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PubMed1989

Unusual features of cereal seed protein structure and evolution.

The alcohol-soluble (prolamin) storage proteins of barley, wheat and rye vary in their structures, but all have two features in common: the presence of distinct structural domains differing in amino acid compositions, and of repeats within one of these domains. Detailed comparisons of amino acid sequences show that all appear to have evolved from a single ancestral gene consisting of three short related regions (called A, B and C). Regions related to A, B and C are also present in the minor prolamins of maize and in three other groups of seed proteins: inhibitors of alpha-amylase and/or trypsin from cereals. 25 storage globulins from several dicotyledonous species and a 2S albumin from sunflower. It is suggested that these proteins together constitute a protein superfamily with limited sequence homology.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Position paper on RDA for protein for children.

The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) by the National Academy of Sciences are revised approximately every five years. The RDA are compromise opinions of highly qualified nutritional scientists based on interpretations of available data. As with any interpretations of available data. As with any, interpretations and opinions not found on definitive information, they are subject to challenges. The RDA for protein for 7-to 9-uear-old children have been adjusted downward from 60 g in 1958 to 36 g in 1974, a 40% reduction. Data from our laboratories have shown positive apparent nitrogen balances on intakes as low as 18 g daily when no allowances were made for integumental and other nitrogen losses, however, based on accumulative data over several years we calculate the protein requirement to be 45 g daily from a typical American diet. If a safety factor of 30% is added the allowance would become 58.5 g. Currently the RDA for protein for the 7- to 10-year-old child supplies 6% of the RDA for Calories which contrasts to 8.30 and 9.20% for adult males and females, respectively. For comparison, energy from protein as a percentage of total energy for some common foods are: white bread, 12%; corn meal 10%; white rice 7%; and wheat flour 13%.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Management of celiac disease in childhood and adolescence: unique challenges and strategies.

Celiac disease (CD) is a common condition that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals when they ingest products containing wheat, barley, or rye. It produces an autoimmune-mediated enteropathy with characteristic histologic features on small intestinal mucosal biopsy. The clinical manifestations of CD are highly variable and initially may be unrelated to the gastrointestinal system. The condition is also strongly associated with other autoimmune and nonautoimmune conditions. Physicians caring for children and adolescents are challenged with identifying those who might have CD and require referral for definitive testing, recognizing the potential pitfalls in the diagnostic work-up of the pediatric patient, and providing ongoing care for those with a positive diagnosis. Confirmation of the diagnosis mandates that the individual be placed on a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) for life, as this is the only treatment currently available for CD. This article will discuss the immunopathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of CD and will outline a strategy of active case-finding using serological tests to identify those who require an intestinal biopsy for definitive diagnosis. The need for lifelong treatment by means of a GFD and for continued follow-up of children and adolescents after diagnosis is emphasized.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Mortality of globally threatened Sarus cranes Grus antigon from monocrotophos poisoning in India.

Globally threatened Sarus cranes Grus antigon are resident at Keoladeo National Park World Heritage site and the surrounding area near Bharatpur, Western Rajasthan, India. In winter, they are joined by c. 200 wintering common cranes Grus grus. On 23 November 2000, 15 Sarus cranes and three common cranes were found dead in a field adjacent to the park, where wheat seed had been sown the previous day. Chemical analyses of seed samples from the field and the cranes' alimentary tract contents identified residues of the organophosphate insecticide monocrotophos. Monocrotophos concentrations of 0.8 and 1.8 ppm were found in wheat samples, and 0.2-0.74 ppm (x=0.33) in the alimentary tract contents of five of the seven cranes examined. No other organophosphate or organochlorine pesticides were detected. We conclude that the cranes died from monocrotophos poisoning after eating treated seed. We discuss similar incidents of avian mortality, and recommend that measures be taken to reduce these.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Celiac disease-related antibodies in an epilepsy cohort and matched reference population.

Celiac disease (CD) is a common immunologically mediated enteropathic condition manifesting in genetically predisposed individuals after exposure to wheat gluten. CD may be associated with a number of neurological disorders, and the prevalence of epilepsy is reported to be increased in patients with CD. We studied the prevalence of CD-associated antibodies in a cohort of 968 patients with epilepsy and in a population-based reference group of 584 subjects. There was no difference in the prevalence of IgA and IgG class antigliadin antibodies (AGAbA and AGAbG, respectively), endomysial antibodies (EMA), and tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGAbA) between patients with epilepsy and the control population. This suggests the presence of CD to be the same in patients with epilepsy and the reference population. However, AGAbA was more prevalent in patients with primary generalized epilepsy (19.6%) than in the reference population (10.6%, relative risk 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.1-3.0, P=0.012).

Antibodies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adsorption kinetics and rheological interfacial properties of plant proteins at the oil-water interface.

Adsorption and rheological properties of plant proteins were determined by means of the dynamic pendant drop technique. The plant protein properties were compared with the interfacial properties of gelatin, which is well-known for its surface-active properties and is commonly used in food and health products. The results showed that alpha gliadins (wheat proteins) and pea globulins have the highest surface active properties at the oil-water interface, even higher than gelatin at the same concentration (weight/volume). After a short time of adsorption, alpha gliadin interfacial behavior is characterized by a pronounced viscoelasticity, which was confirmed with time whereas pea protein interfacial behavior became elastic after a long initial adsorption period. Finally, the behavior of gelatin is very close to the alpha gliadin behavior for the short initial adsorption period, whereas it looks like the behavior of legume seed proteins for longer times of the adsorption kinetics. This study emphasizes the importance of the choice of the proteins and the emulsification time in the encapsulation process, according to the interfacial behavior.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2003

Heat stability of zearalenone in an aqueous buffered model system.

Zearalenone is an endocrine disruptor with estrogenic activity, produced primarily by Fusarium graminearum, a common cause of corn ear rot and Fusarium head blight or scab in wheat. Zearalenone can be a contaminant of both corn and wheat and may survive thermal food processes. This study was done to determine the heat stability of zearalenone. Reduction of zearalenone was measured during heating at different temperatures (100, 125, 150, 175, 200, and 225 degrees C) in an aqueous buffer solution at different pH values. The rate and extent of zearalenone reduction increased with processing temperature. Less than 23% of zearalenone was lost when heated to </=125 degrees C whereas 34-68% was lost at 150 degrees C after 60 min, depending on the pH of the buffer. Greater than 92% of zearalenone was lost after 60 min when heated to >/=175 degrees C, and complete reduction of zearalenone was observed in less than 30 min at 225 degrees C, regardless of pH. Overall, zearalenone was most stable at pH 7 followed by that at pH 4 and 10, and the greatest losses occurred above 175 degrees C.

Buffers↗
PubMed2005

Lethal and sublethal effects of fenitrothion and deltamethrin residues on the egg parasitoid Trissolcus grandis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae).

Effects of fenitrothion and deltamethrin, the most commonly used insecticides in Iran for controlling Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), in wheat and barley were assessed on adults and preimaginal stages of egg parasitoid Trissolcus grandis Thompson (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Adult parasitoids exposed to field recommended concentrations of the insecticides suffered 100% mortality within 24 h. LC50 values of fenitrothion and deltamethrin for T. grandis were 8.1 and 3.9 microg (AI) /ml, respectively. Both insecticides and the preimaginal stage of exposure had a significant influence on the level of adult emergence from host eggs treated with field recommended rates. Fenitrothion and deltamethrin reduced the emergence rates by 18 and 34.4%, respectively, compared with the control. However, neither insecticide significantly affected the longevity or reproductive capacity of emerged females, or the sex ratio of their progeny. This study revealed that application of these insecticides should be avoided in early season to conserve natural or released populations of T. grandis. Both insecticides seemed to be detrimental to the parasitoid and need to be applied cautiously through season.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

tRNA-like properties of tobacco rattle virus RNA.

The 3' terminal forty nucleotides of tobraviral RNAs readily fold into a tertiary structure, resembling that of tymo- and tobamoviral RNAs. The latter RNAs possess a tRNA-like structure at their 3' end that is recognized by a number of tRNA-specific enzymes (Rietveld et al. (1984), EMBO J. 3, 2613-2619). Characteristic for their aminoacyl acceptor arm is the presence of a so-called pseudoknot which we now also find in a corresponding position at the 3' terminus of TRV RNA2 (PSG strain). The nucleotide sequences of all tobraviral RNAs analysed so far indicate that they all possess a similar 3' terminal structure. A domain resembling the anticodon arm of canonical tRNA is not readily recognizable. TRV RNA2 can be adenylated with CTP, ATP; tRNA nucleotidyl transferase and ATP. It is unable, however, to accept any of the twenty common amino acids when incubated with ATP and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from wheat germ or yeast. We conclude that TRV RNA contains a tRNA-like structure, which, in contrast to the tymo- and tobamoviral tRNA-like structures, cannot be aminoacylated. It is unlikely therefore, that aminoacylation of plant viral RNAs with a tRNA-like structure is a prerequisite for viral RNA replication.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Antigens associated with various cytotoxic activities of murine peripheral macrophages.

BCG- or glucan-elicited murine peripheral macrophages released a cytotoxin in the presence of loach egg lectin, whereas proteose peptone-, glycogen-, or thioglycollate-elicited or resident macrophages did not. The macrophages that released cytotoxin coincided with those that showed lectin-dependent macrophage-mediated cytolysis (LDMC) in response to loach egg lectin. The cytotoxin released by BCG-elicited macrophages in response to loach egg lectin had a molecular weight of 55 K daltons. The macrophages that released cytotoxin and other cytotoxic macrophages such as those that showed LDMC- and antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated cytolysis (ADMC) were examined by using several antibodies to surface antigens of macrophages. The results showed that murine peripheral macrophages could be divided into three types. Resident macrophages (Type I) which had common macrophage antigens (Mac-1 and B12) showed only LDMC in response to wheat germ agglutinin. Some elicited macrophages (Type II) were asialo GM1-positive and showed both ADMC and LDMC in response to wheat germ agglutinin. Activated macrophages (Type III) showed LDMC in response to loach egg lectin and cytotoxin-release, but had no antigen detectable with monoclonal anti-macrophage antibody (C14). These three types of macrophages were clearly distinguished diagrammatically by their roof-shaped, rocket-shaped and irregular-shaped profiles of activities and antigens. These data suggest that several selected surface antigens of macrophages are associated with distinct cytotoxic stages of peripheral macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A poly(A) tail-responsive in vitro system for cap- or IRES-driven translation from HeLa cells.

In cells, the poly(A) tail stimulates translation from messenger RNAs bearing a cap structure or viral IRES elements. This 3' end-mediated stimulation of translation is not reflected in commonly used commercial cell-free translation systems prepared from rabbit reticulocytes or wheat germ. We describe a simple procedure to generate poly(A) tail-responsive translation extracts from HeLa cells. We suggest that this procedure should be adaptable to many animal cell lines.

Cell-Free System↗
PubMed1988

The substitution of carrier priming of helper function in the common American newt, Notophthalmus viridescens by lectins and human lymphokines.

There is no clear evidence that helper function is thymus dependent in the Common American newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Here we test the capacity of concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, human rIL-1 and rIL-2, reagents which stimulate T cell activities in other species, to substitute for carrier priming in the newt. Cytofluorimetric analyses have been used to demonstrate specific IL-2 receptor binding sites on newt splenocytes. Competitive pre-binding with rIL-2 tested whether anti-IL-2 receptor antibody binding sites would bind rIL-2. While Con A can substitute for carrier priming in the newt only when it is presented on Sepharose or agarose particles, wheat germ agglutinin cannot, even when it is injected in particulate form. Additionally, human rIL-1 can serve as an effective substitute for carrier priming, but rIL-2 cannot. The cytofluorimetric data are in agreement with the functional data in that they suggest that human rIL-2 may not bind newt splenocytes. Our data which show shared lectin specificities with T cell regulated helper function in another amphibian species are consistant with the possibility that T-like cells are responsible for helper function in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults--no clinical relevance of wheat and rye sensitizations.

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) is often associated with concomitant atopic diseases. In children with EE in whom food allergens have been identified as causative factors, elemental and elimination diets result in an improvement or resolution of symptoms. Most adult EE patients are sensitized to aeroallergens, which cross-react with plant-derived food allergens, most commonly to grass pollen and cereals. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To investigate the clinical relevance of the sensitization to wheat and rye, and the efficacy of an allergen-specific elimination diet in adult EE patients. METHODS: Six patients (five men, one women) with permanently active EE sensitized to grass pollen and the cereals wheat and rye underwent a double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge and were kept on an elimination diet avoiding wheat and rye for 6 weeks. RESULTS: The challenge tests with wheat and rye did not provoke any EE symptoms in all patients. The elimination diet failed in reducing disease activity. Although one patient noticed an improvement of symptoms, endoscopic and histopathologic findings remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: In adult EE patients, sensitization to wheat and rye does not seem causative for EE. Elimination diet is not a reliable and efficient therapeutic measure in EE patients sensitized to wheat and rye. Low specific immunoglobulin-E levels to wheat and rye may be a consequence of the underlying grass pollen allergy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Lignin Peroxidases, Manganese Peroxidases, and Other Ligninolytic Enzymes Produced by Phlebia radiata during Solid-State Fermentation of Wheat Straw.

The white rot fungus Phlebia radiata 79 (ATCC 64658) produces lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), glyoxal oxidase (GLOX), and laccase in the commonly used glucose low-nitrogen liquid medium. However, the enzymes which this fungus utilizes for selective removal of lignin during degradation of different lignocellulosic substrates have not been studied before. Multiple forms of LiP, MnP, GLOX, and laccase were purified from P. radiata culture extracts obtained after solid-state fermentation of wheat straw. However, the patterns of extracellular lignin-modifying enzymes studied were different from those of the enzymes usually found in liquid cultures of P. radiata. Three LiP isoforms were purified. The major LiP isoform from solid-state cultivation was LiP2. LiP3, which has usually been described as the major isoenzyme in liquid cultures, was not expressed during straw fermentation. New MnP isoforms have been detected in addition to the previously reported MnPs. GLOX was secreted in rather high amounts simultaneously with LiP during the first 2 weeks of growth. GLOX purified from P. radiata showed multiple forms, with pIs ranging from 4.0 to 4.6 and with a molecular mass of ca. 68 kDa.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Skin manifestations of food allergies.

The role of dietary factors in chronic skin diseases has been a subject of controversy, but several investigators have shown the effectiveness of elimination diets in the management of some patients with atopic dermatitis. Chronic skin diseases are common, complex, and often difficult to treat; therefore, the physician should consider all possible causes. More people consider themselves to have food allergies than can actually be documented to have an immunologic reaction to foods. Six foods--egg, peanut, cow's milk, soy, fish, and wheat--account for most skin reactions to food in children, with egg, peanut, and cow's milk being most common. Elimination of the offending food can be an effective form of treatment, but it must be done with caution, and while ensuring that the patient maintains adequate nutrition.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in 24 kDa dimeric alpha-amylase inhibitors from cultivated wheat and its diploid putative progenitors.

Seventeen new genes encoding 24 kDa family dimeric alpha-amylase inhibitors had been characterized from cultivated wheat and its diploid putative progenitors. And the different alpha-amylase inhibitors in this family, which were determined by coding regions single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) of their genes, were investigated. The amino acid sequences of 24 kDa alpha-amylase inhibitors shared very high coherence (91.2%). It indicated that the dimeric alpha-amylase inhibitors in the 24 kDa family were derived from common ancestral genes by phylogenetic analysis. Eight alpha-amylase inhibitor genes were characterized from one hexaploid wheat variety, and clustered into four subgroups, indicating that the 24 kDa dimeric alpha-amylase inhibitors in cultivated wheat were encoded by multi-gene. Forty-five cSNPs, including 35 transitions and 10 transversions, were found, and resulted in a total of ten amino acid changes. The cSNPs at the first site of a codon cause much more nonsynonymous (92.9%) than synonymous mutations, while nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations were almost equal when the cSNPs were at the third site. It was observed that there was Ile105 instead of Val105 at the active region Val104-Val105-Asp106-Ala107 of the alpha-amylase inhibitor by cSNPs in some inhibitors from Aegilops speltoides, diploid and hexaploid wheats.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

A laboratory evaluation of the palatability of legumes to the field slug, Deroceras reticulatum Müller.

Slugs are major pests of many crops, including winter wheat, in temperate climates, yet current methods of control are often unreliable. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential for common legume species to act as an alternative source of food, or trap crop, for the most damaging agricultural pest species, the grey field slug, Deroceras reticulatum Müller, thereby reducing damage to the wheat crop. A series of three controlled-environment experiments were designed to assess this aim. Individual slugs were fed leaves of one of ten legume species together with winter wheat leaves for a 72-h period. A clear hierarchy of acceptability was shown, with red clover, lucerne, lupin and white clover showing significantly higher Acceptability Indices than the other six species tested. Red clover produced the greatest reduction in mean wheat consumption (78%) from day 1 to day 3. When species were fed individually, red clover was consumed in significantly greater quantities than any of the other treatments: 40% more than white clover and 56% more than wheat. Furthermore, when fed with red clover the amount of wheat consumed was some 50% less than when the latter was fed alone. The results indicate that legumes vary greatly in their acceptability to D. reticulatum and it is essential that a legume with a high Acceptability Index is chosen, which results in the least amount of wheat consumed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Circulating progesterone may be the cause of slower gastrointestinal movement in mid and late pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of different methods for treating constipation in pregnancy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and Medline (1987 to 1997). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of any treatment for constipation in pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial quality assessments and data extraction were done independently by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: One trial of 40 women was included. Fibre supplements increased the frequency of defaecation (odds ratio 0.18, 95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.67), and lead to softer stools. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplements of fibre in the form of bran or wheat fibre are likely to help women experiencing constipation in pregnancy.

Constipation↗