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PubMed2001

Association of emotional intelligence with alexithymic characteristics.

We examined the association of emotional intelligence and alexithymic characteristics as the personality trait in cohorts of 267 college students and 398 psychiatric outpatients. Score on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale were significantly correlated with those on the Emotional Intelligence Scale, suggesting that alexithymic characteristics are related to lower emotional intelligence. In conclusion, these data suggest that emotional intelligence overlaps with alexithymia.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Approach to communication, speech perception and intelligibility after paediatric cochlear implantation.

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between approach to communication, speech perception and speech intelligibility after cochlear implantation of young children with profound early deafness. A prospective speech perception and speech intelligibility assessment was undertaken on a consecutive group of implanted children. There were 46 children at the three-year, 26 at the four-year and 20 at the five-year intervals. All had been born deaf or deafened before the age of three and received cochlear implants before the age of seven. Their speech perception ability and the intelligibility of their speech were measured before cochlear implantation and annually thereafter. The children's communication had been classified by their teachers of the deaf at each interval into one of two categories: those using an oral approach and those using a signing approach. Results revealed that at all intervals, those children classified as using oral communication significantly exceeded those using signed communication on measures of speech perception and intelligibility (p<0.05). When those children who had changed from signed to oral communication were compared at the three-year interval with those who used oral communication throughout, there was no significant difference in their results. However, it remains to be explored whether children use oral communication after cochlear implantation because they are doing well, or whether they do well because they are using oral communication.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Newly designed computer controlled knee-ankle-foot orthosis (Intelligent Orthosis).

The authors have developed a knee-ankle-foot orthosis with a joint unit that controls knee movements using a microcomputer (Intelligent Orthosis). The Intelligent Orthosis was applied to normal subjects and patients, and gait analysis was performed. In the gait cycle, the ratio of the stance phase to the swing phase was less in gait with the knee locked using a knee-ankle-foot orthosis than in gait without an orthosis or gait with the knee controlled by a microcomputer. The ratio of the stance phase to the swing phase between controlled gait and normal gait was similar. For normal subjects the activity of the tibialis anterior was markedly increased from the heel-off phase to the swing phase in locked gait. The muscle activities of the lower limb were lower in controlled gait than in locked gait. The ground reaction force in locked gait showed spikes immediately after heel-contact in the vertical component, and unusual patterns were observed at heel-contact in the sagittal and lateral component. Therefore, compared to locked gait, gait with the Intelligent Orthosis is smooth and close to normal gait from the viewpoint of biomechanics. Even in patients with muscle weakness of the quadriceps, control of the knee joint using the Intelligent Orthosis resulted in a more smooth gait with low muscle discharge.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Intelligent buildings: a self regulating environment.

Developments in technology mean that "intelligent buildings" are now fact, not fiction. There is a fine line that must be followed when developing an intelligent building. The occupier must understand what is being provided and what is expected from the completed building. Careful observation of the proposed occupiers operating regime is a must. The most elegant solution to designing an intelligent building lies in the design of its fabric, so called passive engineering. Passive engineering emulates what happens in the natural world: a true intelligent building will provide a self-regulating internal environment by purely natural means.

Engineering↗
PubMed2001

Patient monitoring using personal area networks of wireless intelligent sensors.

A wearable device for monitoring multiple physiological signals (polysomnograph) usually includes multiple wires connecting sensors and the monitoring device. In order to integrate information from intelligent sensors, all devices must be connected to a Personal Area Network (PAN). This system organization is unsuitable for longer and continuous monitoring, particularly during the normal activity. For instance, monitoring of athletes and computer assisted rehabilitation commonly involve unwieldy wires to arms and legs that restrain normal activity. We propose a wireless PAN of intelligent sensors as a system architecture of choice, and present a new design of wireless personal area network with physiological sensors for medical applications. Intelligent wireless sensors perform data acquisition and limited processing. Individual sensors monitor specific physiological signals (such as EEG, ECG, GSR, etc.) and communicate with each other and the personal server. Personal server integrates information from different sensors and communicates with the rest of telemedical system as a standard mobile unit. We present our prototype implementation of Wireless Intelligent SEnsor (WISE) based on a very low power consumption microcontroller and a DSP-based personal server. In future we expect all components of WISE integrated in a single chip for use in a variety of new medical applications and sophisticated human computer interfaces. Existing growth of wireless infrastructure will allow a range of new telemedical applications that will significantly improve the quality of health care.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2000

Age effects on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III subtests.

This investigation extended work on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scaled-Revised (WAIS-R) to the WAIS-III by determining how allotments of scaled-score points change with age, and to evaluate WAIS-III performance in terms of the Horn-Cattell constructs of crystallized and fluid intelligence. The age norms for the 14 individual WAIS-III subtests indicate that additional scaled-score points are awarded primarily to the Letter-Number Sequencing subtest of the Verbal Scale and to the seven Performance Scale subtests at ages 45 to 89 years for the same performance as individuals in the 20- to 34-year-old reference group. Subtests that measure speed of information processing showed more of a decline than subtests that measure verbal processing. Results are consistent with the view that measures of fluid intelligence show more of a decline with advancing age than do measures of crystallized intelligence. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in above average and superior school children: relationship to intelligence and age.

This study explores the relationship of intelligence and age to scores on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a measure of executive function. A sample of 26 normal children with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III) Full-Scale IQS above 130 and 24 normal children with WISC-III Full-Scale IQS between 110 and 129 were administered the test. A comparison to published norms revealed that above average children outperformed the average 9- to 14-year-old child on every measure at every age. Multiple regression analyses statistically related the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, perseverative, nonperseverative, total errors, and trials to the first category of intelligence. Intelligence proved to be a significant qualifier of age trends. Gender relationships were nonsignificant in a preliminary analysis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Intelligence evaluation of 22 patients with congenital velopharyngeal incompetence].

OBJECTIVE: To study the intelligence of 22 patients with CVPI. METHODS: We examined the IQ of 22 patients with CVPI by Wechsler Primary Preschool Scale of Intelligence (WPSSI) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). RESULTS: The IQ of patients with CVPI was 44-109. The mean value and SD were 67.46+/-19.29. Patients with normal IQ accounted for 45.5%. 54.5% of patients with CVPI had mental retardation (MR), most of which were mild. CONCLUSION: More than half of the patients with CVPI showed MR. It's necessary to evaluate the intelligence in patients with CVPI, and give treatment as early as possible.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2005

How do we get the medical intelligence out?

Two factors are driving a new wave of medical products. The first is the use of technology to make products "intelligent"--that is, build them not only to measure a particular parameter, like blood glucose, but to help patients and caregivers manage conditions. This allows the users of these products focus less on the technical aspects of treating a condition (e.g. calculating the proper amount of insulin to treat a given level of blood glucose) and more on the overall management of the disease. The second development is the rapid movement of devices from the doctor's office to the home. Chain drug stores carry dozens of medical devices for home use by consumers. The challenge for manufacturers and designers is to present the medical device's intelligence in a way that is palatable to the consumer. One important theme is that medical product consumers are also consumers of everything else: home electronics, appliances, clothing, etc. These consumers are applying the same decision-making processes they use when buying a blender to the process of buying a medical device. It is therefore necessary for medical product manufacturers to create devices that interact with consumers in consumer-friendly ways. Putting intelligence into a product is one thing; helping the consumer utilize and appreciate it is quite another. This chapter covers some principles to keep in mind, and discusses a framework for better design of intelligent medical products that connect with consumers on emotional and functional levels beyond simple medical efficacy.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2006

[Research on intelligent controlled drug delivery with polymer].

The intelligent controlled drug delivery systems are a series of the preparations including microcapsules or nanocapsules composed of intelligent polymers and medication. The properties of preparations can change with the external stimuli such as pH value, temperature, chemical substance, light, electricity and magnetism. According to this properties, the drug delivery can be intelligently controlled. This paper has reviewed research on syntheses and applications of intelligent controlled drug delivery systems with polymers.

Delayed-Action Preparations↗
PubMed1986

Normal intelligibility functions for the Auditec CID W-22 test at 30% and 60% time-compression.

Time-compressed speech has been used to identify the site of central auditory disorders and auditory processing problems. Some authors suggest that the determination of audiometric normalcy should include satisfactory performance on a speech intelligibility test sensitive to central auditory dysfunction, such as time-compressed speech. Before scores from patients with auditory disorders can be meaningfully interpreted, however, it is necessary to establish normal performance on standardized recordings. Thus, this study was undertaken to generate speech intelligibility functions in a normal-hearing population using the Auditec CID W-22 recordings with 30% and 60% time-compression. The 30% condition revealed a slope of 3.24% per decibel and the function approached a plateau at 35 dB sensation level (SL). The 60% condition produced a function that increased gradually at 1.8% per decibel over the 20 to 80% intelligibility range. An intelligibility score of 82% was observed at 46 dB SL where the function approached an asymptote. These functions provide a standard against which subjects with central auditory dysfunctions can be compared. The relative difficulty that normal subjects had with the 60% time-compressed speech suggests that this condition may be too difficult for some subjects with central auditory disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Effects of iodine nutritional status of fetuses, infants and young children on their intelligence development in the areas with iodine-deficiency disorders].

Intelligence in children without iodine supplement during their fetal and infant periods, and in those born three to four years after the implementation of stable supply of iodized salt in the areas with endemic cretinism and goiter was tested with Standord-Binet method. Results indicated there existed a lot of mental retarded children in the iodine-deficiency areas, with most of them born before the implementation of iodine supplement. In order to study the changes of intelligence development in children probably induced by stable supply with iodine, the tested children living in the areas with endemic cretinism were followed-up for two years, and no improvement in children's intelligence could been seen. It suggested that impairment to children's intelligence development caused by iodine deficiency during their fetal and infant periods was irreversible.

Child↗
PubMed1994

[Communication and noise. Speech intelligibility of airplane pilots with and without active noise compensation].

Noise exposure measurements were performed with pilots of the German Federal Navy during flight situations. The ambient noise levels during regular flight were maintained at levels above a 90 dB A-weighted level. This noise intensity requires wearing ear protection to avoid sound-induced hearing loss. To be able to understand radio communication (ATC) in spite of a noisy environment, headphone volume must be raised above the noise of the engines. The use of ear plugs in addition to the headsets and flight helmets is only of limited value because personal ear protection affects the intelligibility of ATC. Whereas speech intelligibility of pilots with normal hearing is affected to only a smaller degree, pilots with pre-existing high-frequency hearing losses show substantial impairments of speech intelligibility that vary in proportion to the hearing deficit present. Communication abilities can be reduced drastically, which in turn can affect air traffic security. The development of active noise compensation devices (ANC) that make use of the "anti-noise" principle may be a solution to this dilemma. To evaluate the effectiveness of an ANC-system and its influence on speech intelligibility, speech audiometry was performed with a German standardized test during simulated flight conditions with helicopter pilots. Results demonstrate the helpful effect on speech understanding especially for pilots with noise-induced hearing losses. This may help to avoid pre-retirement professional disability.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of human middle ear muscle contractions on speech intelligibility.

The present study assessed the relationship between the acoustic reflex and speech intelligibility. Monosyllabic words mixed with noise were presented at -6, -3.0 and +3 dB signal-to-noise ratios. The word lists were presented with a 2000-Hz tone in the contralateral ear at a level 15 dB above or 20 dB below the acoustic reflex threshold to evaluate intelligibility differences with the acoustic reflex contracted and relaxed. The results indicated that a significant decrement in speech intelligibility differences with the acoustic reflex contracted and relaxed. The results indicated that a significant decrement in speech intelligibility occurred with the reflex contracted at signal-to-noise ratios of -3, and 0 dB. Slight but not significant decrements were seen at -6 and +3 dB signal-to-noise ratios. These results are discussed along with possible reasons for the lack of agreement with previous research.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Intelligence and other predisposing factors in exposure to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: a follow-up study at age 17 years.

CONTEXT: Prospective data on standardized measures of early predispositions would allow a strong test of hypotheses about suspected risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and exposure to traumatic events. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine the extent to which intelligence, anxiety disorders, and conduct problems in childhood influence the risk for PTSD and for exposure to traumatic events. DESIGN: A longitudinal study of a randomly selected sample assessed at age 6 years and followed up to age 17 years. SETTING: Samples were randomly selected from the 1983-1985 newborn discharge lists of 2 major hospitals in southeast Michigan (N=823). PARTICIPANTS: Cohort members with follow-up data at age 17 years (n=713; 86.6% of the initial sample). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulative exposure up to age 17 years of qualifying traumatic events; DSM-IV PTSD among participants who have experienced 1 or more traumatic events. RESULTS: Youth with teacher ratings of externalizing problems above the normal range at age 6 years were at increased risk for exposure to assaultive violence (adjusted odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.9). Youth aged 6 years with an IQ greater than 115 had decreased risk for exposure to traumatic events (adjusted odds ratio for assaultive violence, 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.7); a decreased risk for nonassaultive trauma (adjusted odds ratio, 0.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-0.9); and a decreased conditional risk for PTSD (adjusted odds ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.9). The conditional risk for PTSD was increased for youth with anxiety disorders and teacher ratings of externalizing problems above the normal range at 6 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this prospective community study highlight the role of intelligence in avoidance of exposure to traumatic experiences and their PTSD effects. They underscore the need for investigating cognitive processes in persons' responses to traumatic experiences and the involvement of general intelligence in these processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The PPVT-R: validity as a quick screen of intelligence in a postacute rehabilitation setting for brain-injured adults.

The utility of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) as a surrogate for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test-Revised (WAIS-R) was investigated in 61 brain-injured adult participants in a postacute rehabilitation setting. Idiographic comparison revealed substantial disagreement in clinical classification between the two instruments, and it is concluded that the PPVT-R is not a good surrogate for the WAIS-R for this purpose. In contrast, the PPVT-R was judged an adequate surrogate for the WAIS-R for the purpose of group comparison, as is common in biomedical research. Finally, contrary to prior report, the PPVT-R was demonstrated to measure more than simply Vocabulary. As such, in the absence of independent validation research, perhaps the most parsimonious conclusion regarding what the PPVT-R is measuring is that like each of the various subtests of the WAIS-R, the PPVT-R shares some of the variance of the construct termed intelligence, as well as demonstrates some unique variance that is likely comprised of error and, perhaps, a unique or different facet of intelligence.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

The quantitative and molecular genetics of human intelligence.

General cognitive ability or g as measured by IQ tests has been the most intensively studied trait in human behaviour genetics. Although there has been much debate about how best to describe and measure intelligence, this is addressed elsewhere in this volume and here I will assume that there is utility in the concept of general intelligence and review the data showing that, whatever it is, g is familial and influenced by genes. Next, I will briefly describe some of the main quantitative genetics models that have been used in trying to tease out the genetic and environmental sources of variation. Finally, I will outline current molecular genetic research aiming to locate and identify genes influencing human intelligence and try to predict the directions in which such research will lead.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Spirometry is affected by intelligence and behavior in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have progressive respiratory muscle weakness. Spirometry monitors progress, but is effort-dependent. Intelligence quotients (IQ) average one standard deviation below normal, and behavioral disturbance is common. Our aim was to assess if impaired intelligence or behavior influences spirometry in children with DMD, and if computerized visual incentives (CVI) are beneficial. Forty-seven boys with DMD, of mean age 12.6 years (range, 6-19), were recruited. Full-scale, performance, and verbal IQ, and parent-and-teacher-reported oppositional behavior scores, were recorded. Each was divided into moderate, mild, and no impairment groups. A randomized crossover design was applied to performing spirometry with or without CVI first. A Jaeger Masterscope (version 4.60) was used. Linear regression defined the relationship between spirometry and both IQ and behavior scores. The paired Student's t- test compared spirometry performed with and without CVI for the overall group and subgroups. Boys with DMD can adequately perform spirometry. There is an association between %FEV1 and %FVC with full-scale (r = 0.50, P = 0.002; r = 0.49, P = 0.003, respectively), performance (r = 0.68, P < 0.0005; r = 0.68, P < 0.0005, respectively) and verbal (r = 0.39, P = 0.043; r = 0.36, P = 0.037, respectively) IQ, but not with parent (P = 0.77, P = 0.70, respectively) or teacher (P = 0.90, P = 0.90, respectively)-reported oppositional behavior scores. The effect of CVI was significant in those with moderate full-scale (P = 0.03), performance (P = 0.002), and verbal (P = 0.02) intellectual impairment, and moderately severe teacher-reported oppositional behavior (P = 0.02). In conclusion, spirometry results are related to intelligence in DMD. Using CVI improves the FVC obtained in those with moderate intellectual or behavioral impairment.

Adolescent↗