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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Social competence in the school setting: prospective cross-domain associations among inner-city teens.

In this 6-month prospective study of 138 ninth-grade inner-city students, associations among different aspects of school-based social competence were examined. In addition, links between initial emotional adjustment and subsequent social competence at school were explored. Aspects of social competence examined included academic achievement, peer reputation, and teacher-related classroom behaviors. Emotional adjustment was measured based on self-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Consonant with views positing continuity and coherence of development, high temporal consistency was found within each social competence domain. In addition, superior adjustment in one domain was sometimes associated with subsequent improvements in other spheres as well. Exceptions found to this pattern were that (a) both as an antecedent and as a consequent variable, peer-rated sociability was negatively linked with other indices of school-based functioning, and (b) among girls, high anxiety was related to improved performance at school over the year. Ecological influences in adolescent adjustment are discussed, and implications of the findings for future research are explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Social and psychological adjustment of Soviet-born and Israeli-born adolescents: the effect of the family.

This study examined the impact of family functioning on the educational, social and emotional behavior of Soviet-born and Israeli-born adolescents in Israel. The parents of the Israeli-born adolescents were born in Russia; thus, this study controlled for their national background. The results showed that the two groups were similar in their perception about the way their families function. Both groups perceived that social and psychological well-being among adolescents were significantly related to family functioning. Multivariate analysis revealed that family functioning was the major factor predicting the level of self-esteem and peer relationships among adolescents, as well as a myriad of psychological symptoms. Directions for future research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Efficacy and tolerability of OROS methylphenidate in Korean children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability in the initiation treatment of Concerta (OROS methylphenidate HCl) in Korean children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). One hundred and nineteen children with AD/HD were entered into a multi-center, open-label, four-week trial. The dosage of Concerta was adjusted by the investigators based on symptoms and safety assessments performed on a weekly basis. The safety of the drug and its efficacy for attention, behavior, and cognitive function were assessed. The primary outcome measures for efficacy were the Parent and Teacher IOWA Conners Rating Scales, Peer Interaction Items, and the Clinical Global Impression Scale. Cognitive tests (Continuous Performance Test, Matched Familiar Figure Test, Verbal Fluency Test, and Trail Making Test) were included as the secondary outcome measures. In most participants, OROS methylphenidate was well tolerated. There were significant improvements in attention, behavior, and function as measured by parents, teachers, and investigators. The benefit of the initiation of OROS methylphenidate in children with AD/HD was shown on the cognitive tests as well. These data provide support for the benefit of the once-daily methylphenidate preparation, Concerta in the treatment of Korean children with AD/HD. Children were initiated safely in this short-term trial, and its effectiveness was evident in the behavioral, as well as neuropsychological measurements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Treatment results in dental school orthodontic patients in 1983 and 1993.

The effect of incremental changes in materials and techniques on orthodontic treatment outcomes is difficult to evaluate objectively. Treatment results for two groups of patients whose treatments were completed approximately 10 years apart were evaluated using the peer assessment rating (PAR) index and the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Patients in the later group who had been treated by postgraduate students primarily (using fixed appliances) had significantly lower IOTN and PAR scores at the end of treatment and showed a significantly greater reduction in the PAR score than a similar group of patients in the earlier group. There were no significant differences in treatment results between patients in the early and late groups who were treated with removable appliances. Differences in treatment results were most likely the result of changes in materials and techniques that had occurred in the 10 intervening years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Specificity and heterogeneity in children's responses to profound institutional privation.

BACKGROUND: The sequelae of profound early privation are varied. AIMS: To delineate the behavioural patterns that are specifically associated with institutional privation. METHOD: A group of 165 children adopted from Romania before the age of 42 months were compared at 4 years and 6 years with 52 non-deprived UK children adopted in infancy. Dysfunction was assessed for seven domains of functioning. The groups were compared on which, and how many, domains were impaired. RESULTS: Attachment problems, inattention/overactivity, quasi-autistic features and cognitive impairment were associated with institutional privation, but emotional difficulties, poor peer relationships and conduct problems were not. Nevertheless, one-fifth of children who spent the longest time in institutions showed normal functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Attachment disorder behaviours, inattention/overactivity and quasi-autistic behaviour constitute institutional privation patterns.

Adoption↗
PubMed1999

Psychological symptoms in chronic fatigue and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if psychological morbidity in youth with chronic fatigue is caused by the stress of coping with a chronic illness. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study comparing pediatric patients with debilitating chronic fatigue and matched subjects with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic medical illness with similar functional sequelae. SETTING: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic and Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinic of Kosair Children's Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen children and adolescents with debilitating chronic fatigue and 19 age- and sex-matched peers with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Outcome. Structured Interview, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Child Behavior Checklist, and Youth Self-Report. RESULTS: Intellectual functioning on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test Composite was average (103, standard score) for both groups. Pediatric patients with chronic fatigue had higher levels of internalizing psychological distress than patients suffering from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, despite the fact that both groups had a similar pattern of decline in social and physical activities. Duration of illness did not explain the difference in psychological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological factors may play a more active role in debilitating chronic fatigue in pediatric patients than can be explained by the stress of coping with a similar chronic, non-life-threatening illness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

The sexual and reproductive consequences of congenital genitourinary anomalies.

The major congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract may result in disturbances of sexual and reproductive function. In general the children grow up with the same aspirations as their more normal peers, which are to marry, have intercourse and produce children. Some achieve this despite the deformities and in others specific reconstructive surgery may be needed. In exstrophy the vagina lies parallel to the floor when the girl is standing and the introitus is seen on the lower abdominal wall rather than in the perineum. Episiotomy is required in 34% and formal vaginoplasty in 23% of the cases. The exstrophy penis has a tight dorsal chordee that must be corrected to allow intercourse. The neurological and social consequences of myelomeningocele do not prevent patients from having an interest in sex. Those who are able to walk are likely to have normal sexual function compared to about 50% of those who are wheelchair bound. The recurrence risk for neural tube defects in their offspring is 1:50 for sons and 1:13 for daughters regardless of the sex of the affected parent. The physiological consequences of posterior urethral valves result in weak ejaculation in 50% and highly viscous and alkaline semen in 50% of the cases. Of male patients with ambiguous genitalia or micropenis 75% have normal intercourse.

Epispadias↗
PubMed2005

Observations of aggressive children during peer provocation and with a best friend.

Observational methods were used to examine aggressive children's peer relations in 2 contexts: when being teased by a peer and when interacting with a best friend. Because aggressive children may have more difficulty than nonaggressive children in both peer contexts, the authors also examined whether relations between behaviors across contexts varied as a function of aggression. Results indicated that aggression was related to children's behavior when provoked. Children's behavior when provoked was associated with fewer positive and more negative interactions with their best friend, particularly for aggressive children. Results are discussed with respect to social norms in middle childhood and informing interventions for aggressive children.

Aggression↗
PubMed2001

Phenomenology, psychosocial correlates, and treatment seeking in major depression and dysthymia of adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: To compare phenomenology, psychosocial correlates, and treatment seeking in DSM-Itt-R major depression and dysthymia among adolescents diagnosed as cases in a community-based study. METHOD: A self-report questionnaire, including psychosocial data, life events, eating behaviors, depressive symptoms, substance use, pathological behaviors, and family and school functioning was administered to a nonselected sample (N = 3,287, 93.2% of targeted population) of adolescents aged 11 to 20 years from several Haute-Marne communities in France in 1988-1989. Subgroups of subjects (n = 205, 84.7% of eligible subjects) were interviewed with a structured diagnostic schedule, and adolescents with major depression (n = 49), dysthymia (n = 21) and controls (n = 135) were compared. RESULTS: Nearly 30% of controls had at least one current symptom of depression. Patterns of affective symptoms were similar in major depression and dysthymia, but significant differences emerged in comorbid conditions (more anxiety disorders, suicidal behaviors, and alcohol intoxications associated with major depression) and stressor at onset (more severe in major depression). Experiences of loss during the prior 12 months were associated with both forms of affective disorder, while poor family relationships were specific correlates of dysthymia. In contrast, peer relationships and pathological behaviors did not differ between depressed subjects and controls. Although psychosocial functioning was significantly impaired in both groups of depressed adolescents, treatment seeking was limited to 34.7% for major depressive subjects and 23.8% for dysthymic subjects. CONCLUSION: The results provide evidence that major depression and dysthymia in adolescence are equally severe but may have distinct patterns in associated factors. Despite free access to health care, the rate of treatment seeking for mood disorders in France is similar to that reported in U.S. studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Psychosocial functioning in prepubertal major depressive disorders. I. Interpersonal relationships during the depressive episode.

Psychosocial environment and relationships with parents, peers, and siblings of 115 prepubertal children were measured by interview with their parent(s) for the three-month period preceding the assessment. The children had a current diagnosis of major depression (52 children) or nondepressed neurotic disorder (23) or were assessed to be normal (40). Most aspects of psychosocial relationships were found to be significantly impaired in the psychiatric groups. This impairment was generally worse in the depressives and significantly worse for aspects of verbal and affective communication with parents and siblings. Prepubertal children with major depressive disorder regularly present social relation deficits in which two components can be distinguished: one general to childhood psychiatric disorder and another specific to major depression.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Peer rejection, social behavior, and psychological adjustment in children with juvenile rheumatic disease.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations among disease status, social competence, and depressive symptoms in children with juvenile rheumatic disease (JRD) and to test the hypothesis that individual differences in children's social competence account for a significant proportion of variance in depressive symptoms after controlling for disease status variables. METHOD: Thirty-six children with JRD completed standardized instruments to assess pain, health status, and depressive symptoms. The rheumatologist completed a disease severity measure, and teachers provided ratings of peer rejection and social behavior. RESULTS: Pain, peer rejection, and problematic social behavior were all positively associated with depressive symptoms. Social variables remained significantly associated with depressive symptoms after controlling for level of pain. In addition, peer rejection moderated the association between pain and depressive symptoms, such that children with high levels of pain and high levels of peer rejection reported the highest frequency of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Health care providers should assess the social functioning of children with JRD in order to identify socially vulnerable children who may be at increased risk for internalizing problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

The incidence of chronic headache in children with shunted hydrocephalus.

Report of chronic headache amongst children with shunted hydrocephalus is frequent, and often leads to investigation for raised intra-cranial pressure and shunt malfunction, and much debate has appeared in the literature concerning possible cause. However headache is a common neurological symptom amongst children, and studies of prevalence indicate incidence of frequent non-migrainous headache to be 6.8%, and migrainous headache 4% in the general child population. A relationship between stress and anxiety and headache is recognised, and the hydrocephalic child has many reasons above those of his/her peers to be subject to stress. It is also hypothesised that this group may be more vulnerable than peers to developing a migraine-like condition in the face of adequate shunt function. The clinician dealing with complaint of chronic headache in a hydrocephalic child must therefore be wary of over-investigation in a child with a working shunt, or missing possible shunt malfunction when the only symptom is chronic headache. It was speculated therefore that incidence of non-shunt related chronic headache in this group would be high, and an attempt was made to document incidence of migrainous and non-migrainous headache in the medical notes, and in replies to postal questionnaire sent to a sample of 130 children with shunted hydrocephalus of varying aetiology. Incidence of migrainous headache was documented in the medical notes in 8.5% of cases, with incidence rising to 21.5% using self-report. Incidence of non-migrainous headache was also very high (15.4%) and the overlap between migraine and tension headache, combined with difficulty of diagnosis in children may indicate migraine to be more frequent still. The concept of "Shunt Migraine" is therefore worthy of consideration. Report of chronic headache led to investigation in a large proportion of cases, but symptomatology often continued. Even when shunt malfunction was indicated, shunt revision did not "cure" complaint of headache. Headache was not found to be related to diagnosis associated with hydrocephalus, to presence of seizure disorder, or to the sex of the child, although in common with other studies, there was a strong trend towards girls being statistically more likely to experience headache than boys. There was a relationship however between report of chronic headache, and the sort of school a child was likely to attend; children who attended mainstream school without the support of a Statement of Special Educational Need were more likely to report headache than their peers, and it is hypothesised that these children may be suffering sufficient stress to contribute to maintenance of headache. The importance of the multi-disciplinary team in assessment of children's physical, intellectual and emotional status is stressed, in order that medical interventions have the greatest chance of success.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts↗
PubMed1998

Rating and recognition of peers' personal odors by 9-year-old children: an exploratory study.

Eighteen elementary school children assessed the pleasantness and perfumed aspect of familiar peers' odors, sampled through tee shirts worn without modification of hygienic habits. The participants were also requested to categorize the odors by sex and to recognize those of several target classmates varying in sex and socioemotional status (the participant's most preferred classmate vs. a mere acquaintance). The ratings of odors by familiar peers appeared consistent with those obtained from nonfamiliar peers and adults and varied according to the sex of wearer of the tee shirts. For the five categories of peers examined, as well as for the participants themselves, olfactory recognition was better than chance. Moreover, it was higher for the same-sex preferred peers than for the others only for the female perceivers. The results are discussed in terms of their behavioral relevance for peer relationships, focusing especially on (a) the relations between sex differences in odors and gender development and (b) the function of olfactory memory in the emotional regulation of friendships.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Clinic children with poor peer relations: who refers them and why?

Children who have poor peer relationships are at high risk for developing psychopathology in adulthood. Schools can provide an essential link between these children and mental health services by proper identification and referral. The role of schools in the referral process was evaluated for 298 boys and 98 girls seen at a child guidance clinic. Half of these referrals were made by schools, but referral because of poor peer relationships was unusual. It is suggested that teachers learns to attend more closely to children's social functioning as an important identifier of children at risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Interpersonal functioning and depressive symptoms in childhood: addressing the issues of specificity and comorbidity.

Research has supported linkages between depression and social impairment in youngsters, but has often focused on depressive symptoms in isolation. We collected data on depressive, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms in 161 school children. Information about interpersonal competence was gathered from several sources, including children, teachers, and behavioral observations. Depressive symptoms were found to be related to difficulties in multiple areas of competence, including maladaptive social problem-solving styles, conflict-negotiation and affect-regulation deficits, and peer rejection. Comparisons of the relative contributions made by depressive and anxiety symptoms to the prediction of functioning yielded some evidence for a specific relation between depressive symptoms and impairment. Children with cooccurring internalizing and externalizing symptoms generally suffered from the most social dysfunction. If replicated in clinical samples, findings such as these may help to guide intervention efforts with depressed children.

Analysis of Variance↗