Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “longitudinal changes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

A longitudinal study on changes of movement performance and their relation to medical conditions in a female population followed from age 70 to 78.

We described longitudinal changes of movement performance in a population-based sample of women followed from age 70 to 78. We also studied the cross-sectional relationships between medical conditions and movement performance at baseline, and longitudinal relationships between baseline medical conditions and changes of movement performance. Two hundred and thirty-four women aged 70 years participated in the baseline study, and 88 women participated in a follow-up study 8 years later. Movement performance was measured by an optoelectronic test, the postural-locomotor-manual (PLM) test, which objectively and precisely measures the subject's mobility of lower and upper extremities. Information on medical conditions including selected diseases and symptoms were obtained by self-report and/or by physical examination. Movement time (MT), an indicator of the overall movement performance of the PLM test, increased over 8 years. This change was mainly related to prolonged duration of the locomotor phase (walking forward), but not to the duration of the manual phase (goal-directed arm reaching). At baseline, poor PLM performance was related to hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic bronchitis, depression, arthritis, dizziness, chest pain, dyspnea, joint problems, leg pain, tiredness, number of diseases and number of symptoms at baseline. Increased MT during follow-up was associated with arthritis and dyspnea at baseline, and newly developed diseases during follow-up. Our study results indicated that 70-year-old women had a general slowing of their movement performance over 8 years. Age-related decrements of movement performance were more striking in the lower extremities than in the upper extremities. Arthritis and dyspnea at baseline, and incident diseases during follow-up were related to this age-related decline of movement performance.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Quality of life in dementia--a one-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QoL) is becoming an increasingly used outcome measure in both clinical practice and research but little is known about QoL in dementia and how it may change over time. OBJECTIVE: To study longitudinal change in quality of life over a period of one year in 60 people with dementia aged 65 years or over. METHODS: The original sample was selected from inpatient, day hospital, nursing home and residential home settings within a London Mental Health Trust. The QoL-AD, DQoL and EQ-5D were assessed at baseline and repeated one-year later. At follow-up the CSDD, MMSE and RAID were also completed. RESULTS: Fifty-eight people were traced and of these 40 (69%) were alive at follow up. There was no mean change in quality of life over the one-year period, however around half of the people had increases or decreases in their quality of life. The only significant predictor of quality of life at follow-up was initial quality of life (p < 0.0005). Quality of life at follow-up correlated significantly with depression (p < 0.0005) and anxiety (p <0.01) but not with cognition. CONCLUSION: The main finding of this study is that people with dementia do not perceive that their quality of life declined over a period of one-year. More people were able to complete the QoL-AD than the DQoL or EQ-5D at follow-up and it seemed easier to use for people with severe dementia. Future research should investigate how quality of life changes over longer time periods with larger samples and in relation to specific interventions.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Brain activation during encoding and recognition of verbal and figural information in older adults.

Positron emission tomography (PET) patterns of cerebral blood flow associated with verbal and figural memory are described in relation to their value as functional probes for studying longitudinal changes that occur in the aging brain. Relative to a matching control task, verbal and figural encoding increase blood flow in prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate, insular, lateral and medial temporal, occipital cortex and the cerebellum. Additionally, medial temporal regions exhibited greater activity during figural encoding relative to verbal encoding. During recognition, blood flow increases in prefrontal, cingulate, insular, and lateral temporal and Broca's areas. Analysis of hemispheric asymmetry reveals that the prefrontal cortex exhibits regionally dependent results. Prefrontal region BA 10 demonstrates more bilateral activation during encoding and retrieval, whereas BA 46 shows right greater than left activation during both encoding and retrieval. Overall, the two tasks activate diverse regions within the frontal, temporal and occipital lobes of the brain, including areas that show age-related structural changes, proving their usefulness in the longitudinal assessment of brain function in the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Bone density in premenopausal women: effects of age, dietary intake, physical activity, smoking, and birth-control pills.

The effects of age, calcium, smoking, and physical activity on appendicular and axial bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated in a 2-y study of 200-300 healthy young women aged 20-39 y. There was no cross-sectional change of BMD with age or longitudinal change with bone loss. No effect of birth-control pills on BMD was seen. There also was no association of calcium intake with BMD and/or with BMD changes. Current calcium intake was not a significant influence on BMD in this age group. Daily activity had no effect on BMD and there was no apparent additive interaction of activity and calcium intake on BMD. Smokers had significantly lower spine BMD and a tendency for lower BMD at other sites. Body weight was a better predictor of BMD than was any other factor. There was no association of BMD or BMD changes with both urinary calcium and hydroxyproline normalized for creatinine.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Scanning electron microscopy of the forming enamel of rat incisor: influence of fixative and treatments interacting with the organic matrix.

The forming enamel of rat incisor was either treated before fixation with one of these five treatments: ultrasonication, NaOCl, chloroform/methanol, NaOH or tween 20; or the incisors were first fixed and then submitted to one of these treatments. The structure of the forming enamel, compared with sections fixed with aldehyde and submitted to osmic maceration, depends on the way the samples were treated and on the fixative used. An amorphous material, removed by osmium tetroxide but not by aldehyde solution was seen to be located between fiber-like structures. In the region of inner enamel secretion the thickness of interrod septa was fairly constant, whereas in the region of outer enamel secretion, transverse septa of interrod enamel gradually became thinner and finally disappeared. The longitudinal septa did not display such changes. Longitudinal grooves and ridges were seen at the end of enamel completion. These longitudinal septa finally merged and formed a flat surface.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A longitudinal assessment of change in VO2max and maximal heart rate in master athletes.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the longitudinal change in VO2max and HRmax in male and female master endurance runners and to compare these changes based upon gender, age, and change in training volume. METHODS: Eighty-six male (53.9 +/- 1.1 yr) and 49 female (49.1 +/- 1.2 yr) master endurance runners were tested an average of 8.5 yr apart. Subjects were grouped by age at first visit, change in VO2max, and change in training volume. Measurements included body composition by hydrostatic weighing, maximal exercise testing on a treadmill, and training history by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and multiple regression. RESULTS: VO2max and HRmax declined significantly regardless of gender or age group (P < 0.05). The rate of change in VO2max by age group ranged from -1% to -4.6% per year for men and -0.5% to 2.4% per year for women. Men with the greatest loss in VO2max had the greatest loss in LBM (-2.8 +/- 0.7 kg), whereas women with the greatest loss in VO2max demonstrated the greatest change in training volume (-24.1 +/- 3.0 km.wk-1). Additionally, women with the greatest loss in VO2max (-9.6 +/- 2.6 mL.kg-1.min-1) did not replace estrogen after menopause independent of age. HRmax change did not differ by VO2max change or training volume change in either gender. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, these data suggest that VO2max declines in male and female master athletes at a rate similar to or greater than that expected in sedentary older adults. Additionally, these data suggest that maintenance of LBM and VO2max were associated in men, whereas in women, estrogen replacement and maintenance of training volume were associated with maintained VO2max.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal 1H MRS changes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

Magnetic resonance (MR)-based volume measurements of atrophy are potential markers of disease progression in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Longitudinal changes in (1)H MR spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) metabolite markers have not been characterized in MCI subjects. Our objective was to determine the longitudinal (1)H MRS metabolite changes in patients with MCI, and AD, and to compare (1)H MRS metabolite ratios and ventricular volumes in tracking clinical disease progression in AD. The neuronal integrity marker N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio declined in MCI and AD patients compared to cognitively normal elderly. The change in (1)H MRS metabolite ratios correlated with clinical progression about as strongly as the rate of ventricular expansion, suggesting that (1)H MRS metabolite ratios may be useful markers for the progression of AD. Choline/creatine ratio declined in stable MCI, compared to converter MCI patients and cognitively normal elderly, which may be related to a compensatory mechanism in MCI patients who did not to progress to AD.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Multifocal electroretinographic changes in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine therapy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the longitudinal changes in multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine and to assess the effects of cumulative hydroxychloroquine dose on mfERG. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Twenty-four eyes in 12 patients receiving hydroxychloroquine underwent mfERG recordings at baseline and 1 to 2 years later. The first negative (N1) and first positive (P1) response amplitudes and peak latencies were compared with normal controls. Serial changes in the pattern of mfERG abnormalities and in response amplitudes and peak latencies were also compared between eyes in which hydroxychloroquine therapy was continued or stopped. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the effects of a cumulative dose of hydroxychloroquine on mfERG. RESULTS: At baseline, reductions in N1 and P1 response amplitudes were observed in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine compared with controls. At follow-up, in addition to the reductions in N1 and P1 response amplitudes, increases in P1 peak latencies compared with controls were observed. In patients who stopped hydroxychloroquine therapy, there were significant increases in N1 and P1 response amplitudes at follow-up mfERG. CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving hydroxychloroquine showed a longitudinal decline in retinal function; patients who stopped hydroxychloroquine therapy showed improvement. Although these data are insufficient to demonstrate the sensitivity of mfERG for evaluating early hydroxychloroquine toxicity, the results suggest that serial mfERG assessment may help detect early retinal changes associated with hydroxychloroquine therapy. Further studies with long-term results will be useful in clarifying the value of mfERG in evaluating early retinal toxicity due to hydroxychloroquine.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Development of relative weight, overweight and obesity from childhood to young adulthood. A longitudinal analysis of individual change of height and weight.

BACKGROUND: To investigate individual longitudinal change of relative weight, overweight and obesity from age 5 to 25 years by gender. METHODS: A cohort was imbedded in four surveys conducted 1992/1993, 1995/1996, 1998/1999 and 2004/2005 in three areas in Germany. Twelve-year-follow-up of 2183 children initially aged 5-13 years at baseline. Main measurements are body mass index (BMI) and international obesity task force (IOTF)-cut point defined overweight and obesity. A special longitudinal random effects model for cohort data was applied, which uses age as meta-meter of follow-up time and takes age at study entry into account. RESULTS: BMI, overweight and obesity increases with linear and squared age. Girls have a significant higher growth rate than boys in BMI (BMI: 0.89 vs. 0.75 kg/m(2) per 1 year age increment), whereas there is no statistical significant gender difference for overweight [odds ratio (OR) = 1.08 per 1 year] or obesity (OR = 1.11 per 1 year). Longitudinal change rates of BMI vary substantially between individuals [95% reference range (beta +/- 1.96 x SD) for linear change per 1 year is -0.14 to 1.98 in females and -0.29 to 1.83 in males; the 95% range of quadratic change rates are -0.09 to 0.04 in females and -0.08 to 0.05 in males]. Moreover, a steeper increase in BMI over time is observed for children with a higher baseline relative weight. CONCLUSION: Increases in BMI and the propensity of overweight and obesity follow a quadratic growth curve with the steepest increase before and during puberty. However, the substantial variability of relative weight gain within individuals indicate, that more research in individual change patterns is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effect of 1% metronidazole gel in routine maintenance of persistent furcation involvement in human beings.

The aim of this study was to test adjunctive insertion of 1% metronidazole gel into furcation areas during periodontal maintenance. Ten patients were selected with paired, contralateral, Class II or III furcation involvements that also bled on constant force probing. Bleeding on probing (BOP) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were measured as experimental variables. Plaque was assessed by dark-field microscopy (DFM). Following routine subgingival maintenance of these sites, a syringe was used to insert metronidazole or placebo gels into the furcations. Sites were re-examined 1 and 3 months after baseline. There was little change in either BOP or GCF. Marked longitudinal changes were found by DFM for both experimental and control sites. Experimental sites were not significantly different when compared with controls at the 5% level of probability.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in bicycle ergometer test performance and survival in men and women from 50 to 60 and from 70 to 80 years of age: two longitudinal studies in the Glostrup (Denmark) population.

BACKGROUND: During the aging process longitudinal changes for sustained work in humans are poorly understood. Only a few longitudinal follow-up studies have been published thus far, and most of them have been based on highly selected groups, such as physical education teachers or senior athletes. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: On the basis of random samples of a general population, the purpose of this study was to analyze changes in bicycle test performance in two longitudinal designs: a 10-year follow-up period from 50 to 60 years of age, using a submaximal test protocol, and another 10-year follow-up period from 70 to 80 years of age, using indirect voluntary maximal tests. In addition, the preventive value of the bicycle test results for survival at different age levels was analyzed. The subjects in the first part of the study were members of a random sample of originally 514 men and 461 women living in the Glostrup area, close to Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1964. Of these, 367 men (71.4%) and 206 women (44.7%) were tested at the age of 50 years, and 309 men and 245 women were tested 10 years later. The subjects in the second part of the study came from the same original sample. At 70 years of age 171 men and 154 women and at 80 years of age 70 men and 68 women took part in the maximal test. RESULTS: The submaximal test results between the ages of 50 and 60 years showed a mean annual decline in body mass adjusted maximal power in sustained work (W/kg) of 0.54% in men and of 0.90% in women. Between the ages of 70 and 80 years, when the indirect maximal tests were applied, the annual decline in men was on average 1.79% and in women 3.03%. When the associations of submaximal test results at ages 50-60 years and the voluntary maximal test results at the higher ages were analyzed, a moderate positive correlation was observed with the results obtained at the age of 70 years. The survival analyses showed that the submaximal bicycle test results (W/kg body mass) at the age of 60 years had a predictive value for survival in women during the subsequent 10-year period. The same was true for the maximal test results obtained at the age of 70 years in men; a significantly larger proportion of men in the lowest quintile died during the subsequent 10 years than of those belonging to the higher quintiles. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in body mass related maximal power in sustained work observed in this population on the basis of longitudinal studies among the age groups 50-60 and 70-80 years indicated a steeper decline at the higher ages. The decline was relatively more pronounced in women than in men. However, differences in the test protocols employed at different times limit the possibilities for overall comparisons across the data. The results of the submaximal bicycle ergometer tests in middle-aged female subjects (60 years old) had a predictive value for survival over the 10 years immediately following the test; likewise, the voluntary maximal test results at higher ages predicted survival in men.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1994

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a comparative clinical and tomographic study pre- and post-treatment.

Nineteen patients with definite and suspected temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis participated in this study. All patients were treated by dental care including bite plane therapy. By comparing the pre-treatment clinical symptoms and TMJ tomograms with those post-treatment, efficacy of the dental treatment applied for these patients has been assessed. Since TMJ pain and limitation of mouth opening were considerably improved in almost all patients post-treatment, this suggests that the clinical prognosis of TMJ osteoarthritis can be favourable. On the other hand, radiographic changes post-treatment were variable. The longitudinal changes found in the TMJ tomograms were classified into four types. The frequency of Type 2 and Type 3, which indicate the occurrence of TMJ remodelling during the observation period, was fairy high (20 TMJs and 14 patients).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Influence of leptin on changes in body fat during growth in African American and white children.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether initial levels or temporal changes in fasting leptin were associated with longitudinal changes in body-fat mass in children. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The study group consisted of 85 children (42 white and 43 African American) with a mean initial age of 8.1 +/- 0.1 years. The children had between three and six annual visits for repeated measurements of body composition by DXA and fasting leptin level. Fat mass and fasting leptin level were not normally distributed and were log-transformed. Data were analyzed using SAS Proc mixed growth models, with log fat as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Initial leptin level was a significant predictor of the change in fat mass over time (p < 0.0001), with high initial leptin levels resulting in increased fat gain, independent of initial fat levels. This relationship remained significant when the data were analyzed separately by race (whites, p < 0.0001; African Americans, p = 0.008). The relationship between the initial level of leptin and the change in fat mass was not modified by race, sex, or Tanner Stage. The rate of change in leptin during the study was significantly related to the rate of change in fat mass in African Americans (p = 0.008) but not in whites (p = 0.490). DISCUSSION: In conclusion, high fasting leptin level at the start of the study was significantly associated with increasing fat mass in this cohort, indicating that the children may be developing resistance to the effects of leptin.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variation in blood lead and hematocrit levels during pregnancy in a socioeconomically disadvantaged population.

Lead is a long-recognized human toxicant that crosses the placenta. Fetal sensitivity to environmental agents can vary with stage of development; therefore, how maternal blood lead levels change during pregnancy and how fetal exposure is influenced provide useful knowledge. In this study, the authors describe longitudinal changes in blood lead levels during the course of pregnancy in a sample of socioeconomically disadvantaged pregnant women. The women were recruited early in pregnancy when they sought care at one of two obstetrics clinics in Albany, New York. Maternal blood lead levels changed between the 1st and 2nd trimesters, from 1.99 microg/dl to 1.69 microg/dl (hematocrit corrected, 1.70-1.62); between the 2nd and 3rd trimester from 1.78 microg/dl to 1.86 microg/dl (hematocrit corrected, 1.65-1.72); and between 3rd trimester and delivery from 1.80 microg/dl to 2.17 microg/dl (hematocrit corrected, 1.70-1.86). These changes were statistically significant and were corrected for secular trends. The rate of change per day in lead levels averaged -36.6% from trimester 1 to trimester 2, 18.3% from trimester 2 to trimester 3, and -40.8% from trimester 3 to delivery. The patterns in our study were consistent with the patterns reported in a few other longitudinal studies of change in lead level during pregnancy. Findings reveal significant associations between maternal blood lead levels and both hematocrit and trimester of pregnancy. Clinicians who interpret test results should take into account the dynamics of these variables when determining appropriate care for both mother and neonate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Urbanization, land use, and water quality in Shanghai. 1947-1996.

The paper undertakes a preliminary investigation into the relationship between water quality and urbanization as well as the changing patterns of land use within Shanghai. Longitudinal changes to water quality at various points along the course of the Huangpu River are analysed and compared to changes in the rates of urbanization and changes in land uses. The results reveal that rapid urbanization corresponds with rapid degradation of water quality. It also shows that urban land uses are positively correlated with the decline in water quality. A regression model shows that close to 94% of the variability in water quality classifications is explained by industrial land area. The paper concludes with the need for comprehensive land use planning as a way of protecting valuable water resources.

China↗
PubMed2005

Eye growth changes in myopic children in Singapore.

AIMS: To assess the longitudinal changes in biometric parameters and associated factors in young myopic children aged 7--9 years followed prospectively in Singapore. METHODS: Children aged 7--9 years from three Singapore schools were invited to participate in the SCORM (Singapore Cohort study Of the Risk factors for Myopia) study. Yearly eye examinations involving biometry measures were performed in the schools. Only myopic children (n=543) with 3 year follow up data were included in this analysis. RESULTS: The 3 year increases in axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth, and corneal curvature were 0.89 mm, -0.02 mm, -0.01 mm, 0.92 mm, and 0.01 mm, respectively. Children who were younger, female, and who had a parental history of myopia were more likely to have greater increases in axial length. After adjustment for school, age, sex, race, parental myopia and reading in books per week, the age (p<0.001), sex (p=0.012), and parental myopia (p=0.027) remained significantly associated with the 3 year change in axial length. Reading in books per week, however, was not associated with axial length change. Children with faster rates of progression of myopia had greater increases in axial length (Pearson correlation coefficient (r)=-0.69) and vitreous chamber depth (r=-0.83). CONCLUSIONS: The 3 year change in axial length of Singapore children aged 7--9 years at baseline was high and greater in younger children, females, and children with a parental history of myopia. Myopia progression was driven largely by vitreous chamber depth increase.

Anterior Chamber↗
PubMed1996

Age differences and age changes in activities: Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

This study examines cross-sectional age differences, longitudinal age changes, and secular changes in obligatory, committed, and discretionary activities, using activity questionnaire completed by men and women participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging between 1958 and 1992. (1) Time spent, on obligatory activities and passive leisure is greatest, and on committed activities and active leisure least, for older adults. (2) Longitudinal patterns usually mirror cross-sectional ones. There are pronounced exceptions for women whose paid work time has been increasing and housework decreasing, while cross-sectional patterns show the reverse. (3) Over recent decades, time in committed activities shifted in opposite ways for men and women. Men decreased paid work and increased housework, repairs and yardwork, shopping, and child-care, while women increased paid work and decreased housework. In sum, the age structure of activities has persisted in the midst of new social opportunities; gender roles have proven more malleable than age roles.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Intake of energy, nutrients and food items in a ten-year cohort comparison and in a six-year longitudinal perspective: a population study of 70- and 76-year-old Swedish people.

The aim of the investigation was to study cohort differences at age 70 in probands born in 1901/02 and 1911/12 and to study longitudinal changes of dietary habits and intake of energy and nutrients between ages 70 and 76. The study is part of the gerontological and geriatric population studies in Gothenburg, Sweden. The intake of both energy and nutrients was higher in the later cohort. One explanation for this lay in the choice of food items in that cohort. Intake of energy and almost all nutrients decreased in both men and women between ages 70 and 76. Energy intake reduced by 23% in men and 20% in women. The proportion of probands with nutrient intakes below RDA increased significantly at age 76. The study revealed both cohort and longitudinal age changes in dietary habits. There is no reason to believe that elderly people are more conservative regarding their food choices than the rest of the population--at least not at the relatively young ages studied.

Aged↗