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PubMed1993

African women's control over their sexuality in an era of AIDS. A study of the Yoruba of Nigeria.

Very limited knowledge is available about African women's control over their sexual relations with husbands or other stable partners in situations where there is a high risk of STDs and HIV/AIDS. Such control must be seen as encompassing women's control over their sexuality and reproduction as well as the broader areas over which they can make decisions. The paper examines other research findings in sub-Saharan Africa, and then reports a study carried out by survey and anthropological methodologies among the Yoruba people in Ado-Ekiti, a town in southwestern Nigeria. Because the AIDS epidemic is still at an early stage in Nigeria and because of the relation of STD infection to HIV-transmission, as well as the probability that the behaviour developed for limiting STD transmission will subsequently be employed to limit HIV transmission, the study focused on STDs. Yoruba women have a considerable ability to refuse sexual relations for a limited time, and they are placed at greater risk of STD infection by their ignorance of whether their partner is infected than by a lack of ability to control the situation when STDs have been identified. This ability may be more limited in the case of AIDS because of its longer duration.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Behavioral, neuroendocrine and serotonergic consequences of single social defeat and repeated fluoxetine pretreatment in the Lewis rat strain.

We have analysed some behavioral, neuroendocrine and serotonergic consequences of a single (30-min) social defeat followed by 14-18 h of sensory contact with the aggressor, in Lewis rats, an inbred strain highly sensitive to chronic social stressors [Berton O. et al. (1998) Neuroscience 82, 147-159]. In addition, we have investigated how the aforementioned consequences are affected by pretreatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine (7.5 mg/kg/day for 21 days). A single social defeat triggered hypophagia and body weight loss, and increased anxiety in the elevated plus-maze. It did not affect baseline plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels and renin activity, but decreased plasma corticosterone levels. On the other hand, the responses of the latter variables to subsequent acute forced swim stress were blunted (corticosterone) or amplified (adrenocorticotropic hormone, renin activity) by prior defeat. The density of hippocampal serotonin transporters, but not that of hippocampal serotonin-1A and cortical serotonin-2A receptors, was decreased by a single social defeat; in addition, neither tryptophan availability and serotonin synthesis/metabolism, nor serotonin-1A autoreceptor-mediated functions (inhibition of serotonin synthesis, hyperphagia) were affected. Fluoxetine pretreatment diminished social defeat-induced hypophagia, body weight loss and anxiety without affecting these variables in control animals. This pretreatment increased plasma corticosterone levels in resting and acutely stressed rats, but abolished social defeat-elicited corticosterone hyporesponsiveness to acute forced swim stress. Except for a decrease in midbrain serotonin transporter density, fluoxetine did not affect the other serotonergic indices analysed herein, i.e. serotonin-1A and serotonin-2A receptor densities, serotonin synthesis/metabolism. A single social defeat in Lewis rats produces behavioral and endocrine alterations that may model some aspects of human anxiety disorders. In this paradigm, prior fluoxetine treatment is endowed with adaptive behavioral, and possibly neuroendocrine, effects without affecting the key elements of central serotonergic systems analysed herein.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1996

Macaque social culture: development and perpetuation of affiliative networks.

Maternal affiliative relations may be transmitted to offspring, similar to the way in which maternal rank determines offspring rank. The development of 23 captive female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was followed from the day of birth until adulthood. A multivariate analysis compared relations among age peers with affiliative relations, kinship, and rank distance among mothers. Maternal relations were an excellent predictor of affiliative relations among daughters, explaining up to 64% of the variance. Much of this predictability was due to the effect of kinship. However, after this variable had been controlled, significant predictability persisted. For relations of female subjects with male peers, on the other hand, maternal relations had no significant predictive value beyond the effect of kinship. One possible explanation of these results is that young rhesus females copy maternal social preferences through a process of cultural learning.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Withholding information in semifree-ranging Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana).

The ability of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) to deceive partner about the location of hidden food was investigated in 4 males belonging to a group raised in a 2-acre park. Before releasing subjects in the search task, the experimenter prompted 1 of the subjects to observe where the bait was hidden. The authors found that when informed, higher ranking subjects did not significantly alter their search patterns whether tested alone or in pairs. The same held for subordinates belonging to pairs with weak dominance asymmetry. To the contrary, strongly dominated subordinates modified the number of pauses when searching in pairs. They used behavioral tactics such as avoiding being followed, stopping when being watched, or taking a wrong direction. Information withholding might be acommon event in macaques.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Adaptation in patterns of c-fos expression in the brain associated with exposure to either single or repeated social stress in male rats.

Intraspecific confrontation between male rats represents a biologically relevant form of social stress. C-fos expression has been used to map the pattern of neural activation following either a single (acute) or repeated (10 times) exposure of an intruder male to a larger male in the latter's home cage. These conditions induce high levels of aggressive interaction. Sixty minutes after a single defeat, there was intense c-fos expression (quantified using image analysis) in restricted areas of the basal forebrain (including lateral septum, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral preoptic area, lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular nucleus, and medial and central amygdala) as well as in the autonomic and monoaminergic nuclei of the brainstem (central grey, dorsal and median raphe, locus coeruleus and nucleus of the solitary tract). After the tenth defeat, this pattern was modified despite persistently high levels of aggression. Some areas in the forebrain (bed nucleus of stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus and medial amygdala) continued to express increased c-fos; others (the septum, lateral hypothalamic area, lateral preoptic area and central amygdala) no longer expressed c-fos. The brainstem response was equally varied: the central grey and the raphe nuclei continued to respond after repeated defeat, whereas the solitary nucleus and locus coeruleus did not. On the other hand, there was no change in the behaviour of intruder rats after repeated defeat. This study shows the pattern of adaptation at a cellular level in the basal forebrain and brainstem to repeated defeat. As in our previous studies of repeated restraint, modulation in the expression of c-fos following repeated stress is highly regionally specific, suggesting that differential neural processing is involved in adaptation to social stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

The relationship of personality traits as measured in the questionnaire medium and by self-ratings.

The general purpose of the study was to determine (a)whether individuals tend to have an accurate perception of their personality, and (b)the manner in which an individual's personality (as measured by a personality questionnaire) affects self-ratings on the same traits. The Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (CAQ), Part 1, was administered to 98 males and female undergraduates. One week later, Ss were asked to self-rate themselves on the 16 personality traits measures by the CAQ, using a modified version of the 16PF Test Profile. High correlations between measured and self-ratings indicated that the instruments were measuring similar, but not identical, traits. Following a factor analysis of the intercorrelations, 12 factors were identified, representing the interrelationship between perception of self and measured personality traits.

Cattell Personality Factor Questionnaire↗
PubMed1997

Social influences on morphine conditioned place preference.

Social defeat in dominant male rats has previously been shown to result in a loss of rank, together with decreased consumption of a palatable sucrose solution, suggestive of a decrease in hedonic tone. The present study further investigated the effect of defeat on hedonic capacity using the conditioned place preference paradigm. Stable dominance hierarchies were determined in pairs of male PVG rats by repeated observation of agonistic behaviour at the onset of the dark phase of the dark-light cycle. Dominant animals and singly housed animals were then subjected to defeat by a male of the aggressive Tryon Maze Dull (TMD) strain, either 1 (singly housed animals only) 3 or 7 days prior to the first conditioning session. Each animal was tested for place conditioning with morphine (1 mg/kg i.p.) using one rewarded and one non-rewarded conditioning trial. In this paradigm, dominant animals as well as singly housed animals showed an increase in time spent in the drug-associated side but their submissive partners did not. Three days following the defeat of a dominant animal by a TMD, place conditioning to morphine was absent in the defeated animals, but was now present in their submissive partners. Seven days following defeat, conditioning was absent in defeated animals that were now submissive, but present in defeated animals that had maintained their dominant status. In isolated animals, place conditioning was absent 1 day following defeat, but was present 3 and 7 days post-defeat. These findings suggest that morphine-induced place conditioning is influenced by both the experience of defeat and the effects of defeat on social status.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed2000

Signals and behavioural responses are not coupled in males: aggression affected by replacement of an evolutionarily lost colour signal.

Male Sceloporus virgatus lack the blue abdominal patches which are used during aggressive encounters in other Sceloporus lizards. Herein we report that, despite having lost this signal, males have retained a behavioural response to experimentally restored blue abdominal patches. We tested two adaptive hypotheses: selection acted primarily upon signallers or selection acted upon both signallers and receivers. The first predicts that only the signal is lost and that male interactions should be affected by the restoration of blue patches. The latter predicts that both the signal and behavioural response are lost and the display of the restored blue patches should have no effect on male-male interactions. We compared the behaviour of receivers in paired encounters where one male (signaller) had blue-painted abdominal patches to a set of trials where both males had white-painted abdomens, unmanipulated abdomens or a novel-painted pattern. The receivers of the blue-painted signal were more likely to display submissive behaviour. The receivers in either the unmanipulated, white-painted or novel-painted signal trials were more likely to display neutral behaviour. These results support the hypothesis that receivers have retained a behavioural response and selection has acted primarily on the signaller. We believe this is the first documentation of males responding to an evolutionarily lost signal in conspecific males.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

Biogenic amines and aggression: experimental approaches in crustaceans.

This review summarizes our experimental approaches attempting to link amines and their metabolites to aggression in crustaceans. The results demonstrate (i) that agonistic behavior in crustaceans can be quantified, (ii) that the amines themselves have telling and subtle effects on the fighting behavior of animals, (iii) that pharmacological interventions are possible that might allow a biochemical dissection of the underlying mechanisms involved in processes like decision making in these animals, and (iv) that selective metabolites of amines are excreted in the urine of lobsters where they may serve behavioral roles. Many of the studies presented here are preliminary. Nonetheless, we believe the results are provocative and nicely complement previous detailed physiological, morphological and biochemical studies exploring the roles of amines in aggression in crustaceans. We expect that the continued use of this invertebrate model system will allow us to gain considerable insight into, and understanding of, the role served by biogenic amines in a complex behavioral process like aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1976

The male mother.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Child Rearing↗
PubMed1984

Effect of family relationships on psychogeriatric patients.

Severe strain has been repeatedly reported in the families of psychogeriatric patients. Nevertheless, many families continue to provide a great deal of support, despite the undoubted burden involved. A retrospective study of short-term outcome in 60 psychogeriatric referrals demonstrated the importance of some aspects of the relationship between the patient and their key supporting relative. In the sample as a whole, and in functional patients, the extent to which a positive communication system existed was significant. In patients with dementia, poor outcome was related to the patient being less dependent and more dominant in their interaction with the relative. The implications of this study for intervention and future research are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

Punking and bullying: strategies in middle school, high school, and beyond.

Punking is a practice of verbal and physical violence, humiliation, and shaming usually done in public by males to other males. This definition is based on interviews and discussion groups with 32 adolescent boys and on media sources within which adolescent males are embedded. Discourse analysis findings reveal that punking terminology and behaviors are usually interchangeable with bullying terminology and behaviors. Both practices are purposeful strategies taken up and used by many boys to affirm masculinity norms of toughness, strength, dominance, and control. Implications from this research promote a shift in understandings of how masculinity norms are achieved. Further, the research suggests that by bringing critical attention to social accountability for production of unhealthy norms and the violent practices that affirm these norms, we might well extend the scope and focus of intervention into harmful practices of violence, such as punking and bullying.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Perceived gender roles of managers and effective conflict management.

This study examined the perceived conflict-management behavior and effectiveness of 45 managers who had been rated by 230 subordinates as representing masculine, feminine, or androgynous gender-role types. Analysis indicated that managers perceived by their subordinates as being androgynous were rated as better handlers of conflict situations than their masculine or feminine peers.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Essential managerial attributes of the nowadays nursing service manager in the South African context.

Nursing service managers need certain essential managerial attributes in taking the lead in effective management of the nowadays health care organisations in South Africa. Major changes in restructuring and human resources planning are taking place through transformation of health services and specific managerial attributes are needed in this scenario. Without nursing service managers with the necessary managerial attributes, change in the health care environment will be hampered and planning, organising, directing and control of the delivering of quality care will be negatively influenced. The research problem was addressed in the following question that guided the study: Which essential attributes/characteristics should a nursing service manager possess to run a health care service effectively? It was unclear what the opinions of all level of nurse managers were regarding the necessary managerial attributes the health services manager currently need to run the current health care services effectively. This study aimed at highlighting the necessary attributes of the nowadays nursing service manager in running a health care institution in the current health care environment of South Africa. Purposive sampling was done and forty-five functional, middle and top-level managers registered for a second year degree course in Health Services Management at a South African university participated in the study. The findings indicated important managerial and leadership attributes, which the current nursing service manager should possess. This article will only discuss the important managerial attributes needed. A conceptual framework came to the fore according to which an example of a self-evaluation instrument was compiled for nursing service managers for future use. The results of the data analysis indicated that the nursing service manager should promote good interpersonal relationships with colleagues, subordinates and patients through the attributes of openness, being inviting and empowering behavior. The purpose of this article is to make nursing service managers more aware of the necessary attributes they should possess and should develop to manage nursing services more effectively.

Humans↗