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A comparison of isokinetic lifting strength with static strength and maximum acceptable weight with special reference to speed of lifting.

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of the speed of lifting and box size on isokinetic strength and to compare isokinetic lifting strengths with static lifting strengths and psychophysically determined maximum acceptable weights. Nine male college students lifted three different boxes (250, 380 and 510 mm wide) from the floor to a bench height of 0.8 m using a free-style lifting technique at a rate of 0.2 lifts min-1. For each lifting task static strength was measured at the origin of lift. Isokinetic lifting strength was measured at 0.41, 0.51 and 0.6 ms-1 using a Biokinetic ergometer and attaching boxes to the load cell. Ratings of perceived exertion were recorded for the low back. There was a progressive decrease in mean and peak isokinetic lifting strengths both with an increase in lifting speed and with an increase in box width (p < 0.01). The lifting speed had a much greater effect (29% and 27%) than the box width (18% and 15%) on mean and peak isokinetic lifting strengths. However, high speed lifting was perceived subjectively to be less stressful (RPE = 10.7) than slow speed lifting (RPE = 12.7). Static strength and maximum acceptable weight had higher correlations with mean isokinetic strength (r = 0.65 and 0.82) than with peak isokinetic strength (r = 0.52 and 0.73). At 0.41 ms-1, mean isokinetic strength peak 6% greater than the mean static strength (p > or = 0.05). Extrapolation of mean isokinetic strength data showed that at 0.73 ms-1 the estimated mean isokinetic strengths were within 6% of maximum acceptable weights. It is concluded that isokinetic strength is highly dependent upon the speed of lifting. At a slow speed (0.41 ms-1), mean isokinetic strength is equal to mean static strength; and, at a high speed (0.73 ms-1), it appears to be equal to the maximum acceptable weight. It is recommended that both speed of lifting and box width should be controlled carefully to stimulate job-specific isokinetic lifting strength.

Adult↗

Rating of acceptable load in manual sorting of postal parcels.

The psychophysical test, the rating of acceptable load (RAL) were used to assess acceptable weights for dynamic lifting in postal workers engaged in sorting parcels. The standard test (RALSt) and a work-simulating test (RALW) were administered to 103 volunteers: all experienced male sorters. In the RALSt, subjects selected the weight which would be acceptable for lifting in a box with handles from table to floor and back to the table once every 5 min for the working day. for the RALW, the box was without handles and the weight was chosen to be acceptable for transfer 4-6 times/min from a table to the parcel container and back to the table. Both tests were made during normal working hours at postal sorting centres. The overall means for RALSt and RALW were 16.4 kg and 9.4 kg respectively (p < 0.001): both being substantially higher than the average parcel weight of 4 kg. The RALSt and RALW tests proved to be repetitive and sensitive for differentiating the effects of load and task variable in actual manual material handling. Thus they appear to be applicable to the evaluation of manual materials handling problems.

Adult↗

Masculinity, femininity, and women scientists' self-esteem and self-acceptance.

The literature suggests women scientists are a unique population. The present study investigated differences in self-esteem, self-acceptance, masculinity and femininity among several sample populations of women, including scientists (n = 62), professionals (other than scientists) (n = 89), college students (n = 83), clients (n = 52), and victims of domestic violence (n = 57). The Personal Orientation Inventory (Shostrom, 1974) and Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) were administered to subjects, together with a demographic data sheet. An ANOVA was used to investigate differences between women scientists and other groups of women, and correlations were used to examine the relationship of masculinity and femininity with self-esteem and self-acceptance. Masculinity was found to correlate with self-esteem for all but the student group and with self-acceptance for all but the student and scientist group. Self-acceptance scores were significantly lower for women scientists than for professional and student groups, and femininity scores were significantly lower for scientists than for all other groups of women.

Adult↗

Masculinity, femininity, and male scientists' self-esteem and self-acceptance.

In this study, I investigated differences in self-esteem, self-acceptance, masculinity, femininity, and locus of control among sample populations of men, including scientists, other professionals, college students, mental health clients, and perpetrators of domestic violence. The Personal Orientation Inventory (Shostrom, 1974), Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966), and Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) were administered to subjects, together with a demographic data sheet. I used correlations to examine the relationship of masculinity, femininity and locus of control to self-esteem and self-acceptance and an analysis of variance to investigate differences between male scientists and other groups of men. Masculinity correlated with self-esteem for all but the student group, and internal locus of control correlated with self-esteem for all but the student and perpetrator groups. Self-acceptance correlated with masculinity for the client group and with internal locus of control for the student and client groups. I found no correlations with femininity. No significant differences existed between male scientists and other male professionals in self-esteem, masculinity, femininity, or locus of control. Self-acceptance scores were significantly lower for male scientists than for other male professionals.

Adult↗

The effects of haptonomy and virtual reality, anxiety, prenatal attachment and acceptance of pregnancy in unplanned pregnancy.

AIM: Unplanned pregnancies are an important public health problem that negatively affects the health of women and babies. This study aimed to determine the effects of haptonomy and virtual reality on anxiety, prenatal attachment and acceptance of pregnancy in unplanned pregnancies. Haptonomy, a touch-based bonding technique, and virtual reality, an immersive fetal visualisation tool, were used as interventions. METHODS: The sample of this randomised controlled study consisted of 217 pregnant women (haptonomy: 73, virtual reality: 72 and control: 72) who applied to the Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatient clinics of a public hospital in eastern Turkey between July 2020 and April 2021. For both experimental groups, four interviews were conducted with the pregnant women between the 24thand32nd gestational weeks at intervals of 7-10&#x2009;days. Data were collected on pregnancy-related anxiety, prenatal attachment and pregnancy acceptance. Group differences were analysed using appropriate statistical comparisons. RESULTS: Pregnancy-related anxiety was lower, and acceptance of pregnancy was higher in the experimental groups compared to the control group (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001). Prenatal attachment level was higher in the haptonomy and virtual reality groups compared to the control group (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001). Notably, prenatal attachment scores were significantly higher in the haptonomy group compared to the virtual reality group (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001). CONCLUSION: In unplanned pregnancies, imagining the baby through haptonomy and imagining the baby through virtual reality are techniques that reduce the level of anxiety related to pregnancy and increase the level of prenatal attachment and acceptance of pregnancy. Especially haptonomy showed a higher effect on prenatal attachment.

Humans↗

Assessment of colour differences in silicone hand and digit prostheses: perceptible and acceptable thresholds for fair and dark skin shades.

This study addresses the dilemma of initial clinical and social acceptance of a newly fabricated silicone prosthesis in relation to its colour match to the natural skin. This was achieved by derivation of specific colour difference thresholds defining perceptible and acceptable levels of colour sensitivity. Two separate sets of 10 fair and dark shade digit prosthesis samples were each fabricated with a stepped increase in colour difference (deltaE) against the baseline hand prosthesis. Ninety individuals with normal colour vision scores were selected as colour assessors. The colour difference of each prosthesis in the two series was evaluated visually against the baseline by the assessors, using defined scores. The thresholds for perceptible and acceptable colour difference determined in this study were deltaE= 0.8 and deltaE= 1.8 for the fair series and deltaE = 1.3 and deltaE = 2.6 for the dark series, respectively. The acceptable threshold values differed from the perceptible threshold values by deltaE= 1.0 for the fair-shade samples and deltaE= 1.3 for the dark-shade samples. This study demonstrated that subjective visual assessment is positively correlated with deltaE values computed from colorimetric measurements for both fair and dark-shade silicone samples (p<0.001). This results shows that human subjects with normal colour vision are capable of accurately assessing colour differences. These observations emphasize the importance of subjective feedback on colour by the patient, provided the latter has perfect colour-tested vision. The study also showed that human subjects were less sensitive to perceived colour differences in darker-shade than fairer-shade samples (p < 0.001). This finding seems relevant in a clinical setting involving a multi-ethnic patient population.

Artificial Limbs↗

Comparison of handling and acceptability of two spacer devices in young children with asthma.

UNLABELLED: This study compared parents' preference for two spacer devices, NebuChamber and Babyhaler for the treatment of young children with asthma. In this open, cross-over study 141 patients (aged 5-57 mo) who used inhaled steroids via a spacer device were randomized to budesonide via NebuChamber or beclomethasone dipropionate via Babyhaler. Both treatments were given by the parents twice daily for 2 wk. At the final visit parents completed a questionnaire on preference in general and for a given set of features. Acceptability and handling were scored in a diary. Diary scores on acceptability by the child and handling of both spacer devices were comparable. In the preference questionnaire, 68% of parents preferred NebuChamber [95% confidence interval (CI) 60-76] and 25% Babyhaler (95% CI 18-33). The preference was independent of the type of spacer used before the study and was also apparent in the different features: acceptability by child, carrying around, cleaning, close fitting of face mask, assembling and disassembling, damage resistance and size. These differences were statistically significant for all features, except for acceptability by the child. CONCLUSION: Two-thirds of parents prefer NebuChamber over Babyhaler for the treatment of their young asthmatic children.

Aerosols↗

Researchers' views of the acceptability of restrictive provisions in clinical trial agreements with industry sponsors.

We conducted a mail survey of 884 U.S. medical school faculty active in clinical research to elicit their views about the acceptability of provisions in contracts for industry-sponsored clinical trials that would restrict investigators' academic freedom and control over trials. We compared their responses to results from a similar survey of research administrators at 107 medical schools. There was substantial variation among clinical researchers in their acceptability judgments, with a relatively large proportion of clinical trial investigators willing to accept provisions that give industry sponsors considerable control over the dissemination of research results. There were significant differences in the perceptions of clinical trial investigators versus other recently published clinical researchers; investigators with a high versus low percentage of research support from industry; junior versus senior faculty; and investigators at institutions with high versus low National Institute of Health (NIH) funding ranks. There was also a significant divergence of views in a number of areas between clinical trialists and research administrators who negotiate clinical trial contracts on their behalf. Medical school faculty could benefit from additional guidance about what their institution views as acceptable parameters for industry-sponsored clinical trial agreements.

Administrative Personnel↗

Effectiveness and acceptability of a domiciliary multidrug inhalation treatment in elderly patients with chronic airflow obstruction: metered dose inhaler versus jet nebulizer.

The aim of this study was to compare the immediate and long-term bronchodilator effect as well as the patient acceptability of a 2-week, multidrug, inhalation treatment delivered by a metered dose inhaler (MDI) versus a jet nebulizer in a group of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma and an at least partially reversible airflow obstruction. Twenty elderly outpatients (17 men; mean +/- SD age, 67 +/- 2 years; mean +/- SD baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1], 46.5 +/- 14% of predicted value) with COPD or asthma participated in the study, which was of an open, randomized, crossover design. After a 1-day baseline evaluation, including patient history, clinical examination, and spirometry, participants were randomly assigned to receive a multidrug inhalation treatment (a combination of salbutamol, ipratropium, and flunisolide) with either an MDI or a jet nebulizer. Two weeks later, they were shifted to treatment with the alternative system for a further 2 weeks. FEV1 was measured on the first and fourteenth days of each treatment period, on each occasion both before and 30 minutes after the morning inhalation. At the end of the study, patients were asked to express a personal preference for one of the two inhalation treatments with regard to effectiveness and acceptability by filling out a simple questionnaire. Both the MDI and jet nebulizer had a significant immediate bronchodilator effect on the first and fourteenth days of treatment, with no differences between treatments. No long-term bronchodilator effect was seen with either aerosol delivery system. Patient preferences were clearly in favor of the jet nebulizer with regard to effectiveness and in favor of the MDI with regard to acceptability. In conclusion, in elderly patients with COPD or asthma and partially reversible airflow obstruction, a maintenance multidrug bronchodilator/anti-inflammatory inhalation treatment produced a statistically significant and clinically relevant bronchodilator effect without substantial differences between the two delivery systems. Most patients considered the MDI to be more acceptable and the jet nebulizer to be more effective. These preferences should be taken into consideration when prescribing a maintenance aerosol inhalation treatment.

Administration, Inhalation↗

Taste responses to naringin, a flavonoid, and the acceptance of grapefruit juice are related to genetic sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil.

Increased consumption of vegetables and fruit has long been the focus of dietary strategies for disease prevention. Some vegetables and fruit have bitter tastes, which can be aversive to consumers, particularly children. The present study tested the hypothesis that acceptance of grapefruit juice is influenced, in part, by sensitivity to the bitter taste of 6-n-propylthiouracil (Prop), a heritable trait. A sample of 123 women, mean age 28 y, was divided into nontasters (n = 39), tasters (n = 49), and supertasters (n = 35) of Prop by using procedures validated previously based on Prop detection thresholds and on intensity scaling of five suprathreshold solutions of Prop and sodium chloride. The subjects tasted and rated five solutions of the bioflavonoid naringin in 4% sucrose. Naringin, the principal bitter ingredient of grapefruit juice, has been implicated in the regulation of cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Increased taste acuity for both Prop and naringin was associated with greater dislike for each bitter compound. Prop supertasters disliked bitter naringin solutions significantly more than did either tasters or nontasters. Prop sensitivity was also associated with reduced acceptability of grapefruit juice. Acceptability of orange juice, which does not contain naringin, was unrelated to Prop taster status. Is the acceptability of other bitter vegetables and fruit also limited by inherited taste factors? If so, then genetic taste markers might limit dietary exposure to valuable dietary constituents and pose a barrier to current strategies for dietary change.

Adult↗

Taste sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil predicts acceptance of bitter-tasting spinach in 3-6-y-old children.

BACKGROUND: Understanding what motivates the preference for and selection of foods has important health implications. Research suggests that the phytochemicals present in green leafy vegetables contain anticarcinogenic properties. As a result of the bitter taste of phytochemical compounds, however, foods containing these are often not well accepted, particularly by children. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to study the relation between sensitivity to the bitter taste of 6-n-propylthiocuracil (PROP) and acceptance of bitter- and strong-tasting foods in 3-6-y-old children. DESIGN: Two independent procedures, a threshold detection and a suprathreshold intensity task, were used to measure individual sensitivity to PROP, and 3 independent tasks were used to assess food acceptance. RESULTS: Sensitivity to the bitter taste of PROP was positively correlated with dislike of the taste of raw spinach (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The acceptance of spinach may to some extent be mediated by individual taste perception and be predictable via both threshold and suprathreshold measures of PROP taste sensitivity. Furthermore, children as young as 3 y of age can partake in direct investigations of taste, reliably comply with test procedures, and accurately communicate taste perceptions and preferences under study conditions.

Child, Preschool↗

Efficacy of A-line AEP Monitor as a tool for predicting acceptable tracheal intubation conditions during sevoflurane anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND: It is essential for the clinical anaesthetist to know whether patients are sufficiently anaesthetized to tolerate direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Because of the lack of an accurate objective method to determine the level of general anaesthesia, under- or overdosing of anaesthetics may occur. Auditory evoked potential (AEP) is one of several physiological parameters under investigation. We aimed to determine the clinically required depth of anaesthesia, measured by the A-line AEP Monitor and expressed as A-Line ARX Index (AAI) for 90% probability of acceptable conditions for endotracheal intubation. METHODS: We studied 108 patients anaesthetized by mask with increasing concentration of sevoflurane in 30% oxygen and 70% nitrous oxide. Fentanyl 1.5 microg kg(-1) and glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg were administered intravenously immediately before starting induction of anaesthesia. The monitor was programmed to give an alarm at AAI 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 according to randomization. When the alarm sounded, the end-expiratory sevoflurane concentration was registered and endotracheal intubation was attempted. Intubation conditions were assessed by an observer blinded to the AAI. RESULTS: At AAI 10 we found acceptable conditions in 91% (confidence interval [CI 72-99%]) of patients. The prediction probability value P(K) of AAI was 0.69 (CI 0.59-0.79) and the P(K) of end-expiratory sevoflurane concentration was 0.93 (CI 0.87-0.99). ED(90) (the AAI with a 90% probability of acceptable intubation conditions) was calculated as 8.5 (CI 0-17.5). CONCLUSIONS: AAI indicates the depth of anaesthesia necessary for acceptable endotracheal intubation conditions. Under the conditions of the present study, end-expiratory sevoflurane concentration was a better predictor and may turn out to be more useful in the clinical setting.

Adult↗

Community acceptance of the mentally ill in foster family care.

Community acceptance has been described as essential to the successful placement of the mentally ill in the community. The study reported here examined acceptance of mental patients living in family care homes and found that residents were well accepted by neighbors and by others in the community, albeit on a superficial level, and that acceptance could be predicted by variables relating to the residents' social network.

Adolescent↗

Results from a prospective, randomized, controlled study evaluating the acceptability and effects of routine pre-IVF counselling.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate a model of routine pre-IVF counselling focusing on the narrative capacities of couples. The acceptability of counselling, the effects on emotional factors and the participants' assessments were considered. METHODS: The study included 141 consecutive childless couples preparing for their first IVF. Randomization was carried out through sealed envelopes attributing participants to counselled and non-counselled groups and was accepted by 100 couples. Another 12 couples refused randomization because they wanted counselling and 29 because they did not. Questionnaires including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory and assessments of help were mailed to couples before IVF and counselling, and after the IVF outcome. RESULTS: Counselling was accepted by 79% (112/141) of couples. There was no significant effect of counselling on anxiety and depression scores which were within normal ranges at both times. Counselling provided help for 86% (75/87) of initially non-demanding subjects and 96% (25/26) of those initially requesting a session. Help was noted in areas of psychological assistance, technical explanations and discussing relationships. CONCLUSIONS: This model of routine counselling centred on the narrative provides an acceptable form of psychological assistance for pre-IVF couples.

Adult↗

The acceptability of posthumous human ovarian tissue donation in Utah.

BACKGROUND: Infertility due to accelerated loss of ovarian follicles/oocytes may occur through numerous mechanisms. As a result, posthumous human oocyte donation, banking and maturation protocols for research and fertility restoration are current interests in reproductive medicine. METHODS: A computer-generated sample of Utah residents (n = 704) were surveyed regarding demographics, willingness to donate organs, IVF acceptability and posthumous follicle/oocyte donation for: research, fertilization with monitoring to the preembryo stage (eight cells), and fertilization and subsequent transfer of embryos derived from themselves, their partner or non-spousal relative for whom they act as guardian. RESULTS: Ovarian tissue donation for follicle/oocyte retrieval, maturation and scientific investigation without fertilization was acceptable (>or=70%) to a majority of the Utah population. However, fertilization of oocytes or fertilization and transfer of resulting preembyos derived from such donations to cause a pregnancy was less acceptable (58.3% and 57.4%, respectively) in the population responding for their own or partner's oocytes, and more so when the donation was guardian-directed (54.8% and 52.1%, respectively). Similar declines in the level of acceptance were noted when those who had an express interest in such donations (ovarian failure or surgical castration) were surveyed (n = 50). CONCLUSIONS: This study substantiates the ethical recommendation that explicit prior written consent of the donor be obtained when ovarian tissue donations are procured for fertilization, or transfer of a preembryo to cause a pregnancy. In light of the rapid technological advancements in ovarian follicle/oocyte cryopreservation and maturation, the time may have come to provide potential organ donors the opportunity to specify their desires regarding ovarian tissues when registering for organ donation.

Adolescent↗

A brief sexual barrier intervention for women living with AIDS: acceptability, use, and ethnicity.

Interventions aimed at reducing sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted diseases (HIV/STDs) have focused primarily on male condom use among seronegative men and women. However, female-controlled sexual barriers (female condoms and vaginal microbicides) offer women living with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) alternative methods to protect themselves and others from disease transmission. A pilot behavioral intervention was conducted to increase sexual barrier use and enhance and assess factors related to acceptability. Participants (N = 178) were drawn from the Stress Management and Relaxation Training with Expressive Supportive Therapy (SMART/EST) Women's Project, a multisite phase III clinical trial for women living with AIDS (Miami, FL; New York City, NY; Newark, NJ). Intervention participants (n = 89) were matched for age and ethnicity with control condition participants (n = 89). Women were African American (52%), Haitian (15%), Hispanic (19%), Caucasian (10%), and other ethnicities (4%). The intervention condition received barrier products (male and female condoms and spermicides based on nonoxynol-9 in the form of vaginal gel, film, and suppositories) during three sessions held over 3 months. Data on barrier use and acceptability were analyzed at baseline and 3 and 9 months postintervention. Use of N-9 spermicides on a trial basis increased significantly by 3 months in the intervention conditions (22%-51%, P <.05). Cultural differences in acceptability were greatest between Haitian women and women in other ethnic groups. Exposure to this pilot behavioral intervention was associated with increased acceptability and use of chemical barriers without decreased use of male condoms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

Increased isoleucine acceptance by sulfur-deficient transfer RNA from Escherichia coli.

Sulfur-deficient tRNA, isolated from Escherichia coli HfrC, rel-, met-, cys-, lambda, after cysteine starvation, was found to have an increased acceptance of isoleucine in proportion to the deficiency of 4-thiouridine. Isoleucine acceptance was not altered in the presence of other amino acids of CTP, and the higher acceptance was observed over a wide range of magnesium, isoleucine, tRNA and enzyme concentrations. The Vmax value for sulfur-deficient tRNA was more than three times greater than observed for normal tRNA. Methylated albumin kieselguhr (MAK) chromatography revealed three isoacceptor peak for normal tRNA, while sulfur-deficient tRNA was missing tRNAile, and exhibited a larger, shifted peaks for tRNA normal tRNA, while sulfur-deficient tRNA was missing tRNAille 2, and exhibited a large shifted peak for tRNAile 3 . Treatment with crude RNA sulfurtransferase both lowered the isoleucine acceptance for sulfur-deficient tRNA to that seen for normal tRNA, and restored the missing isoacceptor on MAK. The possibility that thionucleotides may play a role in the aminoacylation of tRNAile in E. coli is discussed.

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases↗

Progressive increases in peritoneal dialysis prescription: patient acceptance and complication rates.

Peritoneal dialysis adequacy has an impact on patient mortality. Both the CANUSA study and DOQI Guidelines outline targets for adequacy, and it has been suggested that quantitative adequacy determinations be made at regular intervals. Some groups believe these targets are not achievable because of lack of patient acceptance and high complication rate. We examined the outcome of peritoneal dialysis in a setting where prescription changes are made on clinical grounds, and determined the complication rates and patient acceptance of prescription changes. A total of 154 patients commencing peritoneal dialysis from January 1, 1994,-December 31, 1996, were studied to determine reasons for dialysis prescription changes, patient acceptance of, and complications related to these changes. Point prevalence data for dialysis prescription for our center and other Canadian centers were obtained from the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Co-morbidity - adjusted patient and technique survival for our center versus other centers in Canada was performed by Poisson regression analysis. Dialysis prescription changes were based on clinical assessment. A total of 102 patients started on either > 8 L of dialysate or had an increase in dialysis prescription during the study period. These patients were heavier, on peritoneal dialysis for longer, and fewer were transplanted compared with the patients on standard prescription (8 L or less). Only 4% of patients refused the change in dialysis prescription, and only 13 peritoneal leaks occurred, resulting in 3 transfers to hemodialysis. Our center prescribed a larger number of exchanges than other Canadian centers in 1995-1997. Adjusted mortality rate ratios for our center versus the other Canadian Centers (1990-1996) are equal. The 3 year technique survival for peritoneal dialysis patients from our center between 1990-1996 was 75% vs. 61% for other centers in Canada. At last follow-up, > 60% of patients had a Kt/V urea >2.1 and 45% had a creatinine clearance > 70 L/1.73 m2/week. This Regional Program has successfully prescribed high volume and frequency peritoneal dialysis on clinical grounds alone. This practice is associated with high patient acceptance, equivalent mortality, and higher technique survival compared with the rest of Canada.

Aged↗