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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Habitat-related mtDNA polymorphism in the stored-bean pest Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).

The genetic diversity of populations of the azuki bean beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus) from natural, pre-harvest and post-harvest sites, was investigated to understand population structure and gene flow. A 522-bp fragment of the mitochondrial gene COI was sequenced for eight populations of C. chinensisfrom Japan, Korea and Taiwan collected from different habitats. Six haplotypes were detected, one of which, U1, occurred most frequently and widely. The following hypotheses were tested as a cause of the wide distribution of haplotype U1; (i) topographical separation (by national boundaries), (ii) host plant species, and (iii) habitat type (natural, pre-harvest crop, or post-harvest storage). Categorization of collection sites by country or by host species did not yield differences in the occurrence of haplotype U1, but habitat type did. Populations utilizing cultivated post-harvest hosts that were mass stored were highly likely to be the common haplotype, whereas host plants in natural habitats away from agriculture were utilized by populations with locally characteristic haplotypes. Sampling of commercial beans for quarantine and export purposes indicated that gene flow in C. chinensis was largely unidirectional into Japan at the present time.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Pectic zymogram variation and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 to bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) isolates in Isfahn, Iran.

Rhizoctonia disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most important fungal diseases in bean fields in Isfahan, Iran. Bean plants showing stem and root cankers were collected and Rhizoctonia-like fungi obtained from the samples were identified by anastomosis. Pure cultures of bean isolates of R. solani were identified as AG-4. There were also AG-4 isolates from tomato, potato, cucumber, alfalfa and sugar beet in the areas sampled. A total of 163 isolates of R. solani AG-4 originating from stem and root cankers of beans were examined using pectic zymogram electrophoresis. Polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin estrase isozymes were observed in all AG-4 isolates tested. One (PG) and one pectic esterase (PE) band was found in common between all isolates examined. The electrophoretic patterns were grouped into seven zymogram groups (ZGs) according to the diagnostic PG and PE bands. One ZG occurred in a high frequency throughout the areas sampled. A pathogenicity test was conducted and representative isolates of each ZG were used to inoculate healthy bean plants. The results showed that each ZG caused different symptoms with varying severity. Isolates belonging to two ZGs were highly pathogenic causing root, stem and hypocotyl cankers whereas isolates of the other ZGs produced weak or no symptoms.

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel↗
PubMed1986

Specific cleavage of kinetoplast minicircle DNA from Leishmania tarentolae by mung bean nuclease and identification of several additional minicircle sequence classes.

Multiple sequence classes of kinetoplast minicircle DNA from Leishmania tarentolae were cleaved by mung bean nuclease in the presence of formamide, yielding unit length linear molecules which retained the anomalous electrophoretic mobility in acrylamide characteristic of minicircle DNA. No specific cleavage site sequence common to all minicircle sequence classes was apparent, although the main region of nuclease cleavage was localized approximately 350 bp from the unique SmaI restriction site of the conserved region found in all minicircle sequence classes. Covalent closure of the minicircle substrate was not a requirement for cleavage, as linearized network-derived or cloned minicircles were also cleaved by mung bean nuclease at similar locations. The partial sequences of several new minicircle sequence classes released from the network by mung bean nuclease are also reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Coffee contains cholinomimetic compound distinct from caffeine. I: Purification and chromatographic analysis.

Both regular and decaffeinated coffees were found to have cholinomimetic actions when tested in urethane-anesthetized rats. These actions were distinct from those of caffeine and reversible by atropine. The bioactive fraction was purified from alcoholic extracts of instant decaffeinated coffee by liquid column chromatography and preparative TLC. The purified compound showed similar pharmacological actions as the starting material. Chromatographic behavior was further characterized by analytical TLC and HPLC. Chromatographic analyses of extracts of green coffee beans and roasted ground coffees showed that the cardioactive compound was only present in roasted coffees. Similar analyses of other commonly consumed beverages, including teas and cocoa, showed that this compound was not present in beverages besides coffee.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1991

Infectivity and complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned genomic components of a bipartite squash leaf curl geminivirus with a broad host range phenotype.

Through cloning and molecular analysis we have identified two highly homologous bipartite geminiviruses as causing squash leaf curl disease. Mechanical and Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation of plants with cloned viral DNA components identified the two genomic components of SqLCV-E, a squash leaf curl virus with an unexpectedly broad host range for a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the genome of this virus showed it to have the same bipartite component organization characteristic of other whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. Sequence comparison with the genomic components of tomato golden mosaic virus and bean golden mosaic virus revealed a close evolutionary relationship with these two bipartite geminiviruses, with which SqLCV-E shares common hosts. These studies provide clear molecular evidence for the assignment of SqLCV to the subfamily of bipartite geminiviruses.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

110mAg root and foliar uptake in vegetables and its migration in soil.

110mAg, as a radionuclide of corrosion products in water-cooled nuclear reactors, was detected in the liquid effluents of Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station (GNPS) of Daya Bay under normal operation conditions. Experiments on a simulated terrestrial agricultural ecosystem were carried out using the pot experiment approach. The most common plants in Hong Kong and the South China vegetable gardens such as lettuce, Chinese spinach, kale, carrot, pepper, eggplant, bean, flowering cabbage, celery, European onion and cucumber were selected for (110m)Ag root and foliar uptake tests. The results show that carrot, kale and flowering cabbage have the greatest values of soil to plant transfer factor among the vegetables, while(110m)Ag can be transferred to Chinese spinach via foliar uptake. Flowering cabbage, the most popular leafy vegetable locally, could be used as a biomonitor for the radioisotope contamination in vegetables. Soil column and adsorption tests were also carried out to study the leaching ability and distribution coefficient (K(d)) of (110m)Ag in the soil. The results show that most of the radionuclide was adsorbed in the top 1 cm of soil regardless of the pH value. The K(d) was also determined.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2004

Solution structure of a methionine-rich 2S albumin from sunflower seeds: relationship to its allergenic and emulsifying properties.

The three-dimensional structure in aqueous solution of SFA-8, a 2S albumin 103-residue protein from seeds of sunflower (Helianthus anuus L.), has been determined by NMR methods. An almost complete (1)H resonance assignment was accomplished from analysis of two-dimensional (2D) COSY and 2D TOCSY spectra, and the structure was computed by using restrained molecular dynamics on the basis of 1393 upper limit distance constraints derived from NOE cross-correlation intensities measured in 2D NOESY spectra. In contrast with most other 2S albumins, SFA-8 consists of a single polypeptide chain without any cleavage in the segment of residues 30-46. The computed structures exhibited an rmsd radius of 0.52 A for the backbone structural core (residues 11-30 and 46-101) and 1.01 A for the side chain heavy atoms. The resulting structure consists of five amphipathic helices arranged in a right-handed superhelix, a folding motif first observed in nonspecific lipid transfer (nsLTP) proteins, and common to other 2S albumins. In contrast to nsLTP proteins, neither SFA-8 nor RicC3 (a 2S albumin from castor bean) has an internal cavity that is able to host a lipid molecule, which results from an exchange in the pairing of disulfide bridges in the CXC segment. Both 2S albumins and nonspecific lipid transfer proteins belong to the prolamin superfamily, which includes a number of important food allergens. Differences in the extension and solvent exposition of the so-called "hypervariable loop" (which connects helices III and IV) in SFA-8 and RicC3 may be responsible for the different allergenic properties of the two proteins. SFA-8 has been shown to form highly stable emulsions with oil/water mixtures. We propose that these properties may be determined partly by a hydrophobic patch at the surface of the protein which consists of five methionines that partially hide the Trp76 residue. The flexibility of the loop which contains Trp76 and the hydrophobicity of the whole environment may favor a conformational change, by which the Trp76 side chain may become inserted into the oil phase.

2S Albumins, Plant↗
PubMed1991

Polypeptide composition of bacterial cyclic diguanylic acid-dependent cellulose synthase and the occurrence of immunologically crossreacting proteins in higher plants.

To comprehend the catalytic and regulatory mechanism of the cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP)-dependent cellulose synthase of Acetobacter xylinum and its relatedness to similar enzymes in other organisms, the structure of this enzyme was analyzed at the polypeptide level. The enzyme, purified 350-fold by enzyme-product entrapment, contains three major peptides (90, 67, and 54 kDa), which, based on direct photoaffinity and immunochemical labeling and amino acid sequence analysis, are constituents of the native cellulose synthase. Labeling of purified synthase with either [32P]c-di-GMP or [alpha-32P]UDP-glucose indicates that activator- and substrate-specific binding sites are most closely associated with the 67- and 54-kDa peptides, respectively, whereas marginal photolabeling is detected in the 90-kDa peptide. However, antibodies raised against a protein derived from the cellulose synthase structural gene (bcsB) specifically label all three peptides. Further, the N-terminal amino acid sequences determined for the 90- and 67-kDa peptides share a high degree of homology with the amino acid sequence deduced from the gene. We suggest that the structurally related 67- and 54-kDa peptides are fragments proteolytically derived from the 90-kDa peptide encoded by bcsB. The anti-cellulose synthase antibodies crossreact with a similar set of peptides derived from other cellulose-producing microorganisms and plants such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhizobium leguminosarum, mung bean, peas, barley, and cotton. The occurrence of such cellulose synthase-like structures in plant species suggests that a common enzymatic mechanism for cellulose biogenesis is employed throughout nature.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed2005

Quantification of ricinine in rat and human urine: a biomarker for ricin exposure.

Ricin is a toxalbumin derived from the castor bean plant, Ricinus communis. Ricinine is an alkaloid (3-cyano-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone) that shares a common plant source with ricin, and its presence in urine infers ricin exposure. A new quantification method for ricinine was developed that uses solid-phase extraction to prepare 1-mL urine samples (81% recovery) for a 5-min, isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography method, followed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Protonated molecular ions were selected in the multiple reaction monitoring mode and quantified by isotope dilution with (13)C(6)-labelled ricinine as the internal reference. Urine pools enriched with ricinine at two concentrations were characterized as quality control materials and then used to validate the method. The method limit of quantification was 0.083 ng/mL, even with a confirmation ion of low relative abundance. Ricinine was stable in human urine when heated at 90 degrees C for 1 h, and during storage at 25 degrees C and 5 degrees C for 3 weeks. The method was applied to an animal exposure study, a crude ricin preparation scheme, and a forensic analysis. These studies show that ricinine can be measured in rat urine at least 48 h after exposure. Ricinine is present in crude preparations of ricin, and it can be found in human urine after a lethal exposure to ricin.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1993

The nucleotide sequence and genome structure of mung bean yellow mosaic geminivirus.

Complete nucleotide sequences of the infectious cloned DNA components (DNA 1 and DNA 2) of mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) were determined. MYMV DNA 1 and DNA 2 consists of 2,723 and 2,675 nucleotides respectively. DNA 1 and DNA 2 have little sequence similarity except for a region of approximately 200 bases which is almost identical in the two molecules. Analysis of open reading frames revealed nine potential coding regions for proteins of mol. wt. > 10,000, six in DNA 1 and three in DNA 2. The nucleotide sequence of MYMV DNA was compared with that of bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV), tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). The 200-base region common to the two DNAs of each virus had little sequence similarity, except for a highly conserved 33-36 base sequence potentially capable of forming a stable hairpin structure. The potential coding regions in the MYMV DNAs had counterparts in the BGMV, TGMV and ACMV, suggesting an overall similarity in genome organization, except for absence of 1L3 in MYMV DNA 1. The most highly conserved ORFs, MYMV 1R1, BGMV 1R1, TGMV 1R1 and ACMV 1R1, are the putative genes for the coat proteins of MYMV, BGMV, TGMV and ACMV, respectively. MYMV 1L1 has also a high degree of sequence similarity with BGMV 1L1, TGMV 1L1 and ACMV 1L1.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Ricin and Ricinus communis agglutinin subunits are all derived from a single-size polypeptide precursor.

Antibodies have been raised in rabbits against the individually purified A and B subunits of the toxic castor bean lectin, ricin, and against the A' and B' subunits of Ricinus communis agglutinin type I. Each of the antisera recognised a single polypeptide species of Mr 60 500 when maturing castor bean endosperm mRNA was translated in vitro in a rabbit-reticulocyte-derived system. When dog pancreatic microsomal vesicles were included in the translational system, each subunit antiserum precipitated a group of 66 000-68 000-Mr core-glycosylated polypeptides which had been translocated into the lumen of the vesicles. The 60 500-Mr polypeptide appeared to be a common precursor to all four individual lectin subunits since (a) its glycosylated (66 000-68 000-Mr) forms were readily detected in the endoplasmic reticulum fraction isolated from maturing castor bean endosperm and (b) pulse-chase studies showed that the glycosylated precursors disappeared from the endoplasmic reticulum fraction with the concomittant appearance of authentic lectin subunits in a soluble protein fraction which included protein body matrix components. Antiserum prepared against whole R. communis agglutinin, type I, also precipitated the 65 000-Mr precursor in vitro and in vivo, but in addition precipitated a non-glycosylated 34 000-Mr polypeptide. This smaller protein is not a lectin subunit precursor, contradicting an earlier suggestion. It is most probably a precursor to the 2-S albumin storage proteins found in castor bean endosperm protein bodies.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1977

Mode of action of trichothecenes.

In the present discussion, the author summarized the toxicological and biological features of thirty kinds of trichothecene mycotoxins which are produced by a wide range of Fusarium, Myrothecium and others. The 12, 13-epoxytrichothecenes induce nausea, emesis, vomiting, skin inflamation, leukopenia, diarrhea, hemorrhage in lung and brain, and destruction of bone marrow. Since these toxicological characteristics coincide with a major symptom of intoxicated humans and farm animals induced by consumption of moldy cereals and feeds, the red-mold toxicosis and bean-hulls poisoning in Japan, moldy corn toxicosis in U.S.A., A.T.A., stachybotryotoxicosis and dendrochiotoxicosis in Europe, are originated from a common toxicant, trichothecenes. Orally administered trichothecenes are rapidly absorbed and eliminated into the feces and urine upon deacetylation at C-4 by the microsomal esterase of liver. Biochemical approaches to the mode of action revealed that the trichothecenes are a potent inhibitor of protein and D.N.A. syntheses in eukaryotic cells. Bindings to the eukaryotic polysomes and ribosomes and the subsequent inactivation of ribosomal cycle is responsible for their inhibitory effect to initiation and termination reactions. Microbial approaches revealed that the trichothecenes are mutagenic to yeast cells, but are negative in D.N.A.-attacking ability to Bacillus subtilis and reversion assay with Salmonella typhimurium. Reactivity of the epoxide ring of trichothecenes with S.H.-group of proteins will be discussed in relation to the molecular mechanism of action.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Protracted diarrhea in infancy: clinical aspects and ultrastructural analysis of the small intestine.

Protracted diarrhea is a clinical entity characterized by diarrhea lasting greater than 2 weeks, starting before 3 months of age, with severe nutritional aggravation and negative stool culture for enteropathogens. This report deals with the ultrastructural abnormalities found in the intestinal mucosa of children with protracted diarrhea. Forty children (mean age 5.1 months) were studied. They were submitted to the following tests of intestinal function: D-xylose, triglyceride tolerance, small bowel biopsy (light and electron microscope), sigmoidoscopy, and sweat test. D-Xylose absorption and triglyceride tolerance test in these patients were both significantly lower than controls. Ultrastructural analysis of the small bowel of 12 patients showed various degrees of alterations, mainly shortening of the microvilli, increased number of multivesicular bodies, and vacuolation of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. These lesions were totally reversible after clinical and nutritional recovery as could be proven in two children. The most common cause of protracted diarrhea in these patients was secondary carbohydrate intolerance and dietary protein cow's milk and soy bean intolerance, which resulted in colitis or malabsorption as a consequence of intestinal mucosa injury due to acute gastroenteritis.

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

Seed-borne fungi and ochratoxin A contamination of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Republic of Croatia.

The study was designed to identify seed-borne fungi on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crops grown in 13 counties of the Republic of Croatia and their association with ochratoxin A (OTA) production. Bean samples (N=45) were collected in Croatia in 2001 shortly after the harvest and were stored at -20 degrees C for mycological and mycotoxin analyses. The most common fungi isolated were Cladosporium spp. (98%) Alternaria spp. (75%), Aspergillus spp. (73%), Rhizopus spp. (73%), Penicillium spp. (69%), Fusarium spp. (38%), Botrytis spp. (27%), Trichothecium spp. (24%), and Chaetomium spp. (18%). OTA was found only in samples contaminated with Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. Using HPLC (detection limit 0.25 microg/kg), OTA was found in 17 out of 45 samples (38%), and the mean concentration in positive samples was 0.41+/-0.21 microg OTA/kg. Beans from south Croatia (Adriatic coast) were OTA-free and the least mould-infected, while the mean OTA concentration and mould infection of samples from other regions were similar. The OTA contamination of beans in our country is low. Although beans are not severely contaminated with OTA, their consumption may contribute to the exposure to OTA from other commodities.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1993

Editing corrects mispairing in the acceptor stem of bean and potato mitochondrial phenylalanine transfer RNAs.

Editing is a general event in plant mitochondrial messenger RNAs, but has never been detected in a plant mitochondrial transfer RNA (tRNA). We demonstrate here the occurrence of a tRNA editing event in higher plant mitochondria: in both bean and potato, the C encoded at position 4 in the mitochondrial tRNA(Phe)(GAA) gene is converted into a U in the mature tRNA. This nucleotide change corrects the mismatched C4-A69 base-pair which appears when folding the gene sequence into the cloverleaf structure and it is consistent with the fact that C to U transitions constitute the common editing events affecting plant mitochondrial messenger RNAs. The tRNA(Phe)(GAA) gene is located upstream of the single copy tRNA(Pro)(UGG) gene in both the potato and the bean mitochondrial DNAs. The sequences of potato and bean tRNA(Pro)(UGG) genes are colinear with the sequence of the mature bean mitochondrial tRNA(Pro)(UGG), demonstrating that this tRNA is not edited. A single copy tRNA(Ser)(GCU) gene was found upstream of the tRNA(Phe) gene in the potato mitochondrial DNA. A U6-U67 mismatched base-pair appears in the cloverleaf folding of this gene and is maintained in the mature potato mitochondrial tRNA(Ser)(GCU), which argues in favour of the hypothesis that the editing system of plant mitochondria can only perform C to U or occasionally U to C changes.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Nutrient intake and growth of preschool children from different socioeconomic regions in the city of oaxaca, México.

Dietary intake and anthropometric measurements were determined in 124 preschool children, aged 4-6 years, living in the city of Oaxaca, México. The children were classified by socioeconomic status, depending upon their living conditions and family income. A composite diet representing the typical diet according to socioeconomic group was formulated and chemically evaluated. Corn tortillas and beans were the primary protein and energy sources for the children of this study. The inclusion of dairy products, animal products, and fruits and vegetables was not common. The children in the low-income group, which represents the majority of the children of this area, received only 63% of the recommended intake. Also for the low-income group, protein and iron recommendations were met but by plant-based sources. Protein contributed 10% of the energy, 78% were from carbohydrates and 12% from fat. Calcium intake was low, meeting only 34% of the recommendation and zinc intake was 51%. Fiber intake was very high, coming primarily from beans and tortillas. In the low- income group, Z scores for height and age were -1.60 for boys and -1.75 for girls. Weight-for-age Z scores were -0.90 and -0.97 for boys and girls, respectively. The weight-for-height Z scores for this group were 0.33 and 0.12 for boys and girls, respectively. Although energy needs were not met, extreme stunting was not detected.

Child↗
PubMed2007

Selection of colour of sticky trap for monitoring adult bean thrips, Caliothrips fasciatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).

Adult bean thrips, Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande), overwintering inside the navel of navel oranges shipped from California to Australia, are an actionable pest for the importing country, i.e. infested lots are fumigated with methyl bromide. Strict quarantine regulations regarding C. fasciatus prompted studies on the best colour sticky trap that might be used to monitor for bean thrips populations in the vicinity of California citrus groves prior to harvesting fruit for export. Preliminary experiments identified the most attractive trap of each of four colours (blue, green, white, yellow) commonly used to sample adult Thysanoptera. Three trials of a field study were conducted, comparing C. fasciatus capture on the best card of each colour using asparagus ferns naturally infested with high levels of this pest. Based on significantly higher catch on green sticky cards, this colour trap is recommended for potential use in California's bean thrips mitigation plan designed to reduce thrips levels on citrus exported to Australia.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of the antioxidant activity of commonly consumed polyphenolic beverages (coffee, cocoa, and tea) prepared per cup serving.

In this study, the in vitro low-density lipoprotein oxidation model was used to assess the relative antioxidant activity of the polyphenolic beverages tea, coffee, and cocoa on a cup-serving basis. The beverages were prepared as 0.7-2.5% soluble coffee and 1.5-3.5% cocoa; teas (green, black, or herbal) were prepared as one tea bag infused over 5 min in 220 mL of hot water. Under these standard cup serving conditions, the antioxidant activity as determined by the lag time was in the range of 292-948 min for coffee, 217-444 min for cocoa, 186-338 min for green tea, 67-277 min for black tea, and 6-78 min for herbal tea. Addition of milk did not alter the antioxidant activity. The influence of coffee bean source and degree of roasting was further investigated. Green coffee beans of Robusta coffee exhibited a 2-fold higher antioxidant activity than Arabica coffee, but after roasting this difference was no longer significant. In conclusion, these commonly consumed beverages have a significant antioxidant activity, the highest being soluble coffee on a cup-serving basis.

Antioxidants↗