Hemispheric speech lateralization in children with auditory-linguistic deficits.
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Association↗
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An assessment of verbal recall, recognition and fluency abilities in patients with Huntington's disease.
Two investigations concerned with the memory deficits of patients with Huntington's Disease (HD) were performed. In the first experiment, early and advanced HD patients showed superior recognition memory than did alcoholic Korsakoff patients on modified recall and recognition forms of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. In contrast, on a letter fluency test (FAS) requiring the patients to search their semantic memories, both HD groups produced fewer correct words and perseveration errors than did the alcoholic Korsakoff group. In the second experiment, HD patients and Korsakoff patients were compared in their and recognition of short passages. While the HD and Korsakoff patients were equally impaired on recall tests, the HD patients evidenced significantly better recognition memory than did the amnesic group. As on the fluency test, the prose of the Korsakoff patients was characterized by intrusion (i.e., perseverative) errors. The results of the two experiments indicate that HD and Korsakoff patients' memory deficits are related to deficiencies in retrieval and an increased sensitivity to proactive interference, respectively.
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
Verbal recall and recognition abilities in patients with Wilson's disease.
Tests of memory and verbal fluency were administered to 19 neurologically impaired Wilson's patients, 12 non-neurologically impaired Wilson's patients and 15 normal control subjects. Wilson's patients with neurologic disease recalled significantly fewer words on the delayed recall version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test than control subjects (p less than .05) but they showed no impairment on the recognition version of this test. On a verbal fluency test (FAS) requiring the subject to retrieve items from different categories, Wilson's patients with neurologic disease generated significantly fewer words than control subjects (p less than .01). Results suggest that retrieval memory is mildly impaired in the neurologic WD group but rate of learning and rate of forgetting is normal.
Adolescent↗
Oral fluency and narrative production in children with Turner's syndrome.
Despite good verbal skills, children with Turner's syndrome (TS) have been found to perform poorly on oral fluency tasks. Explanations for this impairment were explored in a study of 9-12-year-old children with TS. The children with TS were found, as expected, to have impaired levels of retrieval on initial letter fluency tasks, in comparison to their peers. Children with TS were also found to have receptive vocabularies which were significantly better than controls, indicating that the weak performance on oral fluency cannot be attributed to lower vocabulary levels. Naming skills were normal for children with TS, indicating that oral fluency scores cannot be attributed to generalised problems with lexical access. Analysis of the content of fluency performance indicated clusters of words within sub-categories which were of normal size but there were fewer switches between clusters than for controls and fewer returns to previously successful clusters. Additionally, a significantly larger proportion of the words generated were of low frequency (e.g. Assyrian, antediluvian) and the children with TS did not thereby show a normal frequency effect in word retrieval. One explanation is that these reflect abnormal action of executive language retrieval processes. Within narrative production, picture description was normal. However, in relation to narrative tasks, hypothesised to place greater executive demands, there was impairment which was significantly greater for narratives of yesterday than narratives of organising a party. This impairment within the narrative generation tasks could be attributable to a selective impairment within executive retrieval skills, or could represent an impairment in episodic memory or the executive processes involved in its retrieval.
Child↗
Spelling via semantics and phonology: exploring the effects of age, Alzheimer's disease, and primary semantic impairment.
Spelling performance across a common set of stimuli was examined in young adults, healthy older adults, individuals with early stage dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), and four individuals with a primary semantic impairment (PSI). The stimuli included homophones and low-frequency sound-to-spelling consistent (i.e. words with more predictable spellings) and inconsistent words (i.e. words with less predictable spellings). The results indicate that when spelling homophonic words (spelling/pleIn/ as plane versus plain), younger adults and to a greater extent individuals with PSI placed relatively more emphasis on phonological information (i.e. spell the word based on sound-to-spelling principles) whereas healthy older adults and individuals with DAT placed relatively more emphasis on semantic information (i.e. spell the word based on the dominant usage). For non-homophonic words, large consistency effects (spelling plaid as plad) were observed for both individuals with DAT and individuals with PSI. It is proposed that the decrease in accuracy for inconsistent words has different bases in DAT and PSI. We propose that deficits in attentional control (i.e. selection) underlie performance in DAT whereas disruption of semantic representations underlies performance in PSI.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Intentional and automatic measures of specific-category effect in the semantic impairment of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
The breakdown of semantic knowledge relative to living and non-living categories was studied in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The same living and non-living items were used in a semantic battery and in a semantic priming paradigm exploring automatic access to the semantic system. Although AD patients showed a semantic deficit on the intentional semantic battery, they demonstrated normal semantic facilitation on the priming task. In the AD group as a whole, the semantic impairment did not preferentially affect the living category either in the intentional or automatic condition. Instead, a prevalent deficit for the living category was found in three AD patients (14% of the group) on the intentional semantic tasks, but not on the automatic one. These findings support the view that the category effect may not be a generalised phenomenon in AD but may be restricted to a limited number of patients. The intentional/automatic dissociation of the semantic breakdown demonstrated by AD patients is discussed in relation to different theories regarding the organisation of semantic memory.
Aged↗
On the automaticity/cerebellar deficit hypothesis of dyslexia: balancing and continuous rapid naming in dyslexic and ADHD children.
The present study examined the relationship of reading disability (RD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to balancing problems. In the cerebellar deficit hypothesis of dyslexia of Nicolson et al. [Trends Neurosci. 24 (2001) 508], balancing problems are taken as sign of a cerebellar deficit and were found to be associated with dyslexia. Four groups of 10 children each, representing all combinations of RD (absent versus present) and ADHD (absent versus present), were included. However, poor balancing (assessed both singly and together with a secondary task) was not found to be associated with RD, but with ADHD. In contrast, poor performance on continuous rapid naming tasks (digit and color naming) was found to be associated with RD and not with ADHD.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
Approximate quantities and exact number words: dissociable systems.
Numerical abilities are thought to rest on the integration of two distinct systems, a verbal system of number words and a non-symbolic representation of approximate quantities. This view has lead to the classification of acalculias into two broad categories depending on whether the deficit affects the verbal or the quantity system. Here, we test the association of deficits predicted by this theory, and particularly the presence or absence of impairments in non-symbolic quantity processing. We describe two acalculic patients, one with a focal lesion of the left parietal lobe and Gerstmann's syndrome and another with semantic dementia with predominantly left temporal hypometabolism. As predicted by a quantity deficit, the first patient was more impaired in subtraction than in multiplication, showed a severe slowness in approximation, and exhibited associated impairments in subitizing and numerical comparison tasks, both with Arabic digits and with arrays of dots. As predicted by a verbal deficit, the second patient was more impaired in multiplication than in subtraction, had intact approximation abilities, and showed preserved processing of non-symbolic numerosities.
Aged↗
Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on memory subtypes: a controlled study.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of human cortex may disrupt or facilitate cortical activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the consequences of rTMS applied over different cortical areas during various memory tasks, measuring immediate, working and episodic verbal memory. The study was performed in 16 right-handed healthy men. A double-blind, cross-over, within-subject repeated measures design was used. There were five rTMS conditions: baseline without stimulation, high frequency (HF) rTMS over right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and over right cerebellum, and low frequency (LF) parameters over left DLPFC. Digits forwards and backwards and letter-number sequencing of the Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale (WAIS) were used to assess immediate and working verbal memory, and logical memory of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test was used to assess episodic memory encoding. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures in the scores of each memory task according to rTMS conditions was used. Significantly lower scores in the number of memory units of the episodic memory task were observed when rTMS high frequency parameters were applied over left DLPFC (P=0.009). No significant differences were found in the other memory subtype tasks analysed during the different rTMS conditions. These findings provide evidence for the significant role of the left DLPFC in episodic verbal memory processes.
Adult↗
Operant acquisition of social behaviors in infancy: basic problems and constraints.
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Conditioning, Operant↗
The economics of infancy: a review of conjugate reinforcement.
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Age Factors↗
Developmental studies of mediated memory.
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Age Factors↗
Do alternative names block young and older adults' retrieval of proper names?
This study evaluates whether tip of the tongue experiences (TOTs) are caused by a more accessible word which blocks retrieval of the target word, especially for older adults. In a "competitor priming" paradigm, young and older adults produced the name of a famous character (e.g., Eliza Doolittle) in response to a question and subsequently named a picture of a famous actor or actress depicting this character (e.g., Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle). Older adults produced more TOTs than young adults, but prior production of a related character name did not affect TOTs, although it did reduce incorrect responses. There were no age differences in knowledge of films and TV and thus the age-related increase in TOTs is not because older adults have more relevant knowledge. The findings are compatible with models in which alternate words are a consequence not a cause of TOT.
Adolescent↗
I'm sitting here feeling aphasic! A study of recurrent perseverative errors elicited in unimpaired speakers.
In this study, the recurrent perseverative errors produced by 44 speakers without impairment were examined in picture naming and reading aloud tasks under a fast response deadline. The proportion of perseverative relative to non-perseverative errors was greater in picture naming, the more error-prone task, than in reading aloud. Additionally, although perseverative errors were less likely to be related to the target than non-perseverative errors, the overall distribution of perseverative and non-perseverative errors in each task was similar. It is concluded that the perseverative errors produced by the participants reflected both the degree and level at which language processing efficiency was reduced in each task. This is consistent with a more recent account of perseveration as a result of normally existing persistent activation overcoming weakened activation of a target at any level of language processing. These results are compared with recent studies of recurrent perseverative errors produced by people with aphasia in light of the cognitive neuropsychological assumption that speakers with and without impairment utilise a common language processing system.
Adolescent↗
Verbal fluency output in children aged 7-16 as a function of the production criterion: qualitative analysis of clustering, switching processes, and semantic network exploitation.
Developmental changes in children's verbal fluency were explored in this study. One hundred and forty children aged from 7 to 16 completed four verbal fluency tasks, each with a different the production criterion (letter, sound, semantic, and free). The age differences were analyzed both in terms of number of words produced, and clustering, switching, and semantic network exploration. Analysis of the number of words produced showed a larger difference between the 7-8- and the 9-10-year-olds in semantic than in letter fluency, but this difference gradually disappeared with increasing age for semantic fluency while remaining constant for letter fluency. In letter fluency production, age modified both the number of switches and clusters formed whereas in semantic fluency tasks, only cluster size changed with age. Concerning the semantic network exploration indicators derived from the supermarket fluency task, the number of categories sampled increased from 11 to 12 years, but efficient semantic exploitation occurred only after the age of 13-14 years. These results are discussed in terms of the development of strategic retrieval components and categorical knowledge.
Adolescent↗
Non-verbal interaction involvement as an indicator of prognosis in remitted depressed subjects.
Fifty-one remitted depressed inpatients and their interviewers were observed during a conversation. We investigated whether non-verbal behavioral elements indicative of involvement displayed by the remitted patients and/or their interviewers were predictive of depressive symptoms 6 months later. Involvement behavior of the patients appeared to be related to future complaints; the lower the level of involvement displayed, the more unfavorable the outcome. We interpret these results with reference to concepts of social support.
Adolescent↗