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PubMed1991

Highly restricted distributions of hydrophobic and charged amino acids in longitudinal quadrants of alpha-helices.

Helix formation in folding proteins is stabilized by binding of recurrent hydrophobic side chains in one longitudinal quadrant against the locally most hydrophobic region of the protein. To test this hypothesis, we fitted sequences of 247 alpha-helices of 55 proteins to the circular (infinite) template (symbol; see text) to maximize the strip-of-helix hydrophobicity index (the mean hydrophobicity of residues in (symbol; see text) positions). These template-predicted configurations closely matched crystallographic structures in 87% of four- or five-turn helices compared. We determined the longitudinal quadrant distributions of amino acids in the template-fitted, sheet projections of alpha-helices with respect to the best longitudinal, hydrophobic strip on each helix and to the N and C termini, interiors, and entire helices. Amino acids Leu, Ile, Val, and Phe were concentrated in one longitudinal quadrant (p less than 0.001). Lys, Arg, Asp, and Glu were not in the quadrant of Leu, Ile, Val, and Phe (p less than 0.001). Significant quadrant distributions for other amino acids and for termini of the helices were also found.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

[A case of incarceration of the vertebral and basilar arteries in a longitudinal fracture of the clivus].

We report a case of incarceration of the right vertebral and basilar arteries in a longitudinal fracture of the clivus. A 80-year-old man was struck on the occiput in a traffic accident and was admitted to our hospital. He was in coma on admission. Neurological examination revealed that the left pupil was dilated, the light reflex was bilaterally sluggish, the left corneal reflex was absent, and the pharyngeal reflex was absent. Computed tomography showed fractures in the occipital bone and clivus. His general condition rapidly deteriorated, and he died 4 hours after the injury. The autopsy revealed a longitudinal fracture of the clivus incarcerating the right vertebral artery together with the origin of the basilar artery. It also revealed primary brain stem injury. We presented clinical features, mechanisms of the injury, and radiological findings for three types of clivus fracture; longitudinal, transverse, and a fracture of the lower clivus extending into the occipital condyle. It is unusual to see incarceration of the basilar or the vertebral artery in a longitudinal fracture of the clivus. We found only five reported cases. Each case presented a variety of brainstem dysfunctions. Three died of brainstem infarction, and one died of aspiration pneumonia. The remaining patient is in a chronic vegetative state. In our case, the history and autopsy findings suggested that the patient died of the primary brainstem injury. We proposed two mechanisms of incarceration; one is a midline occipital blow as in our case, and the other is axially transmitted force.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of the catalytic and structural properties of Ca2+-ATPase in longitudinal tubules and terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum].

The catalytic behavior and structural features of Ca2+-ATPase in the vesicles of longitudinal tubules and terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit skeletal muscles was analysed. pH measurements have shown under optimal conditions Ca2+-ATPase has similar catalytic behavior both in the fractions of longitudinal tubules and terminal cisternae. Under non-optimal conditions, the behavior similarity was not observed. The specific activity of the ATPase enzyme under optimal conditions was shown to be much higher in the fraction of longitudinal tubules than in the fraction of terminal cisternae. Caffeine added to both fractions had no effect on the catalytic behavior of Ca2+-ATPase. As judged from fluorescence analysis, the structure of Ca2+-ATPase of longitudinal tubules differs from that structure of terminal cisternae. In sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, at least half of the tryptophan residues of Ca2+-ATPase was shown to be buried in the lipid bilayer. Our findings suggest that in terminal cisternae some of the Ca2+-ATPase molecules exist as an oligomeric protein and do not participate in ATP hydrolysis (named "silent" Ca2+-ATPase).

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Characterization of junctional and longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum from heart muscle.

Longitudinal tubules and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were prepared from heart muscle microsomes by Ca2+-phosphate loading followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The longitudinal SR had a high Ca2+ loading rate (0.93 +/- 0.08 mumol.mg-1.min) which was unchanged by addition of ruthenium red. Junctional SR had a low Ca2+ loading rate (0.16 +/- 0.02 mumol.mg-1.min) which was enhanced about 5-fold by ruthenium red. Junctional SR had feet structures observed by electron microscopy and a high molecular weight protein with Mr of 340,000, whereas longitudinal SR was essentially devoid of both. Thus, these subfractions have similar characteristics to longitudinal and junctional terminal cisternae of SR from fast twitch skeletal muscle. Ryanodine binding was localized to junctional cardiac SR as determined by [3H]ryanodine binding. Scatchard analysis of the binding data showed two types of binding (high affinity, Kd approximately 7.9 nM; low affinity, Kd approximately 1 microM), contrasting with skeletal junctional terminal cisternae where only one site with Kd of approximately 50 nM was observed. The ruthenium red enhancement of Ca2+ loading rate in junctional cardiac SR was blocked by pretreatment with low concentrations of ryanodine as reported for junctional terminal cisternae of skeletal muscle SR. The Ca2+ loading rate of junctional cardiac SR was enhanced by preincubation with high concentrations of ryanodine. The apparent inhibition constant (Ki approximately 7 nM) and stimulation constant (Km approximately 1.1 microM) for ryanodine on junctional SR corresponded to the Kd for high affinity binding (Kd approximately 7.9 nM) and low affinity binding (Kd approximately 1.1 microM), respectively. These results suggest that high affinity ryanodine binding locks the Ca2+ release channels in the open state and that low affinity binding closes the Ca2+ release channels of the junctional cardiac SR. The characteristics of the Ca2+ release channels of junctional cardiac SR appear to be similar to that of skeletal muscle SR, but the Ca2+ release channels of cardiac SR are more sensitive to ryanodine.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Longitudinal growth of the rabbit femur after vascular and periosteal interference.

Results are presented of a radiological study with metallic implants concerning the growth in length of the rabbit femur following longitudinal sectioning of the periosteum, with and without stripping, circumferential periosteal division, with and without stripping, and vascular interference. Periosteal sectioning (except in the case of longitudinal sectioning) had the effect of increasing the ultimate length of the femur. The distal epiphysial plate was stimulated after longitudinal sectioning with stripping; both growth plates were stimulated after circumferential periosteal sectioning, with and without stripping. This stimulation was evident until fairly late in the growth period. There are no indications for any inhibition during the last phase of growth. Experimental interference of the subchondral vascularisation had no effect, whilst ligation of the nutrient artery had only a very limited curbing effect on the longitudinal growth due to restraining of the proximal growth plate. It was concluded that the growth stimulation following periosteal damage cannot be the result of vascular interference the diaphysial area. It was hypothesized that the periosteum plays a role as a local regulatory factor in the fine regulation of the growth of the epiphysial plates, acting as an intermediary and transmitting mechanical stimuli generated by other local factors to the epiphysial plates.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

Contractile response of longitudinal and circular smooth muscles of guinea pig stomach and ileum to substance P.

The mechanical activity of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle preparations from fundus, corpus, and antrum of guinea pig stomach and distal ileum of guinea pig were recorded and the effect of substance P (SP) was measured. In physiological concentrations (10(-13) - 10(-7) mol/l) SP activates the tone of circular muscle strips from fundus and corpus of guinea pig stomach. Quite opposite is the situation with respect to the SP tonic activation in the muscle layers of guinea pig ileum. Here SP activates only the tone of longitudinal muscle layers. In these concentrations SP induces no or only very small contractile response in longitudinal muscle strips of fundus and corpus and in circular muscle preparations of distal ileum. The greater sensitivity to SP appears to result for the longitudinal muscle layer of ileum followed by the circular layer of fundus and corpus.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Correlation between fetal abdominal longitudinal and lateral diameters and the baby's weight on discharge (author's transl)].

By ultrasonic diagnostics, fetal abdominal longitudinal and lateral diameters were measured in 200 pregnant women from 37th to 41st weeks of pregnancy before the start of the birth for the study of the correlation coefficients between the diameters and the baby's weight on discharge. The following results were obtained. 1) Before the determination of the above coefficients, the great lateral diameter, the girths of the head, chest and abdomen and sitting height were measured in newborn infants in from six to 12 hours after birth. The correlation coefficient was 0.66 for the great lateral diameter, 0.71 for the head girth, 0.85 for the chest girth, 0.81 for the abdominal girth and 0.66 for the sitting height. The chest and abdominal coefficients were found to be low. 2) By ultrasonic diagnostics, measurements were taken of the fetal heads, chest, abdomen and head length. In consideration of dimensions and distinctness of ultrasonically delineated images, the chest and head length seemed unsuitable for measurement. On the contrary, the head lateral diameter and abdominal longitudinal and lateral diameters can be measured with relative ease. 3) The fetal head lateral diameter can be measured with ease and high accuracy, but its correlation coefficient becomes 0.62 which is low. Due to soft tissues, difficulty is encountered in measuring the fetal abdominal longitudinal and lateral diameters. However, if check points are properly set, they can be measured with relative ease. Their correlation coefficient to the weight on discharge is very high at 0.87. Clinically for the estimation of the weight on discharge, the method of measuring the fetal longitudinal and lateral diameters is presumably the better method at present, based on the above results.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1982

The relative rate of wound healing in longitudinal and transverse laparotomy incisions. Animal experiments.

The wound healing of longitudinal and transverse laparotomy incisions was investigated in rabbits. The longitudinal incision was made in the linea alba cranially and caudally to the umbilicus, and the transverse at the level of the umbilicus. The mechanical testing was performed with a materials testing machine (Alvetron). In order to eliminate the influence on the different incisions of different forces acting upon them the mechanical characteristics of the wounds were expressed in per cent of those from the intact tissues. The measurements of the relative energy absorption displayed no significant difference between healing transverse (comprising rectus muscle) and longitudinal incision wounds. When the rectus wound is excluded, the transverse incision was more resistant to rupture than the longitudinal during the 28 days of wound healing studied. A comparison between the present results and those from investigations of holding power of tissues against suture shows, that the transverse incision should be preferred to the linea alba incision.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Endothelin differentially affects rat gastric longitudinal and circular smooth muscle.

We have determined the response of two types of rat gastric smooth muscle to the cumulative addition of endothelin-1 (ET-1). Both the longitudinal smooth muscle (tonic) from the forestomach and the circular smooth muscle (phasic) from the fundus were used in this study. Longitudinal smooth muscle contracted in a concentration-dependent manner in response to ET-1. The ET-1-induced contractions were abolished by the use of either nifedipine or calcium-free solutions. The maximal stress developed was 1.13 +/- 0.12 x 10(5) N/m2, or about 61% of the maximal carbachol response in this tissue. The EC50 for the ET-1-induced contraction was 11.4 +/- 2.3 nM. In contrast to the contractile effect on longitudinal smooth muscle, ET-1 produced a potent concentration-dependent inhibition of both the spontaneous phasic activity and carbachol-stimulated activity of the circular smooth muscle. The maximal inhibitory effect in response to ET-1 occurred at about 10 nM. The abolition of phasic activity lasted about 15 minutes before phasic activity returned. ET-1 also inhibited carbachol-induced increases in the phasic activity of circular smooth muscle with a similar potency. Inhibitors of arachidonic acid products, indomethacin or nordihydroguaiaretic acid, did not affect the response to ET-1 of either longitudinal or circular smooth muscle. Similarly, inhibition of nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) calcitonin-related peptide (CGRP) and inhibition of endogenous neural pathways by tetrodotoxin (TTX), atropine, hexamethonium, cold storage or phentolamine did not reverse the inhibitory response of the circular smooth muscle to ET-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Studies on opossum esophageal longitudinal muscle function.

To characterize the neuromuscular mechanisms responsible for control of esophageal longitudinal muscle function, in vivo and in vitro preparations of the intact opossum esophagus were studied using both miniature strain gauge transducers and a specially designed transducer that measured longitudinal axis movement of the entire esophagus. Esophageal shortening in response to swallowing was abolished by atropine in virtually all animals, whereas in 4 of 11 animals there was a significant noncholinergic component to shortening evoked by vagal efferent nerve stimulation. Balloon distention evoked atropine-sensitive esophageal shortening due to contractions occurring at and below the site of distention, which was then followed, upon balloon deflation, by noncholinergic longitudinal muscle contractions aboral to the balloon. A similar two-component response was recorded in response to electrical stimulation or balloon distention in vitro. Although the shortening occurring during stimulation was atropine sensitive, both components could be activated in the presence of tetrodotoxin. These studies indicate that the primary functional innervation to the opossum longitudinal muscle esophagus is cholinergic; noncholinergic and myogenic mechanisms are also demonstrable, but it is unclear whether they have a significant functional role.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Hypertrophy of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the thoracic spine.

STUDY DESIGN: This is a case report of a patient with hypertrophy of the posterior longitudinal ligament (HPLL) in the thoracic spine. This patient was followed for 10 years after surgery. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to report the long-term outcome of HPLL in the thoracic spine. SETTING: Department of orthopedic surgery, Hiroshima Red Cross and Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan. METHODS: A 58-year-old-woman with thoracic HPLL was reported. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) showed the expanded spinal cord compression from Th4 to Th12 due to HPLL. Anterior decompression and fusion (Th10-12) was performed. Histological findings of the surgical specimens showed thickening of the posterior longitudinal ligament with proliferation of chondroid tissue. The clinical outcome and the radiological findings (CT and MRI) were evaluated 10 years after surgery. RESULTS: The patient was asymptomatic postoperatively. However, the subsequent CT examination revealed ossification of the previously hypertrophied posterior longitudinal ligament. CONCLUSIONS: HPLL in the thoracic spine is a rare pathological condition causing myelopathy. The results of this study support the hypothesis that HPLL is one of the prodromal conditions of HPLL.

Decompression, Surgical↗
PubMed2026

Genetic evidence that advanced COVID-19 accelerates longitudinal brain atrophy: A Mendelian randomization study.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported to persist long-term in the brain and leave several long-term neurologic sequelae. However, the causal relationship between COVID-19 and brain aging is still unknown. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) data on COVID-19 phenotypes (susceptibility, hospitalization, and severity), involving a total of 5,779,391 participants, were collected from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. In addition, GWAS data on longitudinal changes in 15 brain structures, assessed via magnetic resonance imaging across the lifespan, were sourced from the ENIGMA Consortium and involved 15,640 participants. Two-sample Mendelian randomization was conducted to infer the causal relationship between COVID-19 and longitudinal brain changes. Multi-trait GWAS meta-analysis, colocalization, and fine-mapping analyses were performed to identify shared genetic etiologies. H3K27me3 ChIP-seq was used to evaluate the regulatory effect of colocalized loci. Two-step Mendelian randomization was applied to explore potential mediating mechanisms across multi-omics layers, including proteomics, metabolomics, and immunomics. Our results showed that COVID-19 hospitalization (β = -262.405, P = .041) and severity (β = -177.676, P = .049) were genetically associated with atrophied volume of total brain during longitudinal change. This suggests that individuals with advanced COVID-19 may be more susceptible to accelerated global brain aging. Caudate was genetically affected by all COVID-19 phenotypes. Seven variants were shared between advanced COVID-19 and global brain aging. rs117169628 was colocalized between advanced COVID-19 and global brain aging, and exerted an inhibitory effect on CDH15 expression, further strengthening the causality. Six metabolites, 1 protein, and 1 immune trait were identified as potential mediators. Our study indicates that advanced COVID-19 might be genetically associated with accelerated brain aging. Brain health should be paid more attention in long COVID-19.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal measures of human papillomavirus 6 and 11 viral loads and antibody response in children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

OBJECTIVES: To measure human papillomavirus (HPV) 6 and 11 viral load and antibody response in longitudinal specimens obtained from children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and to examine the association of type-specific viral load with clinical severity of disease. DESIGN: Longitudinal pilot study with a median follow-up of 5.4 months. SUBJECTS: The study included 15 children undergoing therapy for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis at the Egleston Children's Hospital, Atlanta, GA, between January 22, 1999, and June 13, 2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The kinetics of HPV-6 and HPV-11 viral load and antibody level were examined over time. Longitudinal HPV-6 and HPV-11 viral loads were analyzed for associations with clinical indicators of disease severity. RESULTS: Four children were infected with HPV-11, 4 were infected with HPV-6, and 7 had mixed infections. The HPV-6 and HPV-11 viral loads were stable over time in most of the children. Among children with mixed infections, HPV-6 viral loads were inversely correlated with those of HPV-11 (r = -0.80, P<.001). The HPV-11 infection was significantly associated with more annual surgical procedures (P=.02). Neither HPV-6 nor HPV-11 viral loads were associated with demographic factors or markers of clinical severity. None of the children had detectable antibodies against HPV-6, and only 3 had detectable antibodies against HPV-11 virallike particles. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the association of HPV-11 infection with clinical severity. Measures of HPV-6 and HPV-11 viral loads are relatively stable over time in most children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, suggesting that multiple samples may not be necessary. Cytobrush samples may substitute for tissue biopsy specimens in HPV detection and typing, but not for absolute viral load determination.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2003

Longitudinal effect of intimate partner abuse on high-risk behavior among adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the longitudinal effect of abuse by an intimate partner on risk behavior among adolescents. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Linear regression analyses of longitudinal data from 4443 adolescents surveyed in 1995 (Wave I) and 1996 (Wave II) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Public Use Dataset. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Abuse was assessed using a 5-point scale measuring if the subject had been insulted in public, sworn at, threatened with violence, pushed or shoved, or had something thrown at them by an intimate partner. The primary outcome measures were changes between Waves I and II in each of the following 5-risk behaviors: illicit substance use, antisocial behavior, violent behavior, suicidal behavior, and depression. RESULTS: Abuse between Waves I and II was associated with higher rates of all 5 risk behaviors at both Waves I and II among both sexes. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, number of intimate partners, time between interviews, baseline risk behavior scores, and the most abusive relationship experienced prior to Wave I, more severe abuse having occurred between Waves I and II was significantly associated with increased levels of depression in both sexes and increased involvement in illicit substance use, antisocial behavior, and suicidal behavior among female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Abuse by an intimate partner is associated with higher levels of risk behavior in both sexes and incident abuse is associated with increased depression in both sexes and increased illicit substance use, antisocial behavior, and suicidal behavior among females. Intimate partner violence interventions should address the negative behaviors associated with abuse, particularly among female adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A longitudinal study of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Prediction and patterns of change.

BACKGROUND: Factor analytic studies have suggested that the symptoms of schizophrenia may be divided into three uncorrelated dimensions. This study examines the longitudinal course of the symptoms of schizophrenia using this three-dimensional perspective. METHODS: The sample was composed primarily of neuroleptic-naive patients suffering from schizophrenia. Subjects were studied in a prospective longitudinal design, with comprehensive structured assessments at index, discharge, and 6-month intervals after discharge over a 2-year period. RESULTS: Negative symptoms were already relatively prominent at the time of index evaluation; they tended to remain stable throughout the follow-up period. The two dimensions of positive symptoms, psychoticism and disorganization, although prominent at index evaluation, declined over the course of the follow-up period and tended to be less stable. A longitudinal factor analysis was conducted to determine whether the changes in symptoms followed any consistent pattern. We observed that all three groups of symptoms tended to change in unison and independently from one another. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that these three dimensions of psychopathology show different patterns of exacerbation and remission during the course of schizophrenia. This independent pattern of evolution suggests that these three dimensions should be studied further with respect to response to treatment, cognitive mechanisms, psychosocial correlates, and neural substrates.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Longitudinal analysis of deciduous tooth emergence: II. Parametric survival analysis in Bangladeshi, Guatemalan, Japanese, and Javanese children.

We present a form of parametric survival analysis that incorporates exact, interval-censored, and right-censored times to deciduous tooth emergence. The method is an extension of common cross-sectional procedures such as logit and probit analysis, so that data arising from mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional studies can be properly combined. We extended the method to incorporate and estimate a proportion of agenic teeth. While we concentrate on deciduous tooth emergence, the method is relevant to studies of permanent tooth emergence and other developmental events. Deciduous tooth emergence data were analyzed from four longitudinal studies. The samples are 1,271 rural Guatemalan children examined every three months up to age two and every six months thereafter as part of the INCAP study; 397 rural Bangladeshi children examined monthly to age one and quarterly thereafter as part of the Meheran Growth and Development Study; 468 rural Indonesian children examined monthly as part of the Ngaglik study; and 114 urban Japanese children examined monthly in studies from 1910 and 1920. Although all four studies were longitudinal, many observations from the Guatemala and Bangladesh studies were effectively cross-sectionally observed. Three different parametric forms were used to model the eruption process: a normal distribution, a lognormal distribution, and a lognormal distribution with age shifted to shortly after conception. All three distributions produced reliable estimates of central tendencies, but the shifted lognormal distribution produced the best overall estimates of shape (variance) parameters. Estimates of emergence were compared to other studies that used similar methods. Japanese children showed relatively fast emergence times for all teeth. Bangladeshi and Javanese children showed emergence times that were slower than are found in most previous studies. Estimates of agenesis were not significantly different from zero for most teeth. One or two central incisors showed significant agenesis that ranged from 0.1 to 0.8% in three of the samples; even so, failure to model the agenic proportion did not seriously bias the estimates.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1998

Covariate measurement error and the estimation of random effect parameters in a mixed model for longitudinal data.

We explore the effects of measurement error in a time-varying covariate for a mixed model applied to a longitudinal study of plasma levels and dietary intake of beta-carotene. We derive a simple expression for the bias of large sample estimates of the variance of random effects in a longitudinal model for plasma levels when dietary intake is treated as a time-varying covariate subject to measurement error. In general, estimates for these variances made without consideration of measurement error are biased positively, unlike estimates for the slope coefficients which tend to be 'attenuated'. If we can assume that the residuals from a longitudinal fit for the time-varying covariate behave like measurement errors, we can estimate the original parameters without the need for additional validation or reliability studies. We propose a method to test this assumption and show that the assumption is reasonable for the example data. We then use a likelihood-based method of estimation that involves a simple extension of existing methods for fitting mixed models. Simulations illustrate the properties estimators.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Latent variables, measurement error and methods for analysing longitudinal binary and ordinal data.

We explore structural equations with latent variables for modelling between-individual variability and measurement error in the analysis of longitudinal binary and ordinal data. The structural equation formulation provides insight into the assumptions and differences in interpretation of methods that are popular for longitudinal data analysis. Introducing the concept of continuous latent variables makes it clear that marginal and cluster-specific models differ because their predicted variables are scaled to different standard deviations, and that adjustment for measurement error in the outcome involves a change in scale as well. We apply both structural equation modelling and common longitudinal modelling approaches to data from a study of sleep disorders. In the process, we compare results from marginal modelling using an SAS GEE routine (Karim and Zeger, 1988), Qu's GAUSS program (Qu, 1992) for generalized mixed models using GEE, the MIXOR package for cluster-specific mixed effects models (Hedeker and Gibbons, 1994), and LISCOMP for structural models (Muthén, 1988).

Adult↗