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PubMedDate not supplied

Allergic rhinitis and atopy in 18-year-old students.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopy in adolescents and whether air pollution in their schools contributed to allergic sensitization. METHODS: Analyses were performed in 1992-1994 on 511 18-year-old students at four schools and on the indoor air and floor dust of their classrooms. The students underwent skin-prick tests (SPTs) and a nasal lavage and answered a computer-based questionnaire containing questions on allergy and nasal symptoms. RESULTS: Atopy, defined as at least one positive SPT response, was found among 37% of the students, with no difference between students of the four schools, regardless of whether the data were adjusted for gender, hereditary disposition to allergy, and smoking habits. The number of students who had positive SPT and reported nasal symptoms when exposed to possible allergens, which were found among 35%, did not differ between the schools. No correlation was found between the prevalence of atopic individuals and the levels of different indoor air pollutants in the schools. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of allergic rhinitis among adolescents is very high and suggests that it is, at least at the time of our study and in comparison with other studies, still increasing. Our results indicate that the indoor air and floor dust at the schools of the students do not contribute to allergic sensitization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Atopy to dander from domestic animals.

Atopy to dander from domestic animals occurs rather frequently in atopic patients, especially danders from the cat, guinea-pig, horse, rabbit, and golden hamster. There is no clear sex difference. The age group in which the phenomenon is found most frequently is from 21 to 30 years. As in hay-fever patients during the season, we found a double-peaked frequency curve for the blood eosinophilia. Animal-dander atopy was diagnosed particularly in patients with asthma and/or with atopic eczema. The strength of skin reactions to a series of three tenfold dilutions of standardized test extracts appears to be a good index for the origin of clinical symptoms after contact with the relevant animals.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Atopy and bronchial responsiveness in random population sample of 527 children and adolescents.

The relationship between bronchial responsiveness, lung function, and results of skin prick testing was studied in 527 children and adolescents from Copenhagen. All participants completed a questionnaire concerning allergic symptoms (asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria). Furthermore, skin prick test reactivity to nine common aeroallergens, lung function, serum IgE and bronchial responsiveness to histamine and exercise were measured. A total of 53 subjects were atopic, (skin prick 3+), 105 subjects had moderate skin reactivity (1-2+), and 366 subjects had no signs of atopic disease (prick test negative); 58% of the subjects with skin test reactivity (1-3+) were asymptomatic. Increasing degree of atopy was correlated significantly with symptoms such as asthma, rhinitis, dermatitis, and urticaria (P less than .001); increasing level of IgE (P less than .001); month of birth (P = .001); and family history of allergic diseases (P less than .05). The most important markers for the degree of bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine were the presence of respiratory symptoms (P less than .001), the degree of atopy (P = .001), a history of asthma in at least two first degree relatives (P less than .01), and the skin reactivity to house dust mites (P = .001), horse epithelium (P = .01), Alternaria iridis, and dog epithelium (P less than .05). In contrast, the degree of bronchial responsiveness to exercise was significantly correlated with asthma (P less than .001), the level of IgE (P less than .05), month of birth (P less than .001), and birth weight (P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Manifestations of ocular allergy (atopy) in childhood. Present possibilities of therapy].

Vernal catharr of the conjunctivae is frequently the initial symptom of dermorespiratory syndrome. In all nine children where ophthalmological and other manifestations of varying extent of general atopy were combined, the authors revealed a marked increase of immunoglobulin IgE 220-2230 I.U./ml (normal values up to 150 I.U./ml) and polyvalent allergy. In the treatment of vernal catharr the authors used a combination of antihistaminics and preventive immunopharmaceutical preparations administered locally (Spersallerg and Opticrom) or as general medication (Hismanal and Zaditen), supplemented by aimed hyposensitization. In acute stages of the inflammation of the eye the authors administered Triamcinolon into the upper transient conjunctival fold. In the treatment of secondary infection Garasone was most effective. A finding interesting from the immunological aspect was vernal catharr without general symptoms of atopy in a patient with hypogammaglobulinaemia IgA.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in two populations with different prevalences of atopy.

SETTING: Random population samples of young adults from Tartu, Estonia (n = 307) and Uppsala, Sweden (n = 498) in the framework of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence and risk factors for bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine in two centres with similar climate and ethnicity but differences in the prevalence of atopy, asthma and respiratory symptoms. DESIGN: General population-based cross-sectional survey. RESULTS: The prevalence of BHR using the cut-off points 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 mg was 19%, 12% and 8% in Tartu and 11%, 7% and 2%, respectively, in Uppsala. Current smoking was a common risk factor for BHR in both centres. Female sex (odds ratio [OR] 2.9), sensitisation to cat (OR 5.9) and visible mould in the home (OR 2.4) were independent risk factors for BHR in Tartu. In Uppsala, BHR was significantly associated with total IgE levels (OR 2.0) and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (OR 3.3). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of BHR can explain the high prevalence of respiratory symptoms in Tartu and indicates that causes other than asthma and atopy can be responsible for the high prevalence of BHR in a population.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Occurrence of atopy in asthmatic children].

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases among children. The prevalence of asthma among adult and children has systematically increased for the last thirty years. It was hypothesized that atopy was a strong background predisposing to asthma. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of atopy in children suffering from asthma. Two groups of children were examined. The study group consisted of 24 children aged 3-7 suffering from asthma and 26 children with bronchitis. Data about each patient's personal and family allergic history were collected. Each child had skin prick tests with common allergens made, total and specific IgE level was measured and blood eosinophil count and spirometry were performed. The result showed that asthma in 88% of the children had an atopic background. Above 70% of the children had allergic diseases other than asthma--the most common was allergic rhinitis (54%) and atopic dermatitis (37.5%). Skin tests revealed that the examined children were mostly sensitized to the allergens of house dust (85.7%), house dust mite (66.6%), and grass pollen (33.3%). Atopic features were also found in children suffering from recurrent bronchitis.

Asthma↗
PubMed2005

Genetic aspects of atopy and atopic dermatitis.

This review presents updated evidence on the genetic basis of atopy and atopic dermatitis. The etiology of atopic processes remains partially unknown but is likely to result from multifactorial inheritance, with an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. It seems that at least two major mechanisms, non-antigen specific and antigen specific, regulate the immune response to environmental allergens in humans. While many of environmental components have been studied for years, only recently significant progress has been made in identifying the genes responsible for susceptibility or expression of atopic diseases. Genome-wide screens in various populations have identified the locations of susceptibility genes for asthma and atopy as well as associated phenotypes such as bronchial hyperresponsiveness and increased total IgE concentrations typical for patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Further research on genetic and environmental relationships is necessary for better understanding of atopic processes and development of new therapeutic approaches.

Dermatitis, Atopic↗
PubMed1991

[Immune regulatory importance of prostaglandins E in atopy].

The concept proposed for the pathogenesis and prevention of atopy [Hautarzt (1989) 40:685-692] is refined by further insights into the immunoregulatory role of E-prostaglandins. It is demonstrated that in vitro IgE synthesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures of patients with atopic dermatitis is suppressed by the addition of PGE1 or PGE2. The enhanced IgE production in atopy is explained by insufficient PGE-mediated down-regulation of interleukin-4-induced IgE synthesis.

Dermatitis, Atopic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Can atopy patch tests with aeroallergens be an additional diagnostic criterion for atopic dermatitis?

UNLABELLED: The complex pathomechanisms underlying skin lesions in atopic dermatitis (AD) result in variations of the clinical picture and frequent diagnostic difficulties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of atopy patch tests (APT) for aeroallergens in the diagnosis of AD. The study involved 115 adult patients with AD and 98 healthy volunteers (the control group). APTs for cat dander allergens, birch pollen, a mixture of house dust mite species and a mixture of 5 grass pollen allergens were applied for both groups. Positive reaction to at least one test allergen was found in 53.9% patients compared to 6.2% in the control group (p<0.001). The most frequent hypersensitivity (45.2%) observed was to house dust mite allergens. Polyvalent allergy to 2-4 allergens was found in 56.5% patients. The specificity of tests exceeded 75%, whereas the sensitivity varied from 18 to 66%. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Atopy patch tests, which are characterised by considerable specificity, confirm the role of polyvalent contact hypersensitivity to aeroallergens in the development of atopic dermatitis. 2. Positive aeroallergen ATP results are observed in the majority of patients and can thus be regarded as an additional diagnostic criterion in atopic dermatitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Genetics of asthma and atopy: how many genes?].

Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disease involving many genes and environmental factors. Numerous genetic association studies of asthma, atopy and bronchial hyper-responsiveness have consistently implicated a small number of genes, most of which are involved in immune responses. Genome-wide screens of various populations in the past three years have identified six asthma and/or atopy susceptibility genes by means of positional cloning. However, the precise functions of these genes are unclear. Recent advances in molecular methods for genotyping thousands of polymorphisms in candidate regions (and, very soon, across the entire genome), together with new statistical methods applicable to complex biological systems, will rapidly identify new culprit genes as well as gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. A better knowledge of asthma susceptibility will lead to better diagnosis, prevention and treatment of this increasingly frequent disease.

Asthma↗
PubMed1991

Aberrant T cell regulation of IgE production in atopy.

Atopy is associated with elevated serum levels of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). IgE production is preferentially induced by the T cell-derived lymphokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and is suppressed by interferon and prostaglandins, of which interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is produced by T cells. We review our studies on the question of whether atopy is associated with CD4+ allergen-specific T cells with an unbalanced lymphokine production. We prepared panels of housedust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)-specific T lymphocyte clones (TLC) from atopic and non-atopic individuals and found that TLC from housedust mite-allergic patients produced IL-4 but not IFN-gamma, whereas such TLC from a non-atopic individual produced IFN-gamma and only in some cases small amounts of IL-4. Candida albicans- and tetanus toxoid-specific TLC, established from one of the atopic donors, also produced IFN-gamma without IL-4, suggesting that the atopic state is characterized by a defective accumulation of IL-4-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes into the allergen-specific T cell repertoire.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The predictive value of Phadiatop Paediatric in the determination of atopy in allergic diseases in children.

We obtained 28 patients with asthma bronchiale in this study. The presumptive diagnosis of allergy was made on the basis of history and physical examination. The positive result of the skin test to inhalant extracts and positive history of inhalant allergy add a confirmatory evidence in the diagnosis of inhalant allergy. The diagnosis of food allergy was judged by positive result in the provocation test. This study provided 15 patients with food allergy and 13 patients with food and inhalant allergy. House dust and mites were the most prevalent positive result in the skin test. While in the provocation test, egg and milk were found as the most prevalent food causing symptoms of allergy. The skin test predicted the atopy with an efficiency of 53.5%, while Phadiatop Paediatric predicted the atopy with an efficiency of 82.1%. We concluded, as a screening procedure in allergy, the Phadiatop Paediatric is better than the skin test. Nevertheless the skin test has its superiority in the development of logical environmental controls and as a guide to immunotherapy in inhalant allergy.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗
PubMed1991

The prevalence of atopy and hypersensitivity to formaldehyde in pathologists.

Sixty-three pathologists in active practice in the province of Alberta, Canada, provided a history regarding atopy and sensitivity to formaldehyde. Serum samples were assayed for total IgE level and the presence of IgE with specificity toward timothy grass, cat, house dust, and formaldehyde. Twenty-nine of the subjects (46.0%) gave a history of atopy that was confirmed in 12 by either IgE level or a positive radioallergosorbent test. Twenty-nine (46.0%) complained of formaldehyde sensitivity. In this study, no pathologist had allergen-specific IgE directed against formaldehyde, and there was no evidence of a tendency for atopic subjects to be more prone to sensitivity to formaldehyde. However, this may be related to a deliberate reduction in exposure by individuals experiencing adverse effects.

Drug Hypersensitivity↗
PubMed1979

[The atopy syndrome].

Atopy is defined as that familial form of increased reactivity which is characterized by a probably genetically determined, spontaneously occurring preferential production of IgE as a response to the natural exposure to allergens normally present in the environment, and whose clinical manifestation as a disease is additionally dependent on a non-immunologically conditioned increase in reagibility of the tissues. An attempt is made to show how many different factors must cooperate to produce atopic disease, and how these factors are mutually influenced by their actions. The implications of this definition of atopy are discussed with reference to prophylaxis and treatment in clinical practice.

Allergens↗
PubMed1990

Bronchial reactivity and atopy in asthma discordant monozygotic twins.

Bronchial reactivity was studied in six asthma-discordant monozygotic twin pairs. In four pairs, atopy was confirmed in the asthmatic twin. It was not confirmed in any of the nonasthmatics. In five pairs, the asthmatic twin was markedly more reactive than the nonasthmatic partner. Bronchial reactivity correlated significantly with total IgE. The results indicate that hyperreactivity and atopy were acquired.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Beta-adrenergic receptors in nasal tissue with reference to their role in asthma and atopy.

Thirty-three samples of nasal tissue (turbinates and polyps) were collected and assayed for beta-adrenergic receptor (BAR) sites (radio-ligand assay). Patients were divided into groups: 1) nasal turbinates, 2) nasal polyps, both under the aspects of atopy and bronchial hyperreactivity. Different radiobinding was found in both groups: Patients A with high BAR and patients B with low BAR numbers. There was no correlation between BAR numbers--clinical symptoms and bronchial hyperreactivity. Generally the BAR numbers were higher in turbinates (p less than 0.01) than in polyps and in nonatopic compared to atopic patients (p less than 0.005). "Affinity state 1" BAR are equal in all groups; however, "affinity state 2"BAR are significantly less in polyps (p less than 0.05). In 50% of the examined cases there was a combination of polyps, asthma and atopy putting foreward a common line of pathogenesis in this entity. It is discussed that the underlying inflammation (allergic and non-allergic) is the cause for reduced BAR numbers in the effected tissue. So far nasal tissue seems to be like a mirror compared to the results from lower respiratory tract tissue with respect to beta-adrenergic receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Dermatophytosis and atopy].

The association of dermatophytosis and atopy on patients from the University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, was carried out during 1984-1985 as follows: a) 141 cases exhibiting lesions on feet, glabrous skin, groins, nails and scalp. The dermatophytes were demonstrated in the material from skin and nail scrapings and depilated hairs by direct microscopic examination and culture; b) 131 cases of several skin diseases other than dermatophytosis (control group). Both were inquired about personal history of atopic dermatitis, asthma and rhinitis. In the first group 14 (9.9%) patients gave a positive personal history of atopy while in the control group only one (0.7%) did it. The comparison between the studied groups was made be means of the chi-square test and a statistically significant difference was established (p less than 0.001) giving a greater risk for getting dermatophytosis to those suffering from atopic disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Prevalence and incidence of chronic bronchitis and farmer's lung with respect to age, sex, atopy, and smoking.

This study was based on data provided by 9,483 farmers from a larger sample of 12,056 Finnish farmers. The data were collected in two postal surveys, with a 3-year interval between them, conducted by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. About one-third of the whole population were smokers. Among men the prevalence of smoking was 58.6% and among women 10.2%. Among men the prevalence of smokers was larger in older groups, among women the situation was reversed. Based on past or present infantile eczema, atopic dermatitis, or allergic rhinitis, one-third of the subjects were classified as atopic. The prevalence of atopy was essentially the same in all age groups. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was 8.0%, and the mean annual incidence was 2,017 per 100,000 farmers. Among farmers who tended cattle the prevalence of farmer's lung was 1.7% and the mean annual incidence was 540 per 100,000 similar farmers. Chronic bronchitis was twice as common among atopic as among non-atopic subjects and twice as common among smokers as among non-smokers. Atopy and smoking seemed to have an additive effect on both the prevalence and incidence of chronic bronchitis. The results strongly support the so-called "Dutch hypothesis" about the natural history of chronic bronchitis, according to which chronic bronchitis is closely related to asthma. Farmer's lung was only slightly more common among atopic than among non-atopic subjects and twice as common among non-smokers as among smokers.

Adult↗