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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Peanut lectin binding sites in human fetal colon.

We studied peanut lectin (PNA) binding sites in human fetal colons (9 to 19 weeks' gestational age). Peanut lectin has a specificity for beta-D-galactose(1--3)N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (beta-D-Gal [1----3]-D-GalNac) that is the purported determinant for the T-blood-group antigen (TAg) and a precursor of MN-blood-group substance, lacking only in a terminal sialic acid. In the normal adult human colon, PNA fails to bind to the actual goblet theca but does have binding sites localized to the supranuclear portion of both columnar and goblet cells. This represents the detection of nascent oligosaccharides prior to addition of terminal sialic acid. Neuraminidase treatment of adult colons localized PNA to the goblet theca itself and to the apical and/or glycocalyx region of columnar cells. Fetal colons localized PNA to the region of the glycocalyx of columnar cells while the goblet theca itself failed to express PNA binding sites. After treatment of fetal colon sections with neuraminidase, PNA binding was noted in the goblet theca itself. Goblet cells of the human fetal colon exhibit a PNA binding pattern somewhat similar to adult goblets; however, fetal columnar cells have a PNA binding pattern as reported in colonic adenocarcinomas. This pattern of complete and incomplete synthesis of MN-blood-group substances in goblet and columnar cells, respectively, has also been demonstrated in adenomas of the human colon.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Peanut lectin binding sites in colons of patients with ulcerative colitis.

We studied peanut lectin (PNA) binding sites in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) with various degrees of disease activity and dysplasia. Peanut lectin binds to B-D-galactose (1-3) N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, which is the purported determinant for the T-blood-group antigen and the immediate precursor of the MN-blood-group glycoprotein. In the normal colon, PNA binds to the supranuclear (SN) portion of goblet and columnar cells, representing nascent glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus prior to the addition of terminal sialic acid. In severely active UC, PNA binds to the glycocalyx and/or apical portion of columnar cells, crypt goblet cells, and the total cytoplasm of "regenerating or hyperplastic" epithelium. These patterns have been previously reported in colonic cancers, adenomas, and fetal colons, indicating the synthesis of incomplete glycoproteins. Cases of inactive UC and mildly active UC expressed PNA binding in an SN distribution similar to controls. Cases with dysplasia showed PNA binding patterns similar to colonic neoplasms. In UC, the perturbation of cell kinetics similar to colonic neoplasms and the more rapid cell migration and turnover may be reflected as synthesis of incomplete glycoproteins, as expressed by abnormal PNA binding patterns. These findings indicate that the epithelial cells in patients with severely active UC synthesize incomplete glycoproteins similar to colonic neoplasms; however, this abnormal glycoprotein pattern is reversible when inflammation is more quiescent.

Arachis↗
PubMed1985

Arrangement of subunits in peanut lectin. Rotation function and chemical cross-linking studies.

X-ray intensity data from the native orthorhombic crystals of peanut lectin have been collected using oscillation photography. Rotation function studies using data up to a resolution of 4.5 A indicate that the four subunits in the molecule, which constitute the asymmetric unit in the crystals, are related to one another by three mutually perpendicular noncrystallographic 2-fold axes. Chemical cross-linking experiments in solution followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, carried out in parallel, suggest that there is more than one type of intersubunit approach in the molecule. Rotation function and cross-linking studies thus show that the tetrameric molecule of peanut lectin is a dimer of a dimer. The two monomers in a dimer are related by a 2-fold axis. The two dimers are in turn related by another 2-fold axis perpendicular to the one that relates the two monomers in the dimer, endowing the molecule with 222 (D2) symmetry.

Cross-Linking Reagents↗
PubMed1982

[The pathogenetic importance of peanut lectin binding sites in infectious, toxic and neoplastic processes].

Labelled lectins are generally used for identification of mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides in histochemistry. The aim of this work is to demonstrate in addition the importance of the labelled (FITC and peroxidase) lectin from peanut (peanut agglutinin = PNA) with regard to the pathogenesis of some infectious and neoplastic diseases. Thereby, PNA-binding sites have been shown as differentiation marker in embryonic kidneys and in dysontogenetic.

Arachis↗
PubMed1982

Receptors for peanut agglutinin isolated from cell lines of human Burkitt lymphoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma and gastric signet ring cell carcinoma.

By affinity chromatography on peanut agglutinin-agarose, receptors for peanut agglutinin were isolated from three lines of human malignant cells labeled with [3H]-galactose. The cell lines examined were a Burkitt lymphoma line Daudi, a lung squamous carcinoma QG-56 and a gastric signet ring carcinoma KATO-III. The isolated receptors from the three sources had similar properties and behaved as glycoproteins with apparent molecular weights of 160,000 to 280,000 upon sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. However, they showed molecular weights of only around 70,000 upon gel filtration, suggesting that they contained large amounts of carbohydrates. Pronase digestion depolymerized the glycoproteins, though significant amounts of the products were large enough to be excluded from a column of Sephadex G-50. The large molecular weight products were not detected when the receptors were treated with mild alkali and NaBH4 prior to pronase digestion. Major components of the radioactive oligosaccharides and glycopeptides released in the latter case had molecular weights in the range from 3,500 to less than 1,000. These results indicate that the glycoprotein receptors had clusters of oligosaccharide chains of small and medium sizes.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1982

Receptors for peanut agglutinin in lymphocytes from patients with cirrhosis of the liver.

A population of peripheral blood lymphocytes exhibits specific receptor for the peanut lectin (Arachis hypogaea). In control subjects, this population represents 1.3% of all lymphocytes while it represents 13% in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. The percentage of lymphocytes expressing this receptor appears to be correlated with hypoalbuminemia and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, in these patients. Furthermore, a higher percentage of peanut positive lymphocytes was found in cirrhotic patients who subsequently died than in those who survived.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Macrophage-histiocytes in Hodgkin's disease. The relation of peanut-agglutinin-binding macrophage-histiocytes to clinicopathologic presentation and course of disease.

The authors studied the occurrence of peanut agglutinin (PNA)-binding cells in paraffin-embedded specimens of 145 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD). The staining reaction of lymphocytes was consistently negative. A positive staining reaction was observed in two types of cells: macrophage-histiocytes (M-H), and Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells and their variants. Diffuse or globular cytoplasmic staining was found in M-H, which was easily distinguished from a unique "cell surface and cytoplasmic" staining pattern of R-S and related cells. Thus defined, M-H were numerous in lymphocyte depletion and mixed cellularity, less common in lymphocyte predominance, and least frequent in the nodular sclerosis type. Numerous M-H correlated with B-symptoms and a poor response to therapy. Among the asymptomatic patients with localized disease at presentation, the presence of large numbers of M-H was associated with a high incidence of relapse within 2 years of therapy. These findings suggest that the number of non-neoplastic M-H in HD may be an important determinant in the clinical presentation and course of disease. Peanut agglutinin staining may be useful for the detection of M-H in routine diagnosis and classification of HD, which has not been feasible by conventional methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A comparative study of histopathology, hormone receptors, peanut lectin binding, Ki-67 immunostaining, and nucleolar organizer region-associated proteins in human breast cancer.

The current study was performed on 71 cases of human female breast cancer and compares the results of five morphologic methods developed for the detection of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PgR), lectin Peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding sites, monoclonal antibody Ki-67 immunoreactivity, and the mean number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NOR). All the parameters were evaluated on serial cryostat sections representative of a closely related, if not identical, neoplastic population. A significant positive correlation was found between the occurrence of estrogen, progesterone, and peanut receptors and between Ki-67 immunoreactivity, mean number of NOR, and mitotic index. Furthermore, ER, PgR, and PNA receptors showed a significant, inverse correlation with Ki-67 immunoreactivity, mitotic index, and mean number of Ag-NOR. These results provide further data that support the hypothesis that (1) progesterone and PNA receptors are estrogen-induced and indicate a metabolic response of the target cells to functioning estrogen receptors; (2) the mean number of NOR reflects the cell kinetics of the tumor; and (3) metabolic differentiation of neoplastic cells is inversely correlated to the proliferation index.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2000

Synthesis, accumulation and hydrolysis of trehalose during growth of peanut rhizobia in hyperosmotic media.

We examined and compared the activities of synthetic and hydrolytic enzymes involved in trehalose metabolism, in three peanut rhizobia strains grown in control, hypersaline, and non-ionic hyperosmotic media. Results indicated that the effects of hyperosmolarity on the synthesis and the degradation of the disaccharide were diverse. In the salt-tolerant slow-growing strain Bradyrhizobium sp. ATCC 10317, we observed increased synthesis and accumulation of trehalose under hyperosmolarity imposed by either NaCl or PEG-8000. In the other two peanut rhizobia strains, the disaccharide level did not change under hypersalinity. In the salt-sensitive slow-growing strain Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA 3187, intracellular trehalose diminished in late stationary phase-cells grown with PEG, this reduction was accompanied by both an increased activity of synthetic enzymes and a decreased activity of trehalase. In the salt-tolerant fast-growing strain Rhizobium sp. TAL 1000, we also observed a reduction of intracellular trehalose under PEG-mediated growth, this decrease was early and transiently accompanied by an enhancement of trehalase activity, afterwards, the activity of synthetic enzymes augmented.

Arachis↗
PubMed2000

Identification of peanut and hazelnut allergens by native two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

A procedure for the native two-dimensional electrophoresis of peanut and hazelnut proteins is described. Proteins were solubilised after acetone treatment using a combination of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and tetramethylene sulphone. These extracts were analysed by a combination of isoelectric focusing in the presence of lactose in immobilized pH gradients followed by charge shift electrophoresis. Immunoblot analysis, using sera from nut allergic patients, allowed the identification of a peanut and hazelnut allergen with identical isoelectric point and apparent molecular mass. These proteins were recovered from duplicate gels using a mixture of formic acid, acetonitrile (ACN) and isopropanol. The molecular masses for both proteins, determined by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), were 4826 Da.

2-Propanol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prenylated stilbenes from peanut root mucilage.

Seven prenylated stilbenes were identified by combined HPLC-PAD-APCI/MSn analysis of an extract of mucilage isolated from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) root tips. The principal constituent was assigned the structure 4-(3-methyl-but-1-enyl)-3, 5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxy-trans-stilbene. The common name mucilagin A is proposed for this novel compound. Its concentration in the mucilage was estimated at 250 microg/g (wet weight basis). The large body of literature on the anti-microbial properties of plant-derived stilbenes suggests that compounds detected in peanut mucilage may play a role in regulating root-soil pathogen interactions.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1999

The role of amyloplasts during gravity perception in gynophores of the peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea).

Gravitropic perception and response are essential for the completion of the reproductive life cycle of the peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.). The developing seeds are buried in the soil by a specialized organ, the gynophore, allowing the fruit to mature underground. Controversy exists about the site of graviperception in the gynophore: previous workers suggested that the intercalary meristem was the zone where gravity was perceived. Taking the starch statolith hypothesis for graviperception as a framework, we explored the possibility that the starch-grain filled plastids (amyloplasts) in the starch sheath of the gynophore may be acting as gravisensors. We show that these amyloplasts sediment readily with respect to the gravity vector within 30 min of reorientation, and before there is a measurable gravitropic response. Gynophore explants were incubated with gibberellic acid and kinetin, in darkness, to remove starch from the amyloplasts. Destarching the gynophores did not inhibit overall growth of the organ, but reduced the gravitropic response curvature by 82% compared to water-treated controls. In addition, gynophores placed on a rotating clinostat (without hormone treatment) also showed a reduced gravitropic response. In conclusion, the evidence presented in this work strongly suggests that the amyloplasts of the starch sheath are responsible for gravitropic perception in the peanut gynophore. A model for graviperception in the gynophore is presented.

Arachis↗
PubMed1993

Nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of peanut clump virus RNA 2 and partial characterization of deleted forms.

The complete nucleotide sequence of peanut clump virus RNA 2 has been determined by characterization of cloned cDNA and by direct RNA sequencing. The sequence is 4503 residues in length and contains six long open reading frames (ORFs). The cistron for the coat protein (ORF 1) is located nearest the 5' end of the RNA and is separated from the 5' extremity by a noncoding region of 389 nucleotides. ORF 2 starts one nucleotide upstream of the first residue of the UGA termination codon of the coat protein cistron and encodes a polypeptide of 39300 M(r). Four additional ORFs with the potential to encode polypeptides with approximate M(r)'s of 51,000 (ORF 3), 13,800 (ORF 4), 9400 (ORF 5), and 6800 (ORF 6) are found on the 3' proximal half of the RNA. ORFs 3, 4, and 5 resemble the Triple Gene Block found in potexviruses, carlaviruses, a hordeivirus, and a furovirus. The 276 nucleotide 3' noncoding region of RNA 2 displays extensive sequence homology with the 3' noncoding region of RNA 1. Several peanut clump virus isolates propagated on Nicotiana benthamania contain RNA 2's significantly shorter than that of the type isolate. Partial characterization of two such isolates reveals that their RNA 2's have undergone deletions within ORF 2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Effect of peanut tannin extracts on growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxin production.

Twenty-three peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were evaluated for kernel resistance to Aspergillus parasiticus Spear. colonization and aflatoxin contamination when incubated under high relative humidity. Also, tannin-containing extracts from kernel coats (testae) and cotyledons of these genotypes were prepared and tested for their effect on A. parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production in vitro. The lowest degree of colonization, less than 30%, was noted in kernels from the genotypes, Toalson x UF 73-4022 (selections TX-798731 and TX-798736), A72118, SN 55-437, PI337409, and Florunner. Genotypes with low levels of colonization also had the lowest aflatoxin contamination. The coefficient of correlation between infection frequency and aflatoxin contamination was 0.66. Higher levels of tannins were detected in the testae (23.9-97.2 mg g tissue) compared to the cotyledons (0.17-0.82 mg g tissue). Some of the methanol-extracted and water-soluble tannin extracts from testae and cotyledons, when incorporated in yeast extract sucrose liquid medium (100 mg l), significantly inhibited A. parasiticus growth and reduced the levels of aflatoxin produced. There was no overall correlation between the peanut genotypes and the influence of tannin extracts on A parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production. However, correlations were higher for specific genotypes. For example, the coefficient of correlation between the ability of tannin extracts from testae of genotypes PI337409 and TX-798736 to inhibit aflatoxin production was 0.93 and 0.85 respectively.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1979

Effect of peanut tannins on percent seed colonization and in vitro growth by Aspergillus parasiticus.

The relationship between tannin content of mature, intact, cured peanut seed and percent seed colonization by Aspergillus parasiticus was examined. Tannin content in 9 cultivars, 7 of which were grown in both Tifton, Georgia and Puerto Rico, was significantly correlated with percent seed colonization. For data expressed as mg tannin/g intact seed and mg tannin/g seed coat, correlation coefficients with percent colonization were 0.74 and 0.76, respectively. Seed coat tannin, methanol-extracted, water-soluble material from peanut seed coats, was tested in vitro for effects on growth of A. parasiticus. As concentrations of tannins were increased to 7.5%, inhibition of fungal growth increased linearly to 88%; a concentration of 20% produced over 96% inhibition.

Arachis↗
PubMed1982

Distribution of aflatoxin in whole peanut kernels, sampling plans for small samples.

It is well known that the distribution of aflatoxin in a lot of whole peanut kernels is extremely heterogeneous. Several different statistical distribution models have been proposed, fitting the experimental data reasonably well as long as the samples are very large, but differing considerably when applied to small samples. Therefore, it is important to know the real distribution between single kernels for the evaluation of the effectiveness of sampling plans for small samples. It is shown by the analysis of 368 samples of 1-10,000 kernels from the same lot of peanuts that the negative binomial distribution represents a good statistical model. The variance can be estimated from the mean concentration of the analysed samples, as confirmed by the comparison of data from several independent investigations. Decisions based on small samples are especially unfavourable to the consumer, as even a lot with a high mean concentration will tend to give negative results. A reasonably small risk of a false decision, both to the consumer and to the producer, can be reached only if very large samples are analysed.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analytical methods for aflatoxins in corn and peanuts.

Aflatoxin determinations can be approached many ways. Peanuts and corn are more often contaminated with aflatoxins B1 and B2 than with aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. Some countries are only interested in B1 content and others are interested in the total aflatoxin content. It is essential to safely handle all experimental materials associated with aflatoxin analyses or the aflatoxigenic fungi. Visual screening of suspect peanut lots, based on the presence of conidial heads of the Aspergillus flavus group, and screening corn for the presence of bright greenish yellow fluorescence (BGYF) are not chemical tests and such screening techniques may allow aflatoxin contaminated lots into commerce. Minicolumn screening procedures should always be used in conjunction with a quantitative method. Several thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods are suitable for quantitation and are in general use. Immunochemical methods such as the ELISA or affinity column methods are being rapidly developed. The chemical and immunochemical methods can be reliable if care is taken, using suitable controls and personnel that are well-trained. All analytical laboratories should stress safety and include suitable analytical validation procedures.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1994

The coat protein of Indian peanut clump virus: relationships with other furoviruses and with barley stripe mosaic virus.

The 5'-most open reading frame of the c.4kb RNA-2 of Indian peanut clump furovirus (IPCV) encodes a protein of 208 amino acids. This protein is thought to be the coat protein of IPCV because its amino acid composition and M(r) closely resemble those reported for IPCV coat protein and because its amino acid sequence is 61% identical to that of the coat protein of peanut clump virus (PCV) from West Africa. The extent of the sequence identity between IPCV and PCV coat proteins confirms previous conclusions that the viruses are distinct rather than strains of one virus. The sequences of the coat proteins of IPCV and PCV were between 18% and 26% identical to those of other furoviruses and those of unrelated tobamoviruses and tobraviruses. In contrast, the coat protein sequences were 37% (IPCV) and 36% (PCV) identical to that of the coat protein of barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus (BSMV). This similarity between the coat proteins of viruses from different groups (= genera) is unusual but is consistent with previous reports of sequence relatedness in various genes between certain furoviruses and BSMV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗