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PubMed1982

Diagnostic value of distended urinary bladder pyelography in adults.

Intravenous pyelography carried out with a previously distended bladder in order to produce partial urinary flow obstruction offers superior delineation of the pelvi-caliceal system and ureters. Often, these structures are visible in their entirety on a single film. In 100 adult patients of both sexes who had undergone conventional i.v. pyelography, a second examination was carried out without external compression, after preliminary distension of the urinary bladder (DUB). DUB was achieved by three different methods. In 25 patients the urinary bladder was distended by retrograde instillation of saline. Another 25 patients retained their overnight urine and 50 others retained their urine following a water load of 1,000 ml. Best results were obtained in patients examined by the retrograde and water-load methods. The vast majority of examinations in these groups were of superior quality compared with that obtained by the routine technique. Pyelography with a distended bladder proved to be a valuable diagnostic adjunct in all instances in which application of external compression is undesirable, particularly in cases of trauma.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunohistochemical characteristics and a degree of differentiation of urinary bladder cancer].

17 cases of severe dysplasia and urinary bladder intraepithelial carcinoma, 15 cases of invasive well differentiated urothelial carcinoma, 14 cases of moderately differentiated and 10 cases of poorly differentiated carcinoma were studied immunohistochemically. The role of metalloproteinases in urinary bladder carcinoma is established. Correlation between proliferative activity, protease expression and the degree of tumor differentiation is found. Viral DNA of human papilloma of 16/18 types in severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ was revealed by hybridization in situ method.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1986

Experimental investigations on intracavity sonography. Part 2: Alteration of imaging by artificial alterations in the wall of isolated porcine urinary bladders.

Because the determination of the depth of urinary bladder tumors by means of intracavity sonography depends on several factors (tumor size, reflection behavior of the tumor etc.), we checked the imaging of this diagnostic technique in the isolated porcine urinary bladder under various experimental conditions. Different tissues of defined size were fixed on the inner or outer surface of the bladder wall; both the bladder mucosa and the foreign tissue were damaged thermally or by incision. The importance of a limited depth of sound penetration or of a sound shadow depending on the characteristics of the tissue under investigation was revealed; tissue types could not be distinguished unequivocally by the reflection pattern; above all, a sonographic diagnosis of the tumor was not possible in the presence of histo-pathologically detectable tissue changes due to thermal damage.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Semi-nested PCR for detection and typing of bovine Papillomavirus type 2 in urinary bladder and whole blood from cattle with enzootic haematuria.

Bovine Papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) and chronic intoxication by bracken fern ingestion were associated with urinary bladder lesions and the clinical signs of enzootic haematuria in adult cattle. Clinically enzootic haematuria is characterized by intermittent haematuria followed by animal death. Enzootic haematuria causes considerable economical impact on extensive cattle breeding worldwide. The demonstration of BPV-2 participation in the etiology of bovine urinary bladder carcinoma by conventional virological methods is not easy and the integrity of epidemiological studies relies on methods that are sensitive and specific for BPV-2 detection and typing. A multiplex-PCR was evaluated for BPV-2 L1 gene and bovine mitochondrial genome ND5 gene (internal control) detection followed by a second round of BPV-2 amplification by a semi-nested PCR (SN-PCR). Six skin papilloma samples were used for PCR technique development. Twenty-two urinary bladder samples from symptomatic (n = 12) and asymptomatic (n = 10, control group) cows and 25 blood samples from cows grazed on enzootic haematuria-endemic (n = 14) and enzootic haematuria-free (n = 11, control group) geographical regions of Parana State, Brazil were analyzed. The SN-PCR detected BPV-2 in seven urinary bladder and 10 whole blood samples collected from cows with enzootic haematuria and in one urinary bladder and one whole blood samples of asymptomatic cows. The specificity of the amplicon was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis. The SN-PCR technique developed in this study will make possible the realization of diagnosis and comparative epidemiological studies to evaluate BPV-2 infection rates in cattle, and the association of this infection with bracken fern chronic intoxication in the etiology of enzootic haematuria and opens the possibility of ante mortem studies by lymphocytes analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of enzyme phenotypes in human bladder tumours and experimentally induced hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the rat urinary bladder. A combined histochemical and immunohistochemical approach.

The expression of a number of enzymes involved in drug metabolism, membrane function etc. was compared in hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the rat bladder and in human bladder tumours. Transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) in both rat and Man were characterized by decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), beta-glucuronidase (beta-G1), succinate dehydrogenase (SD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities. In addition, binding for antibodies specific for different cytochrome P-450 species (UT50, PB3a, MC1, MC2) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEHb) was elevated in both murine and human tumours. Comparison of the enzyme phenotype in hyperplastic lesions induced by freeze ulceration or uracil administration with that in preneoplastic papillary or nodular hyperplasia (PNH) and TCC suggested, however, that most of the alteration in enzyme content or activity was non-specific and related to requirements for epithelial cell proliferation. On the other hand, the decreased ALP, and increased GGT and beta-G1 activity appeared more directly related to neoplastic transformation. The results suggested that qualitative differences exist between reactive hyperplasia and preneoplastic or neoplastic lesions in the urinary bladder. The finding of increased cytochrome P-450, in clear contrast to the reduction characteristic of preneoplastic hepatic lesions, may be important with regard to the observed difference in neoplastic transformation between the bladder and liver in response to drug metabolising enzyme inducers.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

The role of alkalizing and neutral potassium salts in urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats.

Using an initiation-promotion rat model, we have previously shown that the alkalizing salt KHCO3 is a strong and the neutral salt KCl a weak promoter of urinary bladder carcinogenesis. We have now studied the effects of these salts on rat urinary bladder epithelium without prior exposure to a bladder tumour initiator. In four studies ranging in duration from 4 to 130 weeks, (equimolar) amounts of K+ were administered in the diet to male and female rats (85 rats/sex/group) as KHCO3 or KCl. Comparable increases in urinary volume and potassium levels were found with both KHCO3 and KCl, but only KHCO3 induced an elevated urinary pH. The feeding of KHCO3 resulted in simple epithelial hyperplasia and, after prolonged administration, in papillary/nodular hyperplasia, papillomas and transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. With KCl, only a slight increase in proliferative urothelial lesions was found; one male showed papillary hyperplasia and one female exhibited nodular hyperplasia and a papilloma. Our results allow the conclusion that KHCO3, a strong promoter of bladder carcinogenesis, is capable of inducing urinary bladder cancer in rats without prior application of an initiator, whereas KCl, a weak tumour promoter, induced only a few (pre)neoplastic lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Identification and characterization of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the human urinary bladder and parotid gland.

The binding characteristics of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) to muscarinic sites in isolated plasma membrane fractions of the human urinary bladder and parotid gland were studied. QNB binding to both preparations was of high affinity and low capacity. Mean values for the apparent dissociation constants (Kd) for binding to membrane preparations from the urinary bladder and parotid glands were 22 and 34 pM and the Bmax values 234 and 456 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Significance of difference between Kd and Bmax values from the two tissues was at the level of P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.05, respectively. QNB binding was inhibited by muscarinic receptor antagonists with varying degree of effectiveness. The mean values for the inhibition constant (Ki) were significantly lower for oxybutynin, amitriptyline, and pirenzepine but higher for secoverine in preparations of the urinary bladder than of the parotid gland. The mean Ki values for quinidine and verapamil were lower in the urinary bladder than that in the parotid gland. Carbachol exhibited a marked selectivity for the urinary bladder (about 30-fold) compared with the parotid gland. The present data obtained in two human tissues that are highly cholinergic in their innervation give support to the argument for heterogeneity of the muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed1998

Inhibitory effect of tomato juice on rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis after N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine initiation.

The effects of tomato juice on urinary bladder carcinogenesis were studied in male Fischer 344 rats initiated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in rats. The animals (6 weeks old) were given 0.05% BBN in their drinking water for 8 weeks, followed by diluted tomato juice for 12 weeks, and killed at 20 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. Lycopene concentrations in the livers of rats given tomato juice were elevated. Histopathological analysis of urinary bladder lesions revealed the numbers, but not incidences, of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) to be decreased in the group given tomato juice. No influence on the incidence of simple and nodullopapillary hyperplasias, invasion or differentiation of TCC was noted. These results indicate that tomato juice, presumably the contained lycopene and other anti-oxidants in combination, exerts an inhibitory effect on the development of TCCs in the rat urinary bladder.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Examination of lesions in the urinary bladder and kidney of dogs induced by nefiracetam, a new nootropic agent.

Toxic lesions induced by nefiracetam, a nootropic drug, in the urinary bladder and kidney were examined by repeated oral administration of 300 mg/kg/day for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 11 wk to male and female beagle dogs. Each dog was sacrificed after each treatment period, and urinalysis and serum biochemistry were performed for surviving dogs at several time points. One male and 2 females died during week 10 or 11. Degeneration and desquamation of epithelial cells and edema and hemorrhage in the lamina propria were observed in the urinary bladder after 1 wk of treatment. These changes became severe as time progressed and were reflected in the clinical abnormalities of hematuria and increased protein excretion in urine. However, epithelial regeneration and hyperplasia were seen thereafter, and almost no change was seen in the urinary bladder after treatment for 11 wk. Instead of recovery as in the urinary bladder, the kidney showed epithelial degeneration and hyperplasia in the papilla and collecting duct and interstitial congestion and hemorrhage after treatment for 11 wk. Extensive hemorrhage and papillary necrosis were seen in animals that died during week 10 or 11 of dosing. These kidney changes were associated with increased urinary volume and decreased osmotic pressure. The lesions are thought to have a common etiopathogenesis and to be initiated by the epithelial damage with a time lag between expression of injury in the urinary bladder and the kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Inhibitory histamine H2-receptor in the guinea-pig urinary bladder.

The histamine H2-receptor in the guinea-pig urinary bladder was characterized by determining the effects of histamine and impromidine on contractions induced by electrical transmural stimulation (ETS). The contractile responses to ETS (0.5 ms, 15 V, for 15 s) at frequencies of 1 to 30 Hz were abolished by treatment with tetrodotoxin, and were partly inhibited by scopolamine, indicating that the ETS-induced contraction has scopolamine-sensitive and -resistant components. Histamine and impromidine inhibited the scopolamine-resistant contraction induced by ETS but not the ETS-induced scopolamine-sensitive contraction and nicotine- and acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contractions. The inhibitory effects of histamine and impromidine were antagonized by cimetidine, but not by diphenhydramine and mepyramine. Thus, the inhibitory effect of histamine may be mediated through H2-receptors. As impromidine did not affect the tetrodotoxin-sensitive and Ca2+-dependent ETS-evoked release of ACh and noradrenaline (NA) from the isolated urinary bladder preloaded with [3H]choline and [3H]NA, respectively, the H2-receptor may not be involved in the cholinergic and adrenergic mechanisms. These results indicate that histamine H2-receptors are present in the guinea-pig urinary bladder. The H2-receptor located on non-cholinergic excitatory neurons may be involved in the inhibitory action produced by histamine.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2000

Molecular evolution and intratumor heterogeneity by topographic compartments in muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Superficial transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of the urinary bladder have been shown to be monoclonal. However, no combined study of clonality and tumor suppressor genes (TSG) is available to date for muscle-invasive TCC. Forty-four muscle-invasive TCC of the urinary bladder selected from women were included in this study. Tumor cells located above and below the muscularis mucosa zone were systematically microdissected and used for DNA extraction. Hha-I digested and undigested samples were used to study the methylation pattern of androgen receptor alleles and undigested samples were used for microsatellite analysis of TSG (TP53, RB1, WT1, and NF1). Both loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses were performed using optimized denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The expression of p53, pRB, and p21WAF1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Appropriate controls were run in every case. All except two TCC showed a monoclonal pattern with the same allele inactivated in both compartments. Microsatellite analysis of TSG revealed the same LOH/SNP pattern in both tumor compartments in 30 cases (involving more than 1 TSG locus in 8) and genetic heterogeneity in 14 cases. From the latter group, 9 cases expressed more genetic changes in the deep compartment (involving TP53 gene in all cases, WT1 gene in 2, and NF1 in 1), whereas in 4 cases the superficial compartment showed more genetic changes (three involving NF1 and one involving both RB and TP53). No statistical difference in the immunoexpression was detected, although it tended to be higher in the superficial compartment than in the deep compartment. These concordant data in polymorphic DNA regions indicate that bladder-muscle-invasive TCC are monoclonal proliferations with homogeneous tumor cell selection. Heterogeneous tumor cell selection by topography defined two different genetic compartments: superficial, NF1-defective, and deep, TP53-defective. No differences in the immunohistochemical expression were observed, precluding a more extensive clinical application.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Dose-dependent promotion by phenylethyl isothiocyanate, a known chemopreventer, of two-stage rat urinary bladder and liver carcinogenesis.

The effects of phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) on urinary bladder and liver carcinogenesis were analyzed in a rat model. Diets containing 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% PEITC were administered for 32 wk to male Fischer 344 rats with and without pretreatment with an injection of diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg body wt i.p.) and 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in the drinking water for 4 wk for initiation. In the initiated groups, PEITC administration significantly increased the incidences of papillary or nodular hyperplasia, dysplasia, and transitional cell carcinomas at higher doses of 0.01%, 0.01%, and 0.05%, respectively, compared with the control group, given initiation alone, in a dose-dependent manner. Without initiation, administration of 0.1% and 0.05% PEITC induced simple and papillary or nodular hyperplasia and dysplasia in the urinary bladder. In the liver, induction of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci was dose dependently enhanced by PEITC administration, but the incidences of liver tumors were not different among the groups. From the present experiment, we can conclude that > 0.01% PEITC enhances rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis, while weakly promoting hepatocarcinogenesis. In addition, it is suggested that > 0.05% PEITC has tumorigenic potential.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Urinary bladder function 6 months after the onset of diabetes in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat.

Urinary bladder function was examined in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat six months after the onset of diabetes. Diabetes caused significant decreases in rat weight and increases in bladder body weights and in vivo bladder capacities compared to age-matched controls, but no changes in the weights of bladder bases. The absolute contractile responses of urinary bladder body and base strips to nerve stimulation, carbachol, 5-hydroxytryptamine, ATP, phenylephrine, and KCl were unaltered by diabetes. However, when the data were corrected for tissue mass, there were slight but not significant decreases in contractile responses of strips from diabetic rats. There were increases in total muscarinic receptor numbers and calcium channel binding sites in bladder bodies from BB rats as a result of the increases in tissue mass. The data indicate that the six month-diabetic BB rat differs from the streptozotocin-diabetic rat in the sensitivity of the urinary bladder to the complications of diabetes, probably as a result of the insulin treatment required to keep BB rats alive.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Selective bladder preservation for muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder is traditionally treated with radical cystectomy. This approach results in great morbidity and lifestyle changes, and approximately half of the patients treated in this way will experience recurrent TCC despite surgery. An alternative approach using selective bladder-preservation techniques incorporates transurethral resection of bladder tumours, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Over the past 20 years, international experience has demonstrated that this approach is feasible, safe, and well tolerated. Furthermore, the long-term outcomes of overall survival and disease-free survival compare favourably with the outcomes from radical cystectomy. The most important predictor of response is stage, with significantly higher long-term survival in patients with T2 disease. Another important positive predictor of complete response to therapy is the ability of the urologic oncologist to remove all visible tumour through a transurethral approach prior to initiation of radiation therapy. A negative predictive factor is the presence of hydronephrosis, and age and gender do not affect disease-free survival. The majority of patients who enjoy long-term survival do so with an intact native bladder. Quality of life studies have demonstrated that the retained bladder functions well in nearly all of these patients. Selective bladder preservation will not entirely take the place of radical cystectomy, but should be offered as an important alternative to patients newly diagnosed with muscle-invasive TCC.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed1998

Effect of renal pelvic distension on the ureteropelvic and ureterovesical junctions and the urinary bladder: the renal pelvivesical reflex.

For investigation of the effect of distension of the renal pelvis on the ureteropelvic (UPJ) and ureterovesical junctions (UVJ) and on the urinary bladder, nephrostomy was performed on 14 anesthetized mongrel dogs. The pressure was measured in the UPJ by a catheter with a side port introduced through the nephrostomy and in the UVJ and urinary bladder by two catheters inserted cystoscopically. Likewise, a balloon mounted on the tip of a catheter was introduced into the renal pelvis. It was filled with saline in increments of 1 ml, and the pressure response of the UPJ, the UVJ, and the urinary bladder was determined. The test was repeated on the anesthetized renal pelvis, UVJ, and bladder. Whereas renal pelvic distension with 1 ml of saline effected no pressure response in the UPJ, UVJ or bladder, distension with 2-4 ml produced a significant pressure drop (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05. respectively). There was no difference in the pressure drops recorded at distensions with 2, 3, or 4 ml of saline (P > 0.05). Distension of the anesthetized renal pelvis produced no pressure response in the UPJ, UVJ, or bladder. Furthermore, renal pelvic distension did not elicit a pressure response in the anesthetized UPJ or the bladder. In conclusion, the opening of the UVJ synchronously with the UPJ upon renal pelvic distension appears to assist the delivery of urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder and to protect both the renal pelvis and the ureter against dilatation. This process is supported by a vesical pressure drop. The opening of the UPJ together with the UVJ and the vesical relaxation observed on renal pelvic distension seem to be reflex in nature. A "renal pelvivesical reflex" is postulated to regulate the flow of urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder, preventing the occurrence of urine collection in, or backflow into, the renal pelvis or the ureter.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Promoting effects of various chemicals in rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis initiated by N-nitroso-n-butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)amine.

We studied the capacity of various chemicals to promote urinary bladder cancer in male F344 rats after initiation by N-nitroso-n-butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)amine (BBN). The rats were given initially 0.01% BBN in the drinking-water for 4 wk and then the test compound in the diet for 34 wk. Effects were judged by measuring the formation of preneoplastic lesions papillary or nodular hyperplasia (PN hyperplasia) of the urinary bladder. Administration of 5%, but not 0.5% (w/w) sodium saccharin in the diet significantly increased the incidence and extent of PN hyperplasia. This finding could be related to the induction of cancers in the rat urinary bladder by high levels of saccharin. Sodium ascorbate (5%). DL-tryptophan (5%) and allopurinol (0.02%) also significantly increased the extent of PN hyperplasia in the affected animals, but other test chemicals, such as acetazolamide (0.35%) and quercetin (5%) did not. The results with sodium saccharin and DL-tryptophan were consistent with previous findings and suggest that sodium ascorbate and allopurinol have promoting activities in urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats. No correlation was found between the extent of crystalluria and promotion of preneoplastic lesions.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed2000

[Primary AA type amyloidosis of the urinary bladder: a case report].

Primary amyloidosis of the urinary bladder is a rare disease entity. A total of 61 cases have been reported in the Japanese literature, and most of them were AL type amyloidosis. We report here a case of primary AA type amyloidosis. A 52-year-old man presented with a chief complaint of asymptomatic gross hematuria. Cystoscopy revealed yellowish elevated lesions, transurethral mucosal biopsies were performed, and the histopathological diagnosis indicated a primary AA type amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. Systemic amyloidosis was clinically eliminated. The yellowish lesions in the bladder through cystoscopy disappeared spontaneously one year later without any specific treatment, but periodical work-up may be necessary to rule out recurrence of the disease or bladder tumor.

Amyloidosis↗
PubMed1998

Urine cytology of primary and secondary urinary bladder adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Primary and secondary adenocarcinomas of the urinary bladder are uncommon, and the urine cytology of these tumors has rarely been described. Familiarity with the cytomorphology of these neoplasms may facilitate their detection in urine cytology specimens. METHODS: The authors reviewed 46 urine samples (19 voided, 19 instrumented, and 8 bladder washings) from 41 patients with biopsy-proven primary urinary bladder adenocarcinoma (n = 11) or metastatic adenocarcinoma (n = 35) from the prostate (n = 17), colon (n = 10), breast (n = 3), kidney (n = 3), or uterus (n = 1), or from unknown origin (n = 1). Cytomorphology, the role of cytology, and causes for negative diagnoses were evaluated. RESULTS: Cytologic diagnoses of malignancy, adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified, and adenocarcinoma of a specific type were given in 87%, 28%, and 39% of cases, respectively. Columnar cells, coarse chromatin, and necrosis were found in adenocarcinoma of the colon. Syncytial and acinar arrangements, round or oval nuclei, vesicular chromatin, and prominent nucleoli were commonly found in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. These features permitted us to make a specific diagnosis in 90% of cases of adenocarcinoma of the colon and 41% of cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Cytologic examination failed to lead to a diagnosis of malignancy in 18% of primary adenocarcinoma cases. CONCLUSIONS: A large number of adenocarcinomas of the colon and prostate have sufficient cytologic features to suggest the correct diagnosis in urine samples. The cytomorphology of primary bladder adenocarcinoma is not as easily characterized. The submucosal nature of some metastatic deposits and tumor differentiation influence the diagnostic accuracy.

Adenocarcinoma↗