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PubMed2002

[Alteration of cholera toxin biosynthesis in Vibrio cholerae 01 as a result of temperate phage 139 integration into bacterial chromosome].

Infection of V. cholerae 01 (classical and eltor biovars) cells with the temperate cholera phage 139 derived from V. cholerae serogroup 0139 followed by integration of the phage genome into the bacterial chromosome significantly increased the production of cholera toxin, the main virulence factor. The level of toxin biosynthesis in the lysogenic V. cholerae classical strain increased 3-fold and that in V. eltor thirty times in comparison with the parental strains. Increased production of cholera toxin was not associated with an increase in the number of copies of genes involved in its biosynthesis but seemed to be due to changes in toxinogenesis regulation.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative study of properties of temperate erwiniophages 49 and 59].

Molecular-biological properties of two relative temperate erwiniophages 49 and 59 have been comparatively studied. The both phages are highly specific with respect to sensitive bacteria and lyse only inconsiderable quantity of amylovora-like strains of Erwinia horticola. It has been established that erwiniophages are distinguished by the basic parameters of a single reproduction cycle in the cells of common host E. horticola 450. Considerable differences between phages have been also found in the areas of genomes responsible for the establishment and maintenance of lysogenic state in the cells of the bacterium-host. Study of structure polypeptides has confirmed the identity of capsids and tails of phages 49 and 59. It has been shown that phage 49 has another, as compared to phage 59, basal plate, which availability destabilises the phage tail and leads to virion destruction under various physical effects. Virion DNA of phages 49 and 59 are of the same size--47.9 kbp, but differ as to GC-content. Using the restriction analysis it has been shown that genome of phage 49, as well as the genome of phage 59, is permuted, but its permutation is of discrete character. The fact of recombination interaction between erwiniophages 49 and 59 has been established. It is supposed that phage 49 is the recombination (hybrid) derivative of phage 59 and unknown phage, or prophage, genetic module. The given recombination, probably, took place under the persistence of different phages in the general polylysogenic system of E. horticola.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Thermal compensation of respiration in pulmonate snails (Pulmonata) of Arion and Deroceras genera living in polar and temperate climatic zone].

Comparison of respiration rate in pulmonate snails living in various climatic zones demonstrated higher constant a in representatives of Arion genus (A. subfucus and A. fasciatus) from Polar Area (Murmansk Region) as compared to inhabitants of temperate latitudes (Moscow Region). The snails of Deroceras genus (D. reticulatum) from these two climatic zones were indistinguishable by relative standard metabolism. Different effects of climatic thermal conditions on respiration rates in representatives of these two snail genera can be due to their specific biology. Representatives of Deroceras genus are short-cycle synanthropic species, while the snails of Arion genus are long-cycle species living mostly in the forest zone.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1976

Acclimation processes by daily exercise stints at temperate conditions followed by short heat exposures.

In order to improve the conventional procedures for heat acclimation by making the process shorter and more efficient, four daily regimens of 30 min of exercise under temperate ambient conditions (22 degrees C) followed by a 30-min walk (5.6 km/hr under hot dry ambient conditions (50 degrees/25 degrees C, Tdb/Twb) were administered to three groups of subjects. The respective exercise part for each group was as follows: 1) 30 min of descent on a laddermill (negative work); 2) 30 min of ascent on a laddermill (positive work), and 3) 15 min of descent followed by 15 min of ascent on the laddermill. The four daily regimens of exercise and heat exposure were followed by four consecutive daily walks of up to 120 min in dry heat. A fourth control group was not subjected to the special acclimation regimen, but underwent the eight daily conventional acclimation procedures. Acclimation was judged by the increase in tolerance time (T) for the walk in the heat and decrease in heart rate (HR) rectal temperature (Tre) and mean skin temperature (Tsk). Partial acclimation was observed after the 4 d of the regimen for the three experimental groups and the 4 d of the conventional procedure on the fourth control group. The final state of acclimation was apparent on the eighth day for all four groups. When the partial acclimation after the 4-d regimen was compared to the final state of acclimation, the following improvements were observed: 90% increase in T; 72% decrease in HR; 56% decrease in Tre, and 45% fall in Tsk. These improvements were similar to those observed after the 4 d of the conventional treatment on the control group as well as to those reported by others.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2002

Exposure and respiratory health in farming in temperate zones--a review of the literature.

To review studies in farming populations from temperate zones focusing on: (1) exposure to dust, bacteria, moulds, endotoxin, and ammonia, (2) sensitisation to common airborne allergens, (3) prevalence, incidence and risk factors of chronic bronchitis, asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and (4) measurements of lung function. Working in animal housings can be associated with exposure to organic dust, bacteria, moulds, endotoxin, and ammonia in concentrations that can induce cellular and immunological responses and result in respiratory diseases. Working in poultry housing might be associated with higher exposures to dust, bacteria, and ammonia than in swine and cow housings, and endotoxin exposure seems to be higher in North America than in Europe. Working exposure might influence the domestic area on farms, and there might be a protective effect of being raised on a farm regarding sensitisation and allergic diseases. Sensitisation to mites seems to be the most prevalent of the common inhalant allergens. Chronic bronchitis is frequent and data suggests that it is work related in farmers. Findings concerning asthma are less uniform, and data regarding bronchial hyperresponsiveness are too sparse and inconsistent to evaluate the effect on farming. Several risk factors have been described, and age is shared for all three clinical manifestations, while male gender, atopy, smoking, pig farming, and animal production are common risk factors for chronic bronchitis and asthma. FEV(1), and FEV(1)/FVC seems to be reduced in farmers, and longitudinal studies indicate an increased annual loss in FEV(1) in farmers, especially in pig farmers. The increased annual decline has been associated with lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, smoking, automatic dry feeding systems, and endotoxin. Despite studies with methodological weaknesses, heterogenity in sampling times, measurement techniques, equipment, and diagnostic criteria, the review has revealed that the exposure to organic dust in farming can be substantial and might lead to respiratory diseases and increased annual loss in lung function. Working exposure seems to influence the domestic area in farms, and being raised on a farm might have a protective effect regarding sensitisation and allergic diseases.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Hydrological setting of infertile species-rich wetland--a case study in the warm temperate Japan.

The detailed groundwater flow and water chemistry to illustrate landscape structure of the infertile peatless mire by using piezometers and groundwater wells were measured. The instruments were installed in lines through a small spring-fed wetland underlying little peat from the hillslope to the valley bottom in southwestern Japan. Flow net and EC data clearly indicated that the wetland was situated in a high-EC groundwater upspring area. The low-productivity graminous vegetation was related with four hydrological factors such as: (1) high water level; (2) low-EC (< 25 micro S/cm) groundwater; (3) weakly upward hydraulic gradient; and (4) overflowing of negatively pressured groundwater. In other words, the "old or deep groundwater" constructed the foundation of slope-wetland, and maintained the high groundwater level. In contrast, overflowing "youthful groundwater" is supplied from head of slope-wetland preferentially through the shallow substratum. The plant communities of the peatless mire in southwestern Japan are similar to those of raised bog in northern cool temperate Japan. There have been some reports verifying that the underlying mineral substrata of such wetlands were quartzile rocks such as granite, rhyolite, chart and well-leached sand. Results showed (1) low cation availability affect the water acidity; (2) upward seepage of high-EC groundwater composed the foundation of the investigated peatless mire; and (3) the poor mineral condition seems to play a similar role to northern ombrotrophic (rain-fed) condition.

Climate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Direct oven-tempered hybrid composite-resin laminate veneers.

The difficulty in achieving optimal aesthetics of the single-tooth indirect laminate veneer has prompted the author to develop a direct technique for fabricating oven-tempered hybrid composite resin veneers. These restorations exhibit excellent physical properties, marginal integrity, and aesthetics.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1992

Streptococcus pyomyositis occurring in a patient with dermatomyositis in a country with temperate climate.

We describe a man in whom pyomyositis developed in a temperate climate. Three facts make this case unique. First the pyomyositis developed in someone with underlying dermatomyositis, this being the second reported case to our knowledge. Second, the organism involved was a Streptococcus and not a Staphylococcus as in most cases described, and the course of the disease was acute and not subacute as is usually reported. Finally, contrary to most described cases, surgical drainage was not necessary, probably because of the early diagnosis. Pyomyositis should be considered a possible cause of localized pain in patients with underlying inflammatory muscle disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Systematics of the lizard family pygopodidae with implications for the diversification of Australian temperate biotas.

We conducted a phylogenetic study of pygopodid lizards, a group of 38 species endemic to Australia and New Guinea, with two major goals: to reconstruct a taxonomically complete and robustly supported phylogeny for the group and to use this information to gain insights into the tempo, mode, and timing of the pygopodid radiation. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), nuclear DNA (nDNA), and previously published morphological data using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods on the independent and combined three data sets yielded trees with similar and largely stable ingroup topologies. However, relationships among the six most inclusive and unambiguously supported clades (Aprasia, Delma, Lialis, Ophidiocephalus, Pletholax, and Pygopus) varied depending on data set analyzed. We used parametric bootstrapping to help us understand which of the three-branch schemes linking these six taxa was most plausible given our data. We conclude based on our results that the arrangement ((((Delma, Lialis)Pygopus)Pletholax)(Aprasia, Ophidiocephalus)) represents the best hypothesis of intergeneric relationships. A second major problem to arise in our study concerned the inability of our two outgroup taxa (Diplodactylus) to root trees properly; three different rooting locations were suggested depending upon analysis. This long-branch attraction problem was so severe that the outgroup branch also interfered with estimation of ingroup relationships. We therefore used the molecular clock method to root the pygopodid tree. Results of two independent molecular clock analyses (mtDNA and nDNA) converged upon the same root location (branch leading to Delma). We are confident that we have found the correct root because the possibility of our clock estimates agreeing by chance alone is remote given that there are 65 possible root locations (branches) on the pygopodid tree (approximately 1 in 65 odds). Our analysis also indicated that Delma fraseri is not monophyletic, a result supported by a parametric bootstrapping test. We elevated the Western Australian race, Delma f. petersoni, to species status (i.e., Delma petersoni) because hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting could be ruled out as potential causes of this paraphyletic gene tree and because D. grayii is broadly sympatric with its sister species D. fraseri. Climate changes over the past 23 million years, which transformed Australia from a wet, green continent to one that is largely dry and brown, have been suspected as playing a major role in the diversification of Australia's temperate biotas. Our phylogenetic analyses of pygopodid speciation and biogeography revealed four important findings consistent with this climate change diversification model: (1) our fossil-calibrated phylogeny shows that although some extant pygopodid lineages predate the onset of aridification, 28 of 33 pygopodid species included in our study seem to have originated in the last 23 million years; (2) relative cladogenesis tests suggest that several major clades underwent higher than expected rates of speciation; (3) our findings support earlier studies showing that speciation of mesic-adapted biotas in the southeastern and southwestern corners of Australia largely occurred within each of these regions between 12 and 23 million years ago as opposed to repeated dispersal between these regions; and (4) we have identified for the first time the existence of several pairs of sympatric sister species of lizards living in arid and semiarid ecosystems. These sympatric sister species seem to be younger than allopatric or parapatric sister-species pairs, which is not consistent with previous beliefs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Paediatric near-drowning: mortality and outcome in a temperate climate.

The decision whether to continue to resuscitate the paediatric victim of near-drowning is influenced by potential poor neurological outcome. A low core body temperature at presentation is frequently cited as a reason to continue resuscitation. We report the case of an 11 month old infant admitted to the intensive care unit following near-drowning and a prolonged resuscitation. The infant's core body temperature was 29 degrees C. Cardiac output was restored, but the child remains in a persistent vegetative state. We present the results of a ten year review of near-drowning in a tertiary referral institution, to evaluate the mortality and outcome in a temperate climate. Thirteen patients were identified in the review. The mortality was 23%. The incidence of a persistent vegetative state was 15%. Asystole, immersion time greater than 15 minutes, resuscitation time longer than 30 minutes, the administration of epinephrine, and a low core body temperature were associated with a poor outcome.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1992

Ecology and distribution of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in aquatic environments of a temperate region.

The occurrence of a human pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, in aquatic environments and the distribution of toxigenic strains were studied for 2 years. The pathogen was isolated from freshwater, brackish and marine environments. V. cholerae non-01 was frequently recovered but the 01 serogroup was not detected. Of the 57 environmental strains tested, eight (12%) were found to be potentially toxigenic. A number of atypical V. cholerae 01 strains were found which showed higher virulence potentials than the serogroup non-01 strains. A significant correlation of the incidence of the pathogen was noted with water temperature in freshwater environments. In marine environments, a reciprocal correlation of the V. cholerae count and salinity was observed. The present study describes the ecology of V. cholerae in aquatic environments of a temperate region and notes that the occurrence of potentially virulent strains could be of public health significance.

Cholera Toxin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Emergence of tick-borne diseases in temperate countries].

Since a long time, many human tick-borne pathogens are known, but since 20 or 30 years, emerging tick-borne diseases are regularly reported. In temperate countries, all emerging diseases are Bacteriosis : six Rickettsiosis, one Ehrlichiosis, one Anaplasmosis and one Borrelia Spirochetosis.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2004

[The research on the law of greenhouse gases emission from warm temperate forest soils in Beijing region].

In situ measurements by closed chamber technique were done to investigate the law of greenhouse gases (Methane, carbon dioxide and Nitrous Oxide) fluxes emission from different warm temperate forest soils (Broad-leaved forest, Form. Quercus liaotungensis and Form. Pinus tabulae) of Dongling mountain in Beijing region. Results show that the all representative types forest soils were sink of CH4 and source of CO2 and N2O. Different type of vegetables and soils result of different fluxes range of the main greenhouse gases. The fluxes range of CH4, CO2 and N2O emission from the three types forest soils were: 42-103 micrograms/(m2.h), 15-344 mg/(m2.h) and -61-101 micrograms/(m2.h); 13-182 micrograms CH4/m2.h, 23-380 mg/(m2.h) and -15-183 micrograms/(m2.h); 12-128 ug CH4/m2.h, 15-292 mg/(m2.h) and -94-153 micrograms/(m2.h); respectively. The mean fluxes of CH4, CO2 and N2O emission from the three types forest soils during the observation period were: -66 micrograms/(m2.h), 145 mg/(m2.h) and 22 micrograms/(m2.h); -67 micrograms/(m2.h), 146 mg/(m2.h) and 45 micrograms/(m2.h); -79 micrograms/(m2.h), 150 mg/(m2.h) and 31 micrograms/(m2.h), respectively. The total amounts of CH4 CO2 and N2O emission from the three types forest soils were -5.34 kg/(hm2.a), 13.9 Mg/(hm2.a) and 2.58 kg/(hm2.a); -6.20 kg/(hm2.a), 14.07 Mg/(hm2.a) and 4.19 kg/(hm2.a); -6.85 kg/(hm2.a), 15.71 Mg/(hm2.a) and 4.30 kg/(hm2.a), respectively.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2004

Psychrophilic versus psychrotolerant bacteria--occurrence and significance in polar and temperate marine habitats.

The numerical dominance and ecological role of psychrophilic bacteria in bottom sediments, sea ice, surface water and melt pools of the polar oceans were investigated using isolates, colony forming units (CFU) and metabolic activities. All sediment samples of the Southern Ocean studied showed a clear numerical dominance of cold-loving bacteria. In Arctic sediments underlying the influence of cold polar water bodies psychrophiles prevailed also but they were less dominant in sediments influenced by the warm Atlantic Water. A predominance of psychrophiles was further found in consolidated Antarctic sea ice as well as in multiyear Arctic sea ice and in melt pools on top of Arctic ice floes. A less uniform adaptation response was, however, met in polar surface waters. In the very northern part of the Fram Strait (Arctic Ocean) we found bacterial counts and activities at 1 degree C exceeding those at 22 degrees C. In surface water of the Weddell Sea (Southern Ocean) psychrophiles also dominated numerically in early autumn but the dominance declined obviously with the onset of winter-water and a decrease of chlorphyll a. Otherwise in surface water of the Southern Ocean CFUs were higher at 22 degrees C than at 1 degree C while activities were vice versa indicating at least a functional dominance of psychrophiles. Even in the temperate sediments of the German Bight true psychrophiles were present and a clear shift towards cold adapted communities in winter observed. Among the polar bacteria a more pronounced cold adaptation of Antarctic in comparison with Arctic isolates was obtained. The results and literature data indicate that stenothermic cold adapted bacteria play a significant role in the global marine environment. On the basis of the temperature response of our isolates from different habitats it is suggested to expand the definition of Morita in order to meet the cold adaptation strategies of the bacteria in the various cold habitats.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

New predictive equations for estimation of basal metabolic rates of adolescents: tropics versus temperate.

The energy and nutritional requirements of adolescents are influenced primarily by the growth spurt that occurs at puberty, and also by the need to maintain adequate levels of physical activity. Predictions of BMR have gained attention since the publication of the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) expert consultation report, which adopted the principle of relying on energy expenditure rather than energy intake to derive requirement of individuals. While the report predicts BMR accurately in many individuals from temperate climate, they are said to be less accurate in predicting BMR in populations living in the tropics. The collation of worldwide data on basal metabolism indicated that, relative to adults, there was a paucity of data in other age groups including the adolescents. Although several BMR studies among children had been reported in the 90's, the data in normal weight children are almost exclusively from small control groups in obesity studies. Furthermore, we know little as to whether BMR of children differs in differing climatic conditions. This paper presents predictive equations for estimating BMR from a two-centre study, Bangi (Malaysia) and Oxford (UK) and to compare the results with the currently used predictive equations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Functional organization of prophage and lysogeny in Erwinia carotovora with participation of a temperate bacteriophage ZF40].

Functional organization of a prophage of the temperate bacteriophage ZF40 of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora which includes its immunity and inducibility as well as its effect on the host phenotype. It was established that the prophage ZF40 forms several different states in E. carotovora which are distinguished by the indices of spontaneous and lysogenic induction. In contrast to other prophages, including the lambdoid ones, the prophage ZF40 is capable to establish cytoplasmic overimmunity which protects the lysogenic system from superinfection by virulent mutants or other homoimmune bacteriophages. An increase of sensitivity of ZF40-lysogens to killing activity of colicino-like carotovoricin (CCTV) and destabilization of defective lysogeny, or resistant MCTV-prophages are related to the phenomenon of the phage lysogenic conversion of E. carotovora.

Bacteriocins↗
PubMed2006

The influence of 10 years reduced tillage on the potential carbon mineralization of silt loam soils under a temperate climate.

The influence of 10 years reduced tillage (RT) on the potential carbon mineralization of the 0-5 cm layer of silt loam soils in Belgium under a temperate climate was investigated. Therefore, four fields at three locations under 10 years of RT and fields under conventional tillage (CT) with comparable crop rotation were selected. The higher % soil organic carbon in the upper layer resulted in a higher potential carbon mineralization of the RT fields. The small increase in % soil organic carbon and potential carbon mineralization of RT fields was contributed to the high soil disturbance due to incorporation of manure in the upper layer and the production of sugar beets and potatoes. Simulating ploughing by emptying and refilling the soil cores resulted mostly in a higher potential carbon mineralization. However, the differences were not significant due to the high variability in potential carbon mineralization.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

[Temperate SM phage from Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a vector for cloning genetic information].

The recombinant bacteriophages with the genomes containing the DNA fragments of bacteria Erwinia chrysanthemi, including the pectatelyase gene, were constructed on the base of Pseudomonas aeruginosa temperate bacteriophage SM. The gene transferred into Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 cells by transfection is expressed in the new bacterial host. The restriction maps of the recombinant bacteriophages are constructed and the position of an insert is defined. Bacteriophage SM was found to be capable of reproducing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 cells when its DNA was shortened to 88% or increased to 111% of the normal genome length. Except for bacteriophage SM, the recombinant bacteriophage SM-2 with an unique restriction endonuclease site for XbaI can also be used as a vector for cloning. Bacteriophage SM capacity in cloning of heterological DNA at HindIII sites is not less than 8 Md, capacity of bacteriophage SM-2 is not less than 5 and 8 Md at XbaI and HindIII sites respectively.

Bacteriophages↗