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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Ecological fitting as a determinant of the community structure of platyhelminth parasites of anurans.

Host-parasite associations are assumed to be ecologically specialized, tightly coevolved systems driven by mutual modification in which host switching is a rare phenomenon. Ecological fitting, however, increases the probability of host switching, creating incongruences between host and parasite phylogenies, when (1) specialization on a particular host resource is a shared characteristic of distantly related parasites, and (2) the resource being tracked by the parasite is widespread among many host species. We investigated the effect of ecological fitting on structuring the platyhelminth communities of anurans from a temperate forest and grassland in the United States and tropical dry and wet forests in Mexico and Costa Rica. The six communities all exhibit similar structure in terms of the genera and families inhabiting the frogs. Parasite species richness is highly correlated with the amount of time a host spends in association with aquatic habitats, a conservative aspect of both parasite and host natural history, and determined in a proximal sense by host mobility and diet breadth. The pattern of parasite genera and families within host genera across the regions examined is consistent with the prediction that ecological fitting by phylogenetically conservative species, coupled with historical accidents of speciation and dispersal, should be evidenced as a nested-subset structure; the shared requirement for aquatic habitats of tadpoles provides a baseline assemblage to which other parasite taxa are added as a function of adult host association with aquatic habitats. We conclude that parasite communities are structured by both ecological fitting and coevolution (mutual modification), the relative influences of which are expected to vary among different communities and associations.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A new definition of maternal depletion syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Although the term "maternal depletion syndrome" has been commonly used to explain poor maternal and infant health, whether such a syndrome actually exists remains unclear. This uncertainty may be due to the lack of a clear definition of the syndrome and the absence of theoretical frameworks that account for the many factors related to reproductive nutrition. METHODS: We propose a new definition of maternal depletion syndrome within a framework that accounts for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Our conceptual framework distinguishes between childbearing pattern and inadequate diet as causes of poor maternal health; hence, our definition of maternal depletion syndrome has both biological and practical meaning. The new definition is based on overall change in maternal nutritional status over one reproductive cycle in relation to possible depletion and repletion phases and in relation to initial nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: The empirical application of this approach should permit the testing of the existence of maternal depletion syndrome in the developing world, and the distinction between populations where family planning will alleviate maternal depletion and those in which an improved diet is also necessary.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed2000

Cow's milk consumption, HLA-DQB1 genotype, and type 1 diabetes: a nested case-control study of siblings of children with diabetes. Childhood diabetes in Finland study group.

The evidence for the putative role of cow's milk in the development of type 1 diabetes is controversial. We studied infant feeding patterns and childhood diet by structured questionnaire (n = 725) and HLA-DQB1 genotype by a polymerase chain reaction-based method (n = 556) in siblings of affected children and followed them for clinical type 1 diabetes. In a nested case-control design in a population who had both dietary and genetic data available, we selected as cases those siblings who progressed to clinical diabetes during the follow-up period (n = 33). For each case, we chose as matched control subjects siblings who fulfilled the following criteria: same sex, age within 1 year, not from the same family, the start of the follow-up within 6 months of that of the respective case, and being at risk for type 1 diabetes at the time the case presented with that disease (n = 254). The median follow-up time was 9.7 years (range 0.2-11.3). Early age at introduction of cow's milk supplements was not significantly associated with progression to clinical type 1 diabetes (relative risk adjusted for matching factors, maternal education, maternal and child's ages, childhood milk consumption, and genetic susceptibility markers was 1.60 [95% CI 0.5-5.1]). The estimated relative risk of childhood milk consumption for progression to type 1 diabetes was 5.37 (1.6-18.4) when adjusted for the matching and aforementioned sociodemographic factors, age at introduction of supplementary milk feeding, as well as for genetic susceptibility markers. In conclusion, our results provide support for the hypothesis that high consumption of cow's milk during childhood can be diabetogenic in siblings of children with type 1 diabetes. However, further studies are needed to assess the possible interaction between genetic disease susceptibility and dietary exposures in the development of this disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Metabolic fate of cysteine sulfur in growing rats at various dietary protein levels.

The metabolic fate of L-[35S]cysteine was investigated in growing rats fed on diets containing graded levels of protein calorie percentages (0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 PC%) by use of purified whole egg protein at 4,100 kcal of metabolizable energy per kilogram of diet. Incorporation of radioactivity into body protein during the 12 h period after intraperitoneal injection of 35S-cysteine was about 70% of the dose in the 0 to 15 PC% group, but it decreased significantly in the 30 PC% group, showing a break point at around 15 PC% in the diet. A considerable amount of the radioactivity was recovered in the carcass soluble fraction in which the label in the taurine fraction gradually increased with increasing dietary protein levels from 0 to 30 PC%. Urinary excretion of total 35S during the 12 h period was depressed in the lower PC% groups, but it increased in the 30 PC% group, about 23% of the dose being recovered. More than 50% of the urinary radioactivity was present in the inorganic sulfate fraction, but less than 10% was in the taurine fraction. These results indicate that cysteine sulfur is preferentially utilized for body protein synthesis, especially in dietary protein depletion, and that the oxidation of cysteine sulfur to taurine and inorganic sulfate is elevated with higher PC% in the diet. The response pattern of cysteine sulfur metabolism to dietary protein intake resembled that of cysteine carbon metabolism which was previously reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Survey on nutritional knowledge, attitude and practice among the residents in Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai].

A survey on nutritional knowledge, attitude and practice (K-A-P) was carried out among 965 residents aged between 20 and 50 and randomly selected in Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai. The results showed that subjects' knowledge level was not high, and their knowledge scores were significantly correlated with their education levels (r = 0.3011, P < 0.010). Subjects aged above 35 had a higher knowledge level than that of younger ones. Subjects from three cities held a positive and favorable attitude towards the acquisition of nutritional knowledge, reasonable dietary pattern and healthy diet habits. Results of food frequency survey indicated that the consumption of rice/flour, meat/poultry, vegetables, fruits, milk and milk products was relatively high. In addition, 89.5%, 78.8% and 47.8% of subjects selected newspaper, TV and broadcast as their main sources of nutritional information respectively. This survey provided basis on content and method for future nutrition education.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Pharmacological treatment of obesity. Past, present, and future.

Physicians have struggled with the pharmacological treatment of obesity. In the past, thyroid hormone was often used inappropriately. Dangerous drugs such as dinitrophenol and amphetamines were prescribed, with serious side effects. In the 1980s, a 3 1/2-year study using antiobesity medications with different mechanisms of action supported the theory that patients treated with combination therapy experienced greater weight loss than the placebo-treated patients and that those who remained on therapy were more likely to keep the weight off. Thus, physicians began prescribing "fen-phen" to their patients in the mid-1990s. In 1997, manufacturers voluntarily withdraw the fenfluramines from the market after study results linked their use with valvular heart disease. Since then, two new drugs with different mechanisms of action have been approved for use by the FDA. Sibutramine (Meridia) is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor acting on the appetite center in the hypothalamus, and orlistat (Xenical) is a pancreatic lipase inhibitor. Research on antiobesity drugs continues. More than 30 potentially new drugs are in various stages of research. It could be years, however, before any of them are proven useful and safe. Antiobesity pharmacology is meant to be used as a tool to treat the disease. Lifestyle changes in the form of diet and exercise patterns are still the crux of therapy.

Appetite Depressants↗
PubMed2000

Comparing palmolein with different predominantly monounsaturated oils: effect on plasma lipids.

Our group has compared plasma lipids in randomised crossover trials in which approximately half the fat intake of subjects was changed from palmolein to each of three predominantly monounsaturated oils in a series of experiments in free living volunteers. With canola oil total cholesterols were lower than on palmolein; part of this reduction was due to lower HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) so that total cholesterol/HDL-c was only 2% lower. With olive oil mean total cholesterols were the same as on palmolein but HDL-cholesterols were a little lower and LDL-cholesterols a little higher. Plasma lipid fatty acid patterns confirmed the diet change, showing 5% higher 16:0 on palmolein and 11% higher 18:1 on olive oil. To test the possibility that lack of effect of the extra palmitic acid in the palmolein-olive oil comparison was because subjects were young, thin and active, comparison of a third oil, high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) with palmolein was made in both young and middle-aged subjects. Plasma total and LDL-cholesterols were 7% lower in the whole group on HOSO but HDL-c was also 5% lower so total cholesterol/HDL-c was only 3% lower than on palmolein. There was no difference in lowering of LDL-c on HOSO between young and older subjects. In comparisons of all three predominantly monounsaturated oils with palmolein a higher HDL-c on palmolein reduced the presumed health benefit of lower total cholesterols on canola and high oleic sunflower oil. The reason for no reduction of total cholesterol on olive oil compared with palmolein was presumably due to the higher linoleic and higher phytosterols in palmolein and higher squalene in the olive oil.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Factors associated with overweight/obesity in economically active South African populations.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with self-reported weight status of economically active adults from the 4 major ethnic groups in South Africa. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: A random sample (N=2100) was selected from a database of economically active adults from the 4 major ethnic groups in South Africa (Black, White, Asian, and mixed ancestry). Of the 2100 selected, 554 subjects returned mailed questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight status (BMI), dieting history, meal patterns, intake of high fat food items and alcohol, level of physical activity, smoking habits, family history of obesity, and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: Identified risk factors for overweight/obesity included: Black ethnicity, education level < or = Grade 7, inactivity, and at least one overweight parent. Protective factors included: describing one's own weight as under- or normal weight, hardly ever or never binging, not having tried to lose weight during the past year, and describing one's own health as excellent. Factors that were not related to overweight/obesity in this group included: employment status, income, smoking, meal patterns, intake of high fat food items and alcohol, and "sick" days taken off from work during the prior 6 months.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Nutrient intakes of 2- to 10-year-old American children: 10-year trends.

Nutrient intakes of American children aged 2 to 10 years were compared for the years 1978 and 1988 using a unique nutrient assessment system designed and developed by the Nutrition Department at General Mills. This system integrated data from three sources: 14-day food consumption diaries collected from 4,000 households in the Market Research Corporation of America Menu Census panel surveys; serving-size data from the spring 1977 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey; and nutrient data from the Michigan State University Nutrient Data Bank. The results indicate that energy and macronutrient intakes remained fairly constant over the 10-year period. Average daily vitamin and mineral intakes were lower in 1988 than in 1978 for the majority of those studied; however, most nutrient levels remained over 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). For more than 50% of the population, the intakes of calcium, vitamin B-6, and zinc were below the RDAs. Our findings indicate the need for continued monitoring of the impact of changing food consumption patterns on the diets of American children.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Phospholipid metabolism and protein kinase C mediated protein phosphorylation in dietary protein deficiency in rat lung.

Nutritional deprivation of proteins decreases the protein kinase C (PKC) activity in rat lung. The activity of (PKC) is influenced by lipid metabolism. Changes in PKC activity may influence phosphorylation of its substrate proteins in the tissues. Therefore, alterations in phospholipid metabolism and PKC mediated protein phosphorylation in dietary protein deficiency in rat lung were envisaged. The study was conducted on rats fed on three different types of diet viz., casein (20% protein), deficient (4% protein, rice flour as source of protein) and supplemented (deficient diet supplemented with L-lysine and DL-threoning). Feeding of protein deficient diet caused reduction in incorporation of [3H] myo-inositol in the total phosphoinositides in lungs and an increase in total inositol phosphate pool. There was a significant reduction in the contents and turnover rate of phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl inositol monophosphate. Supplementation of diet with L-lysine and DL-threonine had a reversing effect on total pool of phosphoinositides and, the metabolism of phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate and phosphatidyl inositol. In phosphatidyl choline metabolism, the dietary protein deficiency led to a decrease in incorporation of [14C-methyl] choline-chloride in total phospholipids. In contrast, its incorporation increased in phosphatidyl choline pool. The contents of phosphatidyl choline and residue, incorporation of [14C-methyl] choline-chloride in them and their turnover rate also increased. Supplementation of diet had a reversal effect on most of these parameters. Phosphorylation of proteins of 84, 47, 35 and 16 kDa was identified to be mediated by PKC. In dietary protein deficiency, phosphorylation of all these proteins, except that of 47 kDa, increased. Supplementation of diet reversed the pattern except that of 84 kDa. The findings suggest that changes in phospholipid metabolism in dietary protein deficiency may effect the activity of PKC thereby influencing the phosphorylation of its substrate proteins and hence associated functions that may lead to pathophysiology of lung.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Diabetes mellitus--particularly with cardiac and renal problems].

The worldwide incidence of diabetes mellitus is high and clearly on the rise. The incidence in children keeps increasing and amounts to approx. 12.7/100,000 for type 1 and an astonishing 1.7/100,000 for type 2 in under 19-year-olds (German Diabetes Society). This review looks at various international studies on diabetes-related complications, morbidity and mortality. The studies demonstrate that overall prognosis depends on type of diabetes, gender, complications and age at onset. Regardless of the type of diabetes, mortality is mainly caused by vascular and renal complications. Changing diet and lifestyle patterns are leading to a growing number of children with type 2 diabetes. Obviously valid mortality studies are not available as yet. For the time being the question remains open whether mortality among 10-year-old type 1 patients is higher than among 10-year-old type 2 patients. This group is in the focus of international research and will be of importance in future life and health underwriting.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1990

[Omega-3-fatty acids: their value in nutrition and prevention].

Based on epidemiological, experimental and physiological evidence, this review examines whether omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3-PUFA) are cardioprotective and whether they are therefore relevant to the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The high intake of omega-3-PUFA among Greenlandic Eskimos has been supposed to be a key factor for their low mortality rate of coronary heart disease (CHD). Other ecological studies from Norway and Japan suggest that higher fish consumption might be cardioprotective. Three cohort studies have shown an unequivocal inverse relation between fish-intake and CHD mortality, while two others--possibly for methodological reasons--have not shown clear overall associations. Several biological effects of omega-3-PUFA are known which may moderate and influence positively the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, double-blind trials with clinical endpoints are not yet available to confirm these effects. For the time being, fish oil capsules should not be recommended as cardioprotective dietary supplementation, because some uncertainty about their long-term safety and dosage remains. Fish consumption is safe and modifies the FA-pattern of the diet favourably. From the point of view of prevention, rising fish intake up to twice or three times weekly can therefore be recommended for people residing in Switzerland.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1987

Behavioral and psychological traits of weight-conscious teenagers: a comparison of eating-disordered patients and high- and low-risk groups.

The present study was designed to test the clinical hunch that members of high-risk groups, such as athletes, have psychological traits similar to persons with eating disorders. Three groups of adolescent females (eating-disordered, athletes, and students) were studied to determine their menstrual, dieting, and exercise patterns and their self-images. Although the three groups fell on a continuum of anorexic-like behaviors, their self-images were not on a similar continuum. Eating-disordered females had the poorest self-images while athletes were the best adjusted of all three groups. Eating-disordered subjects exhibited extremely low scores on emotional tone and social relationships, suggesting that these dimensions of self-image may be characteristic which clearly distinguish the eating-disordered from so-called high-risk persons.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Uptake and transport of nonprotein nitrogen by the ruminant gut.

Ruminants can use dietary or endogenous nonprotein nitrogen (N) to meet protein requirements largely because of the symbiotic relationship between the ruminant and its gut microbes. Because of gut fermentation, a substantial portion (16-80%) of N is absorbed as ammonia N (NH3N). Net uptake of NH3N by portal-drained viscera ranges from 0.4 to 6.5 times net uptake of alpha-amino N, with proportionally greater net uptake of NH3N with forage diets than with high-energy diets. Uptake of NH3N appears to be by diffusion; therefore, rates of absorption are controlled by factors regulating NH3N concentrations in chyme. Urea N is transferred directly to the lumen of the gut from blood and indirectly from blood as a constituent of saliva. Therefore, rate of urea transfer is controlled in part by blood concentrations of urea. However, other less clearly defined mechanisms relating to type of diet, ruminal fermentation patterns, and intraruminal concentrations of metabolites affect urea transfer to the rumen. Urea N transfer to the lumen of the gut ranges from 10 to 42% of N intake. Nucleic acid N is absorbed from the small intestine as part of purines and pyrimidines, some of which ruminants may incorporate directly in nucleotides. Estimated nucleic acid N absorption is 7-8% of N intake.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1984

Regulation and expression of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I mRNA in developing rat liver and Morris hepatoma 5123D.

A cDNA clone complementary to mRNA encoding the precursor (Mr = 165,000) to the rat liver mitochondrial matrix enzyme carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (Mr = 160,000) was employed to compare relative amounts of the messenger in adult and fetal liver and in Morris hepatoma 5123D and 3924A cells. Northern blot analysis gave a size estimate for the messenger of 6,500-6,700 nucleotides. Carbamyl phosphate synthetase mRNA levels in 15-day-old fetal liver were less than 10% of adult levels; 5123D cells expressed the messenger at levels about 2-fold higher than normal adult liver, but the messenger was undetectable in 3924A cells. Albumin mRNA was also expressed in the former but not in the latter. Maintaining rats for 5 days on a diet containing 60% casein augmented the relative amount of carbamyl phosphate synthetase mRNA by about 2-fold, while a protein-free diet resulted in reduced levels of the mRNA (about 50% compared to animals on a normal diet). Finally, the pattern of hybridization of carbamyl phosphate synthetase cDNA to HindIII-digested genomic DNA showed no differences between normal liver and its corresponding hepatoma; however, a HindIII site polymorphism was observed between Buffalo and ACI rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The Tokelau island migrant study: prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus.

Tokelauans show an increased prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus after migration to the modern industrial society of New Zealand (NZ). In females the prevalence rose from 6.1 percent before migration to 10.8 percent afterwards, while in males a nonsignificant rise from 2.3 percent to 4.4 percent was observed. Migrants who had been in New Zealand for longer periods had higher incidence than other migrants. Time since arrival in New Zealand was a significant predictor of diabetes, but time spent in an intermediate environment, Samona, on the way to New Zealand was not. Increase in body weight and adiposity occurred in the migrants. Adiposity was associated with an increased risk of diabetes, but nonspecific weight increase was not. Diabetic females had experienced 15 percent more births than nondiabetic females. Changed energy balance related to diet and work patterns may be related to the increased incidence of diabetes in migrants, in a population predisposed by high serum uric acid concentrations, obesity and high fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Changes in nutrient intake during a behavioral weight control program.

Behavioral modification holds promise of being an effective mode of therapy for obesity. It focuses on changing clients' eating habits and does not always include specific dietary guidance. This study was conducted to learn whether such behavior modification training results in the adoption of nutritionally sound dietary patterns. Originally, the diets of fifteen individuals met two-thirds of all Recommended Dietary Allowances. After a twenty-week program, the only nutrients below this level were iron, thiamin, and calcium. Other changes involved an increase in nutrient density for protein, fiber, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, and cholesterol. Nutrient density for carbohydrates, fat, and calcium decreased.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Serum alpha 2 globulin concentrations in South African Negro adults free from coronary heart disease.

In Western populations serum alpha 2 globulin concentration has been reported to be significantly higher in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) compared with those unaffected. In South Africa, since CHD is extremely rare in Negroes in rural areas, it was judged of value to determine serum alpha 2 globulin concentrations in I. groups of rural elderly Negroes (men and women), and, for comparison, II. two groups of middle-aged to elderly White men, one free from overt CHD, and the other, patients with CHD. Mean values on the Negroes were significantly higher than those on both the White groups. In the latter, the group with CHD had a significantly higher mean value than the non-CHD group. Possible reasons for high values in the Negro groups are an ethnic difference, early malnutrition, greater exposure to infections, and pattern of habitual diet. It is concluded that interpretation of a raised serum alpha 2 globulin concentration in relation to proneness to CHD is influenced by the population concerned.

Age Factors↗