, Micrococcus, Nocardia, Proteus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, and Xanthomonas. Members of 11 genera and 15 species of bacteria were isolated once.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1977

Microbial conversion of DL-2-amino-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid to L-cysteine and L-cystine: screening of microorganisms and identification of products.

Microorganisms able to form L-cysteine from DL-2-amino-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (DL-ATC), a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of DL-cysteine, were isolated from soil samples and classified as Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas cohaerens, P. desmolytica, and P. ovalis. Thirteen L-cysteine-producing bacteria were also found in among 463 stock cultures representing 37 genera. These were Achromobacter delmarvae. Alcaligenes denitrificans, Bacillus brevis, Brevibacterium flavum, Enterobacter aerogenes, Erwinia carotovora, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sodonensis, Myocoplana dimorpha, Sarcina lutea, Serratia marcescens, Flavobacterium acidoficum, and Pseudomonas ovalis. In the presence of intact cells of Pseudomonas sp. AJ 3854, 6.1 mg of L-cysteine and/or L-cystine per ml was produced from 10 mg of DL-ATC-3H2O per ml in a molar yield of 100%. This finding suggests that racemization and asymmetric hydrolysis occurred simultaneously in this incubation mixture. After the complete oxidation of cysteine to cystine by aeration in the presence of ferrous ion, crystalline cystine was isolated; its configuration was the L isomer based on data from X-ray diffraction, microbioassay, and optical rotation studies.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1980

Species composition and barotolerance of gut microflora of deep-sea benthic macrofauna collected at various depths in the atlantic ocean.

The bacterial flora of marine animals collected at depths of 570 to 2,446 m was examined for population size and generic composition, and the barotolerant characteristics of selected bacterial isolates were determined. Total numbers of culturable, aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria were found to be low in animals collected at the greatest ocean depths sampled in this study. Vibrio spp. were predominant in 10 of 15 samples examined, and Photobacterium spp. and yeasts were the major components of the remainder. Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, and Flavobacterium spp. comprised minor components of the gut flora of deep-sea fish. Forty-six pure cultures isolated from samples of seven animals were tested for growth or viability after incubation for 1 week under pressures ranging from 100 to 750 atm. Strains of bacteria isolated from samples of fish intestine were more barotolerant than those from the stomach (P<0.01). When incubated at a pressure of 600 atm, viability of bacterial cultures originally isolated from fish caught at a depth of 570 m was significantly decreased in comparison with viability of cultures from animals caught at depths of 1,393 and 2,446 m (P<0.01). From results of this study, it is concluded that the gut microflora of animals that dwell in the deeper regions of the ocean are adapted to an increased hydrostatic pressure environment, that is, the gut microflora is less inhibited by elevated hydrostatic pressure with increasing depth from which the host animal was collected.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Enterotoxigenic bacteria in food and water from an Ethiopian community.

Food and water samples from an Ethiopian community were screened for the presence of enterotoxin-producing bacteria. Using the Chinese hamster ovary cell assay, 40 of 213 isolates (18.8%) produced heat-labile (LT) enterotoxin. These LT-producing isolates comprised 33 of 177 (18.6%) strains from 24 of 68 food samples (35.3%) and 7 of 36 (19.4%) isolates of 4 of 17 water samples (23.5%). One LT-producing strain each of Salmonella emek and of Shigella dysenteriae was found. Three pseudomonads, all LT producers, produced heat-stable enterotoxin as gauged by the suckling mouse test. Two strains of LT-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O68 were found in water samples. No enterotoxigenic E. coli were isolated from food samples, but 13 of the LT-producing strains were Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Proteus species, and 7 food samples yielded more than one species of enterotoxigenic bacterium. Of the enterotoxigenic isolates from food, 15 were oxidase-positive strains of the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, and Vibrio. LT-enterotoxigenic Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, Providencia, and Serratia species represented 20 of the food and water isolates. Culture supernatant fluids of representative strains of oxidase-positive and oxidase-negative species giving positive reactions in Chinese hamster ovary cell tests induced fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops. Eight of the food samples and two of the water samples contained more than one isolate or species of enterotoxigenic bacterium. The stability of the LT production by oxidase-positive bacteria and non-E. coli strains was assessed by the rabbit skin and adrenal cell tests after 9 months and 1 year of storage, respectively, in Trypticase soy broth with glycerol at -70 degrees C. Only 33% of the oxidase-positive strains were still LT enterotoxigenic. Of the oxidase-negative strains, 50 and 33% were LT producing at 9 months and 1 year, respectively. None of the E. coli isolates, both enterotoxigenic and nonenterotoxigenic, possessed K88, K99, or colonization factor antigen. The survey demonstrates the presence in food and water of enterotoxigenic bacteria of the same species as those isolated from cases of infantile diarrhea in the same community, although a correlation between these sources and infantile diarrhea remains to be established.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1983

Microbial growth associated with granular activated carbon in a pilot water treatment facility.

The microbial dynamics associated with granular activated carbon (GAC) in a pilot water treatment plant were investigated over a period of 16 months. Microbial populations were monitored in the influent and effluent waters and on the GAC particles by means of total plate counts and ATP assays. Microbial populations between the influent and effluent waters of the GAC columns generally increased, indicating microbial growth. The dominant genera of microorganisms isolated from interstitial waters and GAC particles were Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Chromobacterium, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Microcyclus, Paracoccus, and Pseudomonas. Coliform bacteria were found in small numbers in the effluents from some of the GAC columns in the later months of the study. Oxidation of influent waters with ozone and maintenance of aerobic conditions on the GAC columns failed to appreciably enhance the microbial growth on GAC.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1984

Microbial biodegradation of 4-chlorobiphenyl, a model compound of chlorinated biphenyls.

The biodegradation products of 4-chlorobiphenyl were analyzed in an Achromobacter sp. strain and a Bacillus brevis strain. Both strains generated the same metabolites, with 4-chlorobenzoic acid as the major metabolic product. Our results corroborate previous observations whereby most bacterial strains degrade the chlorobiphenyls via a major pathway which proceeds by an hydroxylation in position 2,3 and a meta-1,2 fission. However, we also detected several metabolites whose structure suggests the existence of other routes for the degradation of chlorinated biphenyls.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1984

In situ identification of bacterial species in marine microfouling films by using an immunofluorescence technique.

An immunofluorescence technique was developed for the in situ identification of specific bacteria in marine microfouling films. Microorganisms adherent to glass plates after 30 days of immersion in a synthetic seawater system were cultured and classified by biochemical tests, flagellar arrangement, and the API 20E system. All isolates were gram-negative aerobic or facultative motile rods, predominantly Pseudomonas spp. Rabbit antisera to the five dominant organisms including Achromobacter spp., Comamonas terrigena, P. putrefaciens, a yellow-pigmented Pseudomonas sp., and Vibrio alginolyticus were prepared. These antisera were shown to be species specific in indirect immunofluorescence assays against a battery of 26 marine isolates from 14 bacterial species, with the exception of antisera to the Pseudomonas spp, which cross-reacted with each other but not with test bacteria of other genera. These immunofluorescent reagents enabled the in situ identification of all five bacterial species in microfouling films. Low-surface-energy test plates had smaller numbers of adherent bacteria in microfouling films than medium-surface-energy test plates, suggesting that the degree of microfouling may be influenced by the surface energy. In addition, the reagents could identify up to 39% of the attached bacteria in microfouling films spontaneously formed on steel plates in flow cells deployed in different areas of the Atlantic Ocean. The microbial composition of the ocean-formed films varied with the geographical area of their formation. The present results indicate that immunofluorescence techniques may provide a rapid and reliable means to identify, in situ, specific bacteria in marine microfouling films.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Microbial transformation of the pyrethroid insecticides: permethrin, deltamethrin, fastac, fenvalerate, and fluvalinate.

Pure cultures of Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Achromobacter sp. were shown to transform five pyrethroid insecticides in the presence of Tween 80. One of the major products, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, was further transformed to 4-hydroxy-3-phenoxybenzoic acid. Permethrin was the most rapidly transformed of the pyrethroids, with a half-life of less than 5 days.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1989

Immunological identification and distribution of dissimilatory heme cd1 and nonheme copper nitrite reductases in denitrifying bacteria.

Polyclonal antibodies were used to identify heme or copper nitrite reductases in the following groups: 23 taxonomically diverse denitrifiers from culture collections, 100 numerically dominant denitrifiers from geographically diverse environments, and 51 denitrifiers from a culture collection not selected for denitrification. Antisera were raised against heme nitrite reductases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas stutzeri and against copper nitrite reductase from Achromobacter cycloclastes. Nitrite reductases were identified by Western immunoblot. Diethyldithiocarbamate, which specifically inhibits copper nitrite reductases, was used to confirm the immunological characterization and determine which type was present in strains nonreactive with any antiserum. For groups in which the type of nitrite reductase has not been previously described, we found that Alcaligenes eutrophus, Bacillus azotoformans, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Corynebacterium nephridii, and Rhizobium spp. contained copper nitrite reductase, while Aquaspirillum itersonii, Flavobacterium spp., and Pseudomonas fluorescens contained heme nitrite reductase. Heme nitrite reductases dominated, regardless of soil type or geographic origin. They occurred in 64 and 92%, respectively, of denitrifiers in the numerically dominant and nonselected collections. The two nitrite reductase types were mutually exclusive in individual bacteria, but both appeared in different strains from the Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas genera. The heme type predominated in Pseudomonas strains. The heme-type nitrite reductase appeared more conserved if judged by similarities in molecular weights and immunological reactions. The Cu type was found in more taxonomically unrelated strains and varied in molecular weight and antiserum recognition.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Relationship between Cell Surface Properties and Transport of Bacteria through Soil.

A study was conducted to relate the properties of Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, and Arthrobacter strains to their transport with water moving through soil. The bacteria differed markedly in their extent of transport; their hydrophobicity, as measured by adherence to n-octane and by hydrophobic-interaction chromatography; and their net surface electrostatic charge, as determined by electrostatic interaction chromatography and by measurements of the zeta potential. Transport of the 19 strains through Kendaia loam or their retention by this soil was not correlated with hydrophobicities or net surface charges of the cells or the presence of capsules. Among 10 strains tested, the presence of flagella was also not correlated with transport. Retention was statistically related to cell size, with bacteria shorter than 1.0 mum usually showing higher percentages of cells being transported through the soil. We suggest that more than one characteristic of bacterial cells determines whether the organisms are transported through soil with moving water.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Detection and identification of groundwater bacteria capable of escaping entrapment on 0.45-micron-pore-size membrane filters.

Rural drinking water systems supplied by untreated groundwater were examined to determine whether coliform or heterotrophic plate count bacteria are capable of escaping entrapment on standard porosity (0.45-micron-pore-size) membrane filters. Filterable bacteria were present in 42% of the 24 groundwater sources examined by using nonselective media (R2A, full strength m-HPC, and 0.1x m-HPC agars). Pseudomonads were the most frequently identified group of filterable bacteria detected. Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, and Achromobacter isolates were also identified. Total coliforms were not recovered from any of the 24 groundwater samples following filtration through 0.45-micron-pore-size membrane filters by using selective M-Endo LES agar or mT7 agar. In addition, none of the isolates identified from nonselective media were coliforms. Similarly, neither total coliforms nor specifically Escherichia coli were detected in these filtrates when Colilert P/A medium was used.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of the structural gene encoding a copper-containing nitrite reductase and homology of this gene to DNA of other denitrifiers.

A copper-containing nitrite reductase gene (nirU) from Pseudomonas sp. strain G-179 was found in a 1.9-kb EcoRI-BamHI DNA fragment. The coding region contained information for a polypeptide of 379 amino acids. The encoded protein had 78% identity in amino acid sequence to the nitrite reductase purified from Achromobacter cycloclastes. The ligands for type 1 copper- and type 2 copper-binding sites found in A. cycloclastes were also found in Pseudomonas sp. strain G-179, suggesting that these binding sites are conserved. Upstream from the promoter, two putative fnr boxes were found, suggesting that an FNR-like protein may be involved in regulation of the nitrite reductase gene under anaerobic conditions. When the 1.9-kb clone was used to probe Southern blots for similar sequences in DNAs from different denitrifiers, hybridization bands were seen for 15 of 16 denitrifiers known to have nitrite reductase containing copper. Except for Pseudomonas stutzeri JM300, all denitrifiers tested that have nitrite reductases containing heme c,d1 showed no or weak hybridization to this probe. Thus, this structural gene may be useful as a probe to detect denitrifiers with copper-containing nitrite reductases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Isolation and characterization of an N-methylcarbamate insecticide-degrading methylotrophic bacterium.

A gram-negative bacterium which hydrolyzed aryl N-methylcarbamate insecticides was isolated from an agricultural soil which quickly degraded these pesticides. This organism, designated strain ER2, grew on carbofuran as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen with a doubling time of 3 h in a mineral salts medium. The aromatic nucleus of the molecule was not metabolized, and carbofuran 7-phenol accumulated as the end product of metabolism. The insecticides carbaryl, bendiocarb, and propoxur were similarly hydrolyzed, with each yielding the corresponding phenol. Strain ER2 contained two plasmids (120 and 130 kb). A probe cloned from the pDL11 plasmid of Achromobacter sp. strain WM111, which encodes the carbofuran hydrolase (mcd) gene (P. H. Tomasek and J. S. Karns, J. Bacteriol. 171:4038-4044, 1989), hybridized to the 120-kb plasmid. Restriction fragment profiles of pDL11 and strain ER2 plasmid DNAs suggested that the 120-kb plasmid of strain ER2 is very similar to pDL11. On the basis of the results of biochemical tests, 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and membrane lipid analyses, strain ER2 was found to be a phylogenetically unique type II methylotroph. The constitutive carbofuran hydrolase activity in glucose-grown cells increased sevenfold when strain ER2 was grown in the presence of 100 mg of carbofuran per liter as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen or as the sole nitrogen source in the presence of glucose. Growth on carbofuran resulted in the induction of enzymes required for methylamine-dependent respiration and the serine pathway of formaldehyde assimilation. These results indicate that the carbofuran hydrolase mcd gene is conserved on a plasmid found in organisms from different geographic areas and that the specific activity of carbofuran degradation may increase in response to carbofuran treatment.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1998

Isolation of broad-host-range replicons from marine sediment bacteria.

Naturally occurring plasmids isolated from heterotrophic bacterial isolates originating from coastal California marine sediments were characterized by analyzing their incompatibility and replication properties. Previously, we reported on the lack of DNA homology between plasmids from the culturable bacterial population of marine sediments and the replicon probes specific for a number of well-characterized incompatibility and replication groups (P. A. Sobecky, T. J. Mincer, M. C. Chang, and D. R. Helinski, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:888-895, 1997). In the present study we isolated 1.8- to 2.3-kb fragments that contain functional replication origins from one relatively large (30-kb) and three small (<10-kb) naturally occurring plasmids present in different marine isolates. 16S rRNA sequence analyses indicated that the four plasmid-bearing marine isolates belonged to the alpha and gamma subclasses of the class Proteobacteria. Three of the marine sediment isolates are related to the gamma-3 subclass organisms Vibrio splendidus and Vibrio fischeri, while the fourth isolate may be related to Roseobacter litoralis. Sequence analysis of the plasmid replication regions revealed the presence of features common to replication origins of well-characterized plasmids from clinical bacterial isolates, suggesting that there may be similar mechanisms for plasmid replication initiation in the indigenous plasmids of gram-negative marine sediment bacteria. In addition to replication in Escherichia coli DH5alpha and C2110, the host ranges of the plasmid replicons, designated repSD41, repSD121, repSD164, and repSD172, extended to marine species belonging to the genera Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Vibrio. While sequence analysis of repSD41 and repSD121 revealed considerable stretches of homology between the two fragments, these regions do not display incompatibility properties against each other. The replication origin repSD41 was detected in 5% of the culturable plasmid-bearing marine sediment bacterial isolates, whereas the replication origins repSD164 and repSD172 were not detected in any plasmid-bearing bacteria other than the parental isolates. Microbial community DNA extracted from samples collected in November 1995 and June 1997 and amplified by PCR yielded positive signals when they were hybridized with probes specific for repSD41 and repSD172 replication sequences. In contrast, replication sequences specific for repSD164 were not detected in the DNA extracted from marine sediment microbial communities.

Bacteria↗